Implement Linker (module combiner)

Add extra iterators for ir::Module's sections Add extra getters to ir::Function Add a const version of BasicBlock::GetLabelInst() Use the max of all inputs' version as version Split debug in debug1 and debug2 - Debug1 instructions have to be placed before debug2 instructions. Error out if different addressing or memory models are found Exit early if no binaries were given Error out if entry points are redeclared Implement copy ctors for Function and BasicBlock - Visual Studio ends up generating copy constructors that call deleted functions while compiling the linker code, while GCC and clang do not. So explicitly write those functions to avoid Visual Studio messing up. Move removing duplicate capabilities to its own pass Add functions running on all IDs present in an instruction Remove duplicate SpvOpExtInstImport Give default options value for link functions Remove linkage capability if not making a library Check types before allowing to link Detect if two types/variables/functions have different decorations Remove decorations of imported variables/functions and their types Add a DecorationManager Add a method for removing all decorations of id Add methods for removing operands from instructions Error out if one of the modules has a non-zero schema Update README.md to talk about the linker Do not freak out if an imported built-in variable has no export
2024-12-24 00:40:14 +00:00 · 2017-07-13 02:16:51 +02:00 · 2017-07-13 02:16:51 +02:00 · 86627f7b3f
commit 86627f7b3f
parent 4b1577a0cb
43 changed files with 2892 additions and 47 deletions
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ if(ENABLE_SPIRV_TOOLS_INSTALL)
      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/spirv-tools/libspirv.h
      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/spirv-tools/libspirv.hpp
      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp
+      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/spirv-tools/linker.hpp
    DESTINATION
      ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/spirv-tools/)
 endif(ENABLE_SPIRV_TOOLS_INSTALL)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -109,12 +109,28 @@ Currently supported optimizations:
  * Eliminate dead branches
  * Merge single successor / single predecessor block pairs
  * Eliminate common uniform loads
+  * Remove duplicates: Capabilities, extended instruction imports, types, and
+    decorations.

 For the latest list with detailed documentation, please refer to
 [`include/spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp`](include/spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp).

 For suggestions on using the code reduction options, please refer to this [white paper](https://www.lunarg.com/shader-compiler-technologies/white-paper-spirv-opt/).

+
+### Linker
+
+*Note:* The linker is still under development.
+
+Current features:
+* Combine multiple SPIR-V binary modules together.
+* Combine into a library (exports are retained) or an executable (no symbols
+  are exported).
+
+See the [CHANGES](CHANGES) file for reports on completed work, and the [General
+sub-project](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Tools/projects/2) for
+planned and in-progress work.
+
 ### Extras

 * [Utility filters](#utility-filters)
@ -255,10 +271,11 @@ There are five main entry points into the library in the C interface:
 * `spvValidate` implements the validator functionality. *Incomplete*
 * `spvValidateBinary` implements the validator functionality. *Incomplete*

-The C++ interface is comprised of two classes, `SpirvTools` and `Optimizer`,
-both in the `spvtools` namespace.
+The C++ interface is comprised of three classes, `SpirvTools`, `Optimizer` and
+`Linker`, all in the `spvtools` namespace.
 * `SpirvTools` provides `Assemble`, `Disassemble`, and `Validate` methods.
 * `Optimizer` provides methods for registering and running optimization passes.
+* `Linker` provides methods for combining together multiple binaries.

 ## Command line tools

@ -295,6 +312,18 @@ Use option `-h` to print help.
 The output includes syntax colouring when printing to the standard output stream,
 on Linux, Windows, and OS X.

+### Linker tool
+
+The linker combines multiple SPIR-V binary modules together, resulting in a single
+binary module as output.
+
+This is a work in progress.
+The linker does not support OpenCL program linking options related to math
+flags. (See section 5.6.5.2 in OpenCL 1.2)
+
+* `spirv-link` - the standalone linker
+  * `<spirv-dir>/tools/link`
+
 ### Optimizer tool

 The optimizer processes a SPIR-V binary module, applying transformations
@ -395,6 +424,14 @@ for more information._

 This is a work in progress.

+### Linker
+
+* The linker could accept math transformations such as allowing MADs, or other
+  math flags passed at linking-time in OpenCL.
+* Linkage attributes can not be applied through a group.
+* Check decorations of linked functions attributes.
+* Remove dead instructions, such as OpName targeting imported symbols.
+
 ## Licence
 <a name="license"></a>
 Full license terms are in [LICENSE](LICENSE)
--- a/include/spirv-tools/linker.hpp
+++ b/include/spirv-tools/linker.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef SPIRV_TOOLS_LINKER_HPP_
+#define SPIRV_TOOLS_LINKER_HPP_
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "libspirv.hpp"
+
+namespace spvtools {
+
+class LinkerOptions {
+ public:
+  LinkerOptions() : createLibrary_(false) {}
+
+  // Returns whether a library or an executable should be produced by the
+  // linking phase.
+  //
+  // All exported symbols are kept when creating a library, whereas they will
+  // be removed when creating an executable.
+  // The returned value will be true if creating a library, and false if
+  // creating an executable.
+  bool GetCreateLibrary() const { return createLibrary_; }
+  // Sets whether a library or an executable should be produced.
+  void SetCreateLibrary(bool create_library) {
+    createLibrary_ = create_library;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  bool createLibrary_;
+};
+
+class Linker {
+ public:
+  // Constructs an instance targeting the given environment |env|.
+  //
+  // The constructed instance will have an empty message consumer, which just
+  // ignores all messages from the library. Use SetMessageConsumer() to supply
+  // one if messages are of concern.
+  explicit Linker(spv_target_env env);
+
+  // Disables copy/move constructor/assignment operations.
+  Linker(const Linker&) = delete;
+  Linker(Linker&&) = delete;
+  Linker& operator=(const Linker&) = delete;
+  Linker& operator=(Linker&&) = delete;
+
+  // Destructs this instance.
+  ~Linker();
+
+  // Sets the message consumer to the given |consumer|. The |consumer| will be
+  // invoked once for each message communicated from the library.
+  void SetMessageConsumer(MessageConsumer consumer);
+
+  // Links one or more SPIR-V modules into a new SPIR-V module. That is,
+  // combine several SPIR-V modules into one, resolving link dependencies
+  // between them.
+  //
+  // At least one binary has to be provided in |binaries|. Those binaries do
+  // not have to be valid, but they should be at least parseable.
+  // The functions can fail due to the following:
+  // * No input modules were given;
+  // * One or more of those modules were not parseable;
+  // * The input modules used different addressing or memory models;
+  // * The ID or global variable number limit were exceeded;
+  // * Some entry points were defined multiple times;
+  // * Some imported symbols did not have an exported counterpart;
+  // * Possibly other reasons.
+  spv_result_t Link(const std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>>& binaries,
+                    std::vector<uint32_t>& linked_binary,
+                    const LinkerOptions& options = LinkerOptions()) const;
+  spv_result_t Link(const uint32_t* const* binaries, const size_t* binary_sizes,
+                    size_t num_binaries, std::vector<uint32_t>& linked_binary,
+                    const LinkerOptions& options = LinkerOptions()) const;
+
+ private:
+  struct Impl;  // Opaque struct for holding the data fields used by this class.
+  std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl_;  // Unique pointer to implementation data.
+};
+
+}  // namespace spvtools
+
+#endif  // SPIRV_TOOLS_LINKER_HPP_
--- a/include/spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp
+++ b/include/spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp
@ -375,6 +375,9 @@ Optimizer::PassToken CreateAggressiveDCEPass();
 // The pass remaps result ids to a compact and gapless range starting from %1.
 Optimizer::PassToken CreateCompactIdsPass();

+// Creates a remove duplicate capabilities pass.
+Optimizer::PassToken CreateRemoveDuplicatesPass();
+
 }  // namespace spvtools

 #endif  // SPIRV_TOOLS_OPTIMIZER_HPP_
--- a/source/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/source/CMakeLists.txt
@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ set_property(TARGET spirv-tools-build-version PROPERTY FOLDER "SPIRV-Tools build

 add_subdirectory(comp)
 add_subdirectory(opt)
+add_subdirectory(link)

 set(SPIRV_SOURCES
  ${spirv-tools_SOURCE_DIR}/include/spirv-tools/libspirv.h
--- a/source/link/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/source/link/CMakeLists.txt
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+add_library(SPIRV-Tools-link
+  linker.cpp
+)
+
+spvtools_default_compile_options(SPIRV-Tools-link)
+target_include_directories(SPIRV-Tools-link
+  PUBLIC ${spirv-tools_SOURCE_DIR}/include
+  PUBLIC ${SPIRV_HEADER_INCLUDE_DIR}
+  PRIVATE ${spirv-tools_BINARY_DIR}
+)
+# We need the IR functionnalities from the optimizer
+target_link_libraries(SPIRV-Tools-link
+  PUBLIC SPIRV-Tools-opt)
+
+set_property(TARGET SPIRV-Tools-link PROPERTY FOLDER "SPIRV-Tools libraries")
+
+if(ENABLE_SPIRV_TOOLS_INSTALL)
+  install(TARGETS SPIRV-Tools-link
+    RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
+    LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
+    ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR})
+endif(ENABLE_SPIRV_TOOLS_INSTALL)
--- a/source/link/linker.cpp
+++ b/source/link/linker.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "spirv-tools/linker.hpp"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "assembly_grammar.h"
+#include "diagnostic.h"
+#include "opt/build_module.h"
+#include "opt/compact_ids_pass.h"
+#include "opt/decoration_manager.h"
+#include "opt/ir_loader.h"
+#include "opt/make_unique.h"
+#include "opt/pass_manager.h"
+#include "opt/remove_duplicates_pass.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/libspirv.hpp"
+#include "spirv_target_env.h"
+
+namespace spvtools {
+
+using ir::Instruction;
+using ir::Module;
+using ir::Operand;
+using opt::PassManager;
+using opt::RemoveDuplicatesPass;
+using opt::analysis::DecorationManager;
+using opt::analysis::DefUseManager;
+
+// Stores various information about an imported or exported symbol.
+struct LinkageSymbolInfo {
+  SpvId id;          // ID of the symbol
+  SpvId type_id;     // ID of the type of the symbol
+  std::string name;  // unique name defining the symbol and used for matching
+                     // imports and exports together
+  std::vector<SpvId> parameter_ids;  // ID of the parameters of the symbol, if
+                                     // it is a function
+};
+struct LinkageEntry {
+  LinkageSymbolInfo imported_symbol;
+  LinkageSymbolInfo exported_symbol;
+
+  LinkageEntry(const LinkageSymbolInfo& import_info,
+               const LinkageSymbolInfo& export_info)
+      : imported_symbol(import_info), exported_symbol(export_info) {}
+};
+using LinkageTable = std::vector<LinkageEntry>;
+
+// Shifts the IDs used in each binary of |modules| so that they occupy a
+// disjoint range from the other binaries, and compute the new ID bound which
+// is returned in |max_id_bound|.
+//
+// Both |modules| and |max_id_bound| should not be null, and |modules| should
+// not be empty either.
+static spv_result_t ShiftIdsInModules(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer,
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ir::Module>>* modules, uint32_t* max_id_bound);
+
+// Generates the header for the linked module and returns it in |header|.
+//
+// |header| should not be null, |modules| should not be empty and
+// |max_id_bound| should be strictly greater than 0.
+//
+// TODO(pierremoreau): What to do when binaries use different versions of
+//                     SPIR-V? For now, use the max of all versions found in
+//                     the input modules.
+static spv_result_t GenerateHeader(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer,
+    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ir::Module>>& modules,
+    uint32_t max_id_bound, ir::ModuleHeader* header);
+
+// Merge all the modules from |inModules| into |linked_module|.
+//
+// |linked_module| should not be null.
+static spv_result_t MergeModules(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer,
+    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Module>>& inModules,
+    const libspirv::AssemblyGrammar& grammar, Module* linked_module);
+
+// Compute all pairs of import and export and return it in |linkings_to_do|.
+//
+// |linkings_to_do should not be null. Built-in symbols will be ignored.
+//
+// TODO(pierremoreau): Linkage attributes applied by a group decoration are
+//                     currently not handled. (You could have a group being
+//                     applied to a single ID.)
+// TODO(pierremoreau): What should be the proper behaviour with built-in
+//                     symbols?
+static spv_result_t GetImportExportPairs(const MessageConsumer& consumer,
+                                         const Module& linked_module,
+                                         const DefUseManager& def_use_manager,
+                                         const DecorationManager& decoration_manager,
+                                         LinkageTable* linkings_to_do);
+
+// Checks that for each pair of import and export, the import and export have
+// the same type as well as the same decorations.
+//
+// TODO(pierremoreau): Decorations on functions parameters are currently not
+// checked.
+static spv_result_t CheckImportExportCompatibility(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer, const LinkageTable& linkings_to_do,
+    const DefUseManager& def_use_manager,
+    const DecorationManager& decoration_manager);
+
+// Remove linkage specific instructions, such as prototypes of imported
+// functions, declarations of imported variables, import (and export if
+// necessary) linkage attribtes.
+//
+// |linked_module| and |decoration_manager| should not be null, and the
+// 'RemoveDuplicatePass' should be run first.
+//
+// TODO(pierremoreau): Linkage attributes applied by a group decoration are
+//                     currently not handled. (You could have a group being
+//                     applied to a single ID.)
+// TODO(pierremoreau): Run a pass for removing dead instructions, for example
+//                     OpName for prototypes of imported funcions.
+static spv_result_t RemoveLinkageSpecificInstructions(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer, bool create_executable,
+    const LinkageTable& linkings_to_do, DecorationManager* decoration_manager,
+    Module* linked_module);
+
+// Structs for holding the data members for SpvLinker.
+struct Linker::Impl {
+  explicit Impl(spv_target_env env) : context(spvContextCreate(env)) {
+    // The default consumer in spv_context_t is a null consumer, which provides
+    // equivalent functionality (from the user's perspective) as a real consumer
+    // does nothing.
+  }
+  ~Impl() { spvContextDestroy(context); }
+
+  spv_context context;  // C interface context object.
+};
+
+Linker::Linker(spv_target_env env) : impl_(new Impl(env)) {}
+
+Linker::~Linker() {}
+
+void Linker::SetMessageConsumer(MessageConsumer consumer) {
+  SetContextMessageConsumer(impl_->context, std::move(consumer));
+}
+
+spv_result_t Linker::Link(const std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>>& binaries,
+                          std::vector<uint32_t>& linked_binary,
+                          const LinkerOptions& options) const {
+  std::vector<const uint32_t*> binary_ptrs;
+  binary_ptrs.reserve(binaries.size());
+  std::vector<size_t> binary_sizes;
+  binary_sizes.reserve(binaries.size());
+
+  for (const auto& binary : binaries) {
+    binary_ptrs.push_back(binary.data());
+    binary_sizes.push_back(binary.size());
+  }
+
+  return Link(binary_ptrs.data(), binary_sizes.data(), binaries.size(),
+              linked_binary, options);
+}
+
+spv_result_t Linker::Link(const uint32_t* const* binaries,
+                          const size_t* binary_sizes, size_t num_binaries,
+                          std::vector<uint32_t>& linked_binary,
+                          const LinkerOptions& options) const {
+  spv_position_t position = {};
+  const MessageConsumer& consumer = impl_->context->consumer;
+
+  linked_binary.clear();
+  if (num_binaries == 0u)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+           << "No modules were given.";
+
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Module>> modules;
+  modules.reserve(num_binaries);
+  for (size_t i = 0u; i < num_binaries; ++i) {
+    const uint32_t schema = binaries[i][4u];
+    if (schema != 0u) {
+      position.index = 4u;
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+             << "Schema is non-zero for module " << i << ".";
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Module> module = BuildModule(
+        impl_->context->target_env, consumer, binaries[i], binary_sizes[i]);
+    if (module == nullptr)
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+             << "Failed to build a module out of " << modules.size() << ".";
+    modules.push_back(std::move(module));
+  }
+
+  // Phase 1: Shift the IDs used in each binary so that they occupy a disjoint
+  //          range from the other binaries, and compute the new ID bound.
+  uint32_t max_id_bound = 0u;
+  spv_result_t res = ShiftIdsInModules(consumer, &modules, &max_id_bound);
+  if (res != SPV_SUCCESS) return res;
+
+  // Phase 2: Generate the header
+  ir::ModuleHeader header;
+  res = GenerateHeader(consumer, modules, max_id_bound, &header);
+  if (res != SPV_SUCCESS) return res;
+  auto linked_module = MakeUnique<Module>();
+  linked_module->SetHeader(header);
+
+  // Phase 3: Merge all the binaries into a single one.
+  libspirv::AssemblyGrammar grammar(impl_->context);
+  res = MergeModules(consumer, modules, grammar, linked_module.get());
+  if (res != SPV_SUCCESS) return res;
+
+  DefUseManager def_use_manager(consumer, linked_module.get());
+
+  // Phase 4: Find the import/export pairs
+  LinkageTable linkings_to_do;
+  DecorationManager decoration_manager(linked_module.get());
+  res = GetImportExportPairs(consumer, *linked_module, def_use_manager,
+                             decoration_manager, &linkings_to_do);
+  if (res != SPV_SUCCESS) return res;
+
+  // Phase 5: Ensure the import and export have the same types and decorations.
+  res = CheckImportExportCompatibility(consumer, linkings_to_do,
+                                       def_use_manager, decoration_manager);
+  if (res != SPV_SUCCESS) return res;
+
+  // Phase 6: Remove duplicates
+  PassManager manager;
+  manager.SetMessageConsumer(consumer);
+  manager.AddPass<RemoveDuplicatesPass>();
+  opt::Pass::Status pass_res = manager.Run(linked_module.get());
+  if (pass_res == opt::Pass::Status::Failure) return SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA;
+
+  // Phase 7: Remove linkage specific instructions, such as import/export
+  // attributes, linkage capability, etc. if applicable
+  res = RemoveLinkageSpecificInstructions(consumer, !options.GetCreateLibrary(),
+                                          linkings_to_do, &decoration_manager,
+                                          linked_module.get());
+  if (res != SPV_SUCCESS) return res;
+
+  // Phase 8: Rematch import variables/functions to export variables/functions
+  // TODO(pierremoreau): Keep the previous DefUseManager up-to-date
+  DefUseManager def_use_manager2(consumer, linked_module.get());
+  for (const auto& linking_entry : linkings_to_do)
+    def_use_manager2.ReplaceAllUsesWith(linking_entry.imported_symbol.id,
+                                        linking_entry.exported_symbol.id);
+
+  // Phase 9: Compact the IDs used in the module
+  manager.AddPass<opt::CompactIdsPass>();
+  pass_res = manager.Run(linked_module.get());
+  if (pass_res == opt::Pass::Status::Failure) return SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA;
+
+  // Phase 10: Output the module
+  linked_module->ToBinary(&linked_binary, true);
+
+  return SPV_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static spv_result_t ShiftIdsInModules(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer,
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ir::Module>>* modules, uint32_t* max_id_bound) {
+  spv_position_t position = {};
+
+  if (modules == nullptr)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|modules| of ShiftIdsInModules should not be null.";
+  if (modules->empty())
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|modules| of ShiftIdsInModules should not be empty.";
+  if (max_id_bound == nullptr)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|max_id_bound| of ShiftIdsInModules should not be null.";
+
+  uint32_t id_bound = modules->front()->IdBound() - 1u;
+  for (auto module_iter = modules->begin() + 1; module_iter != modules->end();
+       ++module_iter) {
+    Module* module = module_iter->get();
+    module->ForEachInst([&id_bound](Instruction* insn) {
+      insn->ForEachId([&id_bound](uint32_t* id) { *id += id_bound; });
+    });
+    id_bound += module->IdBound() - 1u;
+    if (id_bound > 0x3FFFFF)
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_ID)
+             << "The limit of IDs, 4194303, was exceeded:"
+             << " " << id_bound << " is the current ID bound.";
+  }
+  ++id_bound;
+  if (id_bound > 0x3FFFFF)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer, SPV_ERROR_INVALID_ID)
+           << "The limit of IDs, 4194303, was exceeded:"
+           << " " << id_bound << " is the current ID bound.";
+
+  *max_id_bound = id_bound;
+
+  return SPV_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static spv_result_t GenerateHeader(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer,
+    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ir::Module>>& modules,
+    uint32_t max_id_bound, ir::ModuleHeader* header) {
+  spv_position_t position = {};
+
+  if (modules.empty())
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|modules| of GenerateHeader should not be empty.";
+  if (max_id_bound == 0u)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|max_id_bound| of GenerateHeader should not be null.";
+
+  uint32_t version = 0u;
+  for (const auto& module : modules)
+    version = std::max(version, module->version());
+
+  header->magic_number = SpvMagicNumber;
+  header->version = version;
+  header->generator = 17u;
+  header->bound = max_id_bound;
+  header->reserved = 0u;
+
+  return SPV_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static spv_result_t MergeModules(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer,
+    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Module>>& input_modules,
+    const libspirv::AssemblyGrammar& grammar, Module* linked_module) {
+  spv_position_t position = {};
+
+  if (linked_module == nullptr)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|linked_module| of MergeModules should not be null.";
+
+  if (input_modules.empty()) return SPV_SUCCESS;
+
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules)
+    for (const auto& inst : module->capabilities())
+      linked_module->AddCapability(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules)
+    for (const auto& inst : module->extensions())
+      linked_module->AddExtension(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules)
+    for (const auto& inst : module->ext_inst_imports())
+      linked_module->AddExtInstImport(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+
+  do {
+    const Instruction* memory_model_inst = input_modules[0]->GetMemoryModel();
+    if (memory_model_inst == nullptr) break;
+
+    uint32_t addressing_model = memory_model_inst->GetSingleWordOperand(0u);
+    uint32_t memory_model = memory_model_inst->GetSingleWordOperand(1u);
+    for (const auto& module : input_modules) {
+      memory_model_inst = module->GetMemoryModel();
+      if (memory_model_inst == nullptr) continue;
+
+      if (addressing_model != memory_model_inst->GetSingleWordOperand(0u)) {
+        spv_operand_desc initial_desc = nullptr, current_desc = nullptr;
+        grammar.lookupOperand(SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ADDRESSING_MODEL,
+                              addressing_model, &initial_desc);
+        grammar.lookupOperand(SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ADDRESSING_MODEL,
+                              memory_model_inst->GetSingleWordOperand(0u),
+                              &current_desc);
+        return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                          SPV_ERROR_INTERNAL)
+               << "Conflicting addressing models: " << initial_desc->name
+               << " vs " << current_desc->name << ".";
+      }
+      if (memory_model != memory_model_inst->GetSingleWordOperand(1u)) {
+        spv_operand_desc initial_desc = nullptr, current_desc = nullptr;
+        grammar.lookupOperand(SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_MEMORY_MODEL, memory_model,
+                              &initial_desc);
+        grammar.lookupOperand(SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_MEMORY_MODEL,
+                              memory_model_inst->GetSingleWordOperand(1u),
+                              &current_desc);
+        return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                          SPV_ERROR_INTERNAL)
+               << "Conflicting memory models: " << initial_desc->name << " vs "
+               << current_desc->name << ".";
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (memory_model_inst != nullptr)
+      linked_module->SetMemoryModel(
+          MakeUnique<Instruction>(*memory_model_inst));
+  } while (false);
+
+  std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, const char*>> entry_points;
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules)
+    for (const auto& inst : module->entry_points()) {
+      const uint32_t model = inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+      const char* const name =
+          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(inst.GetInOperand(2).words.data());
+      const auto i = std::find_if(
+          entry_points.begin(), entry_points.end(),
+          [model, name](const std::pair<uint32_t, const char*>& v) {
+            return v.first == model && strcmp(name, v.second) == 0;
+          });
+      if (i != entry_points.end()) {
+        spv_operand_desc desc = nullptr;
+        grammar.lookupOperand(SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_EXECUTION_MODEL, model, &desc);
+        return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                          SPV_ERROR_INTERNAL)
+               << "The entry point \"" << name << "\", with execution model "
+               << desc->name << ", was already defined.";
+      }
+      linked_module->AddEntryPoint(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+      entry_points.emplace_back(model, name);
+    }
+
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules)
+    for (const auto& inst : module->execution_modes())
+      linked_module->AddExecutionMode(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules)
+    for (const auto& inst : module->debugs1())
+      linked_module->AddDebug1Inst(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules)
+    for (const auto& inst : module->debugs2())
+      linked_module->AddDebug2Inst(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules)
+    for (const auto& inst : module->annotations())
+      linked_module->AddAnnotationInst(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+
+  // TODO(pierremoreau): Since the modules have not been validate, should we
+  //                     expect SpvStorageClassFunction variables outside
+  //                     functions?
+  uint32_t num_global_values = 0u;
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules) {
+    for (const auto& inst : module->types_values()) {
+      linked_module->AddType(MakeUnique<Instruction>(inst));
+      num_global_values += inst.opcode() == SpvOpVariable;
+    }
+  }
+  if (num_global_values > 0xFFFF)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer, SPV_ERROR_INTERNAL)
+           << "The limit of global values, 65535, was exceeded;"
+           << " " << num_global_values << " global values were found.";
+
+  // Process functions and their basic blocks
+  for (const auto& module : input_modules) {
+    for (const auto& func : *module) {
+      std::unique_ptr<ir::Function> cloned_func =
+          MakeUnique<ir::Function>(func);
+      cloned_func->SetParent(linked_module);
+      linked_module->AddFunction(std::move(cloned_func));
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SPV_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static spv_result_t GetImportExportPairs(const MessageConsumer& consumer,
+                                         const Module& linked_module,
+                                         const DefUseManager& def_use_manager,
+                                         const DecorationManager& decoration_manager,
+                                         LinkageTable* linkings_to_do) {
+  spv_position_t position = {};
+
+  if (linkings_to_do == nullptr)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|linkings_to_do| of GetImportExportPairs should not be empty.";
+
+  std::vector<LinkageSymbolInfo> imports;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<LinkageSymbolInfo>> exports;
+
+  // Figure out the imports and exports
+  for (const auto& decoration : linked_module.annotations()) {
+    if (decoration.opcode() != SpvOpDecorate ||
+        decoration.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) != SpvDecorationLinkageAttributes)
+      continue;
+
+    const SpvId id = decoration.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u);
+    // Ignore if the targeted symbol is a built-in
+    bool is_built_in = false;
+    for (const auto& id_decoration : decoration_manager.GetDecorationsFor(id, false)) {
+      if (id_decoration->GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) == SpvDecorationBuiltIn) {
+        is_built_in = true;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (is_built_in)
+      continue;
+
+    const uint32_t type = decoration.GetSingleWordInOperand(3u);
+
+    LinkageSymbolInfo symbol_info;
+    symbol_info.name =
+        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(decoration.GetInOperand(2u).words.data());
+    symbol_info.id = id;
+    symbol_info.type_id = 0u;
+
+    // Retrieve the type of the current symbol. This information will be used
+    // when checking that the imported and exported symbols have the same
+    // types.
+    const Instruction* def_inst = def_use_manager.GetDef(id);
+    if (def_inst == nullptr)
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+             << "ID " << id << " is never defined:\n";
+
+    if (def_inst->opcode() == SpvOpVariable) {
+      symbol_info.type_id = def_inst->type_id();
+    } else if (def_inst->opcode() == SpvOpFunction) {
+      symbol_info.type_id = def_inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(1u);
+
+      // range-based for loop calls begin()/end(), but never cbegin()/cend(),
+      // which will not work here.
+      for (auto func_iter = linked_module.cbegin();
+           func_iter != linked_module.cend(); ++func_iter) {
+        if (func_iter->result_id() != id) continue;
+        func_iter->ForEachParam([&symbol_info](const Instruction* inst) {
+          symbol_info.parameter_ids.push_back(inst->result_id());
+        });
+      }
+    } else {
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+             << "Only global variables and functions can be decorated using"
+             << " LinkageAttributes; " << id << " is neither of them.\n";
+    }
+
+    if (type == SpvLinkageTypeImport)
+      imports.push_back(symbol_info);
+    else if (type == SpvLinkageTypeExport)
+      exports[symbol_info.name].push_back(symbol_info);
+  }
+
+  // Find the import/export pairs
+  for (const auto& import : imports) {
+    std::vector<LinkageSymbolInfo> possible_exports;
+    const auto& exp = exports.find(import.name);
+    if (exp != exports.end()) possible_exports = exp->second;
+    if (possible_exports.empty())
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+             << "No export linkage was found for \"" << import.name << "\".";
+    else if (possible_exports.size() > 1u)
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+             << "Too many export linkages, " << possible_exports.size()
+             << ", were found for \"" << import.name << "\".";
+
+    linkings_to_do->emplace_back(import, possible_exports.front());
+  }
+
+  return SPV_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static spv_result_t CheckImportExportCompatibility(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer, const LinkageTable& linkings_to_do,
+    const DefUseManager& def_use_manager,
+    const DecorationManager& decoration_manager) {
+  spv_position_t position = {};
+
+  // Ensure th import and export types are the same.
+  for (const auto& linking_entry : linkings_to_do) {
+    if (!RemoveDuplicatesPass::AreTypesEqual(
+            *def_use_manager.GetDef(linking_entry.imported_symbol.type_id),
+            *def_use_manager.GetDef(linking_entry.exported_symbol.type_id),
+            def_use_manager, decoration_manager))
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+             << "Type mismatch between imported variable/function %"
+             << linking_entry.imported_symbol.id
+             << " and exported variable/function %"
+             << linking_entry.exported_symbol.id << ".";
+  }
+
+  // Ensure the import and export decorations are similar
+  for (const auto& linking_entry : linkings_to_do) {
+    if (!decoration_manager.HaveTheSameDecorations(
+            linking_entry.imported_symbol.id, linking_entry.exported_symbol.id))
+      return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                        SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+             << "Decorations mismatch between imported variable/function %"
+             << linking_entry.imported_symbol.id
+             << " and exported variable/function %"
+             << linking_entry.exported_symbol.id << ".";
+    // TODO(pierremoreau): Decorations on function parameters should probably
+    //                     match, except for FuncParamAttr if I understand the
+    //                     spec correctly, which makes the code more
+    //                     complicated.
+    //    for (uint32_t i = 0u; i <
+    //    linking_entry.imported_symbol.parameter_ids.size(); ++i)
+    //      if
+    //      (!decoration_manager.HaveTheSameDecorations(linking_entry.imported_symbol.parameter_ids[i],
+    //      linking_entry.exported_symbol.parameter_ids[i]))
+    //          return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position,
+    //          impl_->context->consumer,
+    //                                            SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY)
+    //                 << "Decorations mismatch between imported function %" <<
+    //                 linking_entry.imported_symbol.id << "'s"
+    //                 << " and exported function %" <<
+    //                 linking_entry.exported_symbol.id << "'s " << (i + 1u) <<
+    //                 "th parameter.";
+  }
+
+  return SPV_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static spv_result_t RemoveLinkageSpecificInstructions(
+    const MessageConsumer& consumer, bool create_executable,
+    const LinkageTable& linkings_to_do, DecorationManager* decoration_manager,
+    Module* linked_module) {
+  spv_position_t position = {};
+
+  if (decoration_manager == nullptr)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|decoration_manager| of RemoveLinkageSpecificInstructions "
+              "should "
+              "not "
+              "be empty.";
+  if (linked_module == nullptr)
+    return libspirv::DiagnosticStream(position, consumer,
+                                      SPV_ERROR_INVALID_DATA)
+           << "|linked_module| of RemoveLinkageSpecificInstructions should not "
+              "be empty.";
+
+  // Remove FuncParamAttr decorations of imported functions' parameters.
+  // From the SPIR-V specification, Sec. 2.13:
+  //   When resolving imported functions, the Function Control and all Function
+  //   Parameter Attributes are taken from the function definition, and not
+  //   from the function declaration.
+  for (const auto& linking_entry : linkings_to_do) {
+    for (const auto parameter_id :
+         linking_entry.imported_symbol.parameter_ids) {
+      for (ir::Instruction* decoration :
+           decoration_manager->GetDecorationsFor(parameter_id, false)) {
+        switch (decoration->opcode()) {
+          case SpvOpDecorate:
+          case SpvOpMemberDecorate:
+            if (decoration->GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) ==
+                SpvDecorationFuncParamAttr)
+              decoration->ToNop();
+            break;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Remove prototypes of imported functions
+  for (const auto& linking_entry : linkings_to_do) {
+    for (auto func_iter = linked_module->begin();
+         func_iter != linked_module->end();) {
+      if (func_iter->result_id() == linking_entry.imported_symbol.id)
+        func_iter = func_iter.Erase();
+      else
+        ++func_iter;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Remove declarations of imported variables
+  for (const auto& linking_entry : linkings_to_do) {
+    for (auto& inst : linked_module->types_values())
+      if (inst.result_id() == linking_entry.imported_symbol.id) inst.ToNop();
+  }
+
+  // Remove import linkage attributes
+  for (auto& inst : linked_module->annotations())
+    if (inst.opcode() == SpvOpDecorate &&
+        inst.GetSingleWordOperand(1u) == SpvDecorationLinkageAttributes &&
+        inst.GetSingleWordOperand(3u) == SpvLinkageTypeImport)
+      inst.ToNop();
+
+  // Remove export linkage attributes and Linkage capability if making an
+  // executable
+  if (create_executable) {
+    for (auto& inst : linked_module->annotations())
+      if (inst.opcode() == SpvOpDecorate &&
+          inst.GetSingleWordOperand(1u) == SpvDecorationLinkageAttributes &&
+          inst.GetSingleWordOperand(3u) == SpvLinkageTypeExport)
+        inst.ToNop();
+
+    for (auto& inst : linked_module->capabilities())
+      if (inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u) == SpvCapabilityLinkage) {
+        inst.ToNop();
+        // The RemoveDuplicatesPass did remove duplicated capabilities, so we
+        // now there aren’t more SpvCapabilityLinkage further down.
+        break;
+      }
+  }
+
+  return SPV_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+}  // namespace spvtools
--- a/source/opt/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/source/opt/CMakeLists.txt
@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ add_library(SPIRV-Tools-opt
  compact_ids_pass.h
  constants.h
  dead_branch_elim_pass.h
+  decoration_manager.h
  def_use_manager.h
  eliminate_dead_constant_pass.h
  flatten_decoration_pass.h
@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ add_library(SPIRV-Tools-opt
  passes.h
  pass_manager.h
  eliminate_dead_functions_pass.h
+  remove_duplicates_pass.h
  set_spec_constant_default_value_pass.h
  strength_reduction_pass.h
  strip_debug_info_pass.h
@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ add_library(SPIRV-Tools-opt
  build_module.cpp
  common_uniform_elim_pass.cpp
  compact_ids_pass.cpp
+  decoration_manager.cpp
  def_use_manager.cpp
  dead_branch_elim_pass.cpp
  eliminate_dead_constant_pass.cpp
@ -77,6 +80,7 @@ add_library(SPIRV-Tools-opt
  local_ssa_elim_pass.cpp
  module.cpp
  eliminate_dead_functions_pass.cpp
+  remove_duplicates_pass.cpp
  set_spec_constant_default_value_pass.cpp
  optimizer.cpp
  mem_pass.cpp
--- a/source/opt/aggressive_dead_code_elim_pass.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/aggressive_dead_code_elim_pass.cpp
@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ bool AggressiveDCEPass::AggressiveDCE(ir::Function* func) {
  // Remove debug and annotation statements referencing dead instructions.
  // This must be done before killing the instructions, otherwise there are
  // dead objects in the def/use database.
-  for (auto& di : module_->debugs()) {
+  for (auto& di : module_->debugs2()) {
    if (di.opcode() != SpvOpName)
      continue;
    if (KillInstIfTargetDead(&di))
--- a/source/opt/basic_block.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/basic_block.cpp
@ -14,9 +14,20 @@

 #include "basic_block.h"

+#include "make_unique.h"
+
 namespace spvtools {
 namespace ir {

+BasicBlock::BasicBlock(const BasicBlock& bb)
+    : function_(nullptr),
+      label_(MakeUnique<Instruction>(bb.GetLabelInst())),
+      insts_() {
+  insts_.reserve(bb.insts_.size());
+  for (auto& inst : bb.insts_)
+    AddInstruction(MakeUnique<Instruction>(*inst.get()));
+}
+
 const Instruction* BasicBlock::GetMergeInst() const {
  const Instruction* result = nullptr;
  // If it exists, the merge instruction immediately precedes the
--- a/source/opt/basic_block.h
+++ b/source/opt/basic_block.h
@ -40,6 +40,12 @@ class BasicBlock {
  // Creates a basic block with the given starting |label|.
  inline explicit BasicBlock(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> label);

+  // Creates a basic block from the given basic block |bb|.
+  //
+  // The parent function will default to null and needs to be explicitly set by
+  // the user.
+  explicit BasicBlock(const BasicBlock& bb);
+
  // Sets the enclosing function for this basic block.
  void SetParent(Function* function) { function_ = function; }

@ -51,6 +57,7 @@ class BasicBlock {

  // The label starting this basic block.
  Instruction* GetLabelInst() { return label_.get(); }
+  const Instruction& GetLabelInst() const { return *label_; }

  // Returns the merge instruction in this basic block, if it exists.
  // Otherwise return null.  May be used whenever tail() can be used.
--- a/source/opt/decoration_manager.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/decoration_manager.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "decoration_manager.h"
+
+#include <stack>
+
+namespace spvtools {
+namespace opt {
+namespace analysis {
+
+void DecorationManager::RemoveDecorationsFrom(uint32_t id, bool keep_linkage) {
+  auto const ids_iter = id_to_decoration_insts_.find(id);
+  if (ids_iter == id_to_decoration_insts_.end()) return;
+
+  for (ir::Instruction* inst : ids_iter->second) {
+    switch (inst->opcode()) {
+      case SpvOpDecorate:
+      case SpvOpDecorateId:
+      case SpvOpMemberDecorate:
+        if (!(keep_linkage && inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) ==
+                                  SpvDecorationLinkageAttributes))
+          inst->ToNop();
+        break;
+      case SpvOpGroupDecorate:
+        for (uint32_t i = 1u; i < inst->NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+          if (inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(i) == inst->result_id()) {
+            // TODO(pierremoreau): This could be optimised by copying the last
+            //                     operand over this one, or using a compacting
+            //                     filtering algorithm over all other IDs
+            inst->RemoveInOperand(i);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      case SpvOpGroupMemberDecorate:
+        for (uint32_t i = 1u; i < inst->NumInOperands(); i += 2u) {
+          if (inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(i) == inst->result_id()) {
+            // TODO(pierremoreau): Same optimisation opportunity as above.
+            inst->RemoveInOperand(i);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+std::vector<ir::Instruction*> DecorationManager::GetDecorationsFor(
+    uint32_t id, bool include_linkage) {
+  return InternalGetDecorationsFor<ir::Instruction*>(id, include_linkage);
+}
+
+std::vector<const ir::Instruction*> DecorationManager::GetDecorationsFor(
+    uint32_t id, bool include_linkage) const {
+  return const_cast<DecorationManager*>(this)->InternalGetDecorationsFor<const ir::Instruction*>(id, include_linkage);
+}
+
+// TODO(pierremoreau): The code will return true for { deco1, deco1 }, { deco1,
+//                     deco2 } when it should return false.
+bool DecorationManager::HaveTheSameDecorations(uint32_t id1,
+                                               uint32_t id2) const {
+  const auto decorationsFor1 = GetDecorationsFor(id1, false);
+  const auto decorationsFor2 = GetDecorationsFor(id2, false);
+  if (decorationsFor1.size() != decorationsFor2.size()) return false;
+
+  for (const ir::Instruction* inst1 : decorationsFor1) {
+    bool didFindAMatch = false;
+    for (const ir::Instruction* inst2 : decorationsFor2) {
+      if (AreDecorationsTheSame(inst1, inst2)) {
+        didFindAMatch = true;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!didFindAMatch) return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// TODO(pierremoreau): Handle SpvOpDecorateId by converting them to a regular
+//                     SpvOpDecorate.
+bool DecorationManager::AreDecorationsTheSame(
+    const ir::Instruction* inst1, const ir::Instruction* inst2) const {
+  //  const auto decorateIdToDecorate = [&constants](const Instruction& inst) {
+  //    std::vector<Operand> operands;
+  //    operands.reserve(inst.NumInOperands());
+  //    for (uint32_t i = 2u; i < inst.NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+  //      const auto& j = constants.find(inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(i));
+  //      if (j == constants.end())
+  //        return Instruction();
+  //      const auto operand = j->second->GetOperand(0u);
+  //      operands.emplace_back(operand.type, operand.words);
+  //    }
+  //    return Instruction(SpvOpDecorate, 0u, 0u, operands);
+  //  };
+  //  Instruction tmpA = (deco1.opcode() == SpvOpDecorateId) ?
+  //  decorateIdToDecorate(deco1) : deco1;
+  //  Instruction tmpB = (deco2.opcode() == SpvOpDecorateId) ?
+  //  decorateIdToDecorate(deco2) : deco2;
+  //
+  if (inst1->opcode() == SpvOpDecorateId || inst2->opcode() == SpvOpDecorateId)
+    return false;
+
+  ir::Instruction tmpA = *inst1, tmpB = *inst2;
+  if (tmpA.opcode() != tmpB.opcode() ||
+      tmpA.NumInOperands() != tmpB.NumInOperands() ||
+      tmpA.opcode() == SpvOpNop || tmpB.opcode() == SpvOpNop)
+    return false;
+
+  for (uint32_t i = (tmpA.opcode() == SpvOpDecorate) ? 1u : 2u;
+       i < tmpA.NumInOperands(); ++i)
+    if (tmpA.GetInOperand(i) != tmpB.GetInOperand(i)) return false;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void DecorationManager::AnalyzeDecorations(ir::Module* module) {
+  if (!module) return;
+
+  // Collect all group ids.
+  for (const ir::Instruction& inst : module->annotations()) {
+    switch (inst.opcode()) {
+      case SpvOpDecorationGroup:
+        group_to_decoration_insts_.insert({inst.result_id(), {}});
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // For each group and instruction, collect all their decoration instructions.
+  for (ir::Instruction& inst : module->annotations()) {
+    switch (inst.opcode()) {
+      case SpvOpDecorate:
+      case SpvOpDecorateId:
+      case SpvOpMemberDecorate: {
+        auto const target_id = inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u);
+        auto const group_iter = group_to_decoration_insts_.find(target_id);
+        if (group_iter != group_to_decoration_insts_.end())
+          group_iter->second.push_back(&inst);
+        else
+          id_to_decoration_insts_[target_id].push_back(&inst);
+        break;
+      }
+      case SpvOpGroupDecorate:
+        for (uint32_t i = 1u; i < inst.NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+          auto const target_id = inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(i);
+          auto const group_iter = group_to_decoration_insts_.find(target_id);
+          if (group_iter != group_to_decoration_insts_.end())
+            group_iter->second.push_back(&inst);
+          else
+            id_to_decoration_insts_[target_id].push_back(&inst);
+        }
+        break;
+      case SpvOpGroupMemberDecorate:
+        for (uint32_t i = 1u; i < inst.NumInOperands(); i += 2u) {
+          auto const target_id = inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(i);
+          auto const group_iter = group_to_decoration_insts_.find(target_id);
+          if (group_iter != group_to_decoration_insts_.end())
+            group_iter->second.push_back(&inst);
+          else
+            id_to_decoration_insts_[target_id].push_back(&inst);
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+std::vector<T> DecorationManager::InternalGetDecorationsFor(uint32_t id,
+                                                    bool include_linkage) {
+  std::vector<T> decorations;
+  std::stack<uint32_t> ids_to_process;
+
+  const auto process = [&ids_to_process,
+                        &decorations](T inst) {
+    if (inst->opcode() == SpvOpGroupDecorate ||
+        inst->opcode() == SpvOpGroupMemberDecorate)
+      ids_to_process.push(inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(0u));
+    else
+      decorations.push_back(inst);
+  };
+
+  const auto ids_iter = id_to_decoration_insts_.find(id);
+  // |id| has no decorations
+  if (ids_iter == id_to_decoration_insts_.end()) return decorations;
+
+  // Process |id|'s decorations. Some of them might be groups, in which case
+  // add them to the stack.
+  for (ir::Instruction* inst : ids_iter->second) {
+    const bool is_linkage =
+        inst->opcode() == SpvOpDecorate &&
+        inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) == SpvDecorationLinkageAttributes;
+    if (include_linkage || !is_linkage) process(inst);
+  }
+
+  // If the stack is not empty, then it contains groups ID: retrieve their
+  // decorations and process them. If any of those decorations is applying a
+  // group, push that group ID onto the stack.
+  while (!ids_to_process.empty()) {
+    const uint32_t id_to_process = ids_to_process.top();
+    ids_to_process.pop();
+
+    // Retrieve the decorations of that group
+    const auto group_iter = group_to_decoration_insts_.find(id_to_process);
+    if (group_iter != group_to_decoration_insts_.end()) {
+      // Process all the decorations applied by the group.
+      for (T inst : group_iter->second) process(inst);
+    } else {
+      // Something went wrong.
+      assert(false);
+      return std::vector<T>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  return decorations;
+}
+
+}  // namespace analysis
+}  // namespace opt
+}  // namespace spvtools
--- a/source/opt/decoration_manager.h
+++ b/source/opt/decoration_manager.h
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef LIBSPIRV_OPT_DECORATION_MANAGER_H_
+#define LIBSPIRV_OPT_DECORATION_MANAGER_H_
+
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "instruction.h"
+#include "module.h"
+
+namespace spvtools {
+namespace opt {
+namespace analysis {
+
+// A class for analyzing and managing decorations in an ir::Module.
+class DecorationManager {
+ public:
+  // Constructs a decoration manager from the given |module|
+  DecorationManager(ir::Module* module) { AnalyzeDecorations(module); }
+  // Removes all decorations from |id|, which should not be a group ID, except
+  // for linkage decorations if |keep_linkage| is set.
+  void RemoveDecorationsFrom(uint32_t id, bool keep_linkage);
+  // Returns a vector of all decorations affecting |id|. If a group is applied
+  // to |id|, the decorations of that group are returned rather than the group
+  // decoration instruction. If |include_linkage| is not set, linkage
+  // decorations won't be returned.
+  std::vector<ir::Instruction*> GetDecorationsFor(uint32_t id,
+                                                  bool include_linkage);
+  std::vector<const ir::Instruction*> GetDecorationsFor(
+      uint32_t id, bool include_linkage) const;
+  // Returns whether two IDs have the same decorations. Two SpvOpGroupDecorate
+  // instructions that apply the same decorations but to different IDs, still
+  // count as being the same.
+  bool HaveTheSameDecorations(uint32_t id1, uint32_t id2) const;
+  // Returns whether two decorations are the same. SpvOpDecorateId is currently
+  // not handled and will return false no matter what.
+  bool AreDecorationsTheSame(const ir::Instruction* inst1,
+                             const ir::Instruction* inst2) const;
+
+ private:
+  using IdToDecorationInstsMap =
+      std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::vector<ir::Instruction*>>;
+  // Analyzes the defs and uses in the given |module| and populates data
+  // structures in this class. Does nothing if |module| is nullptr.
+  void AnalyzeDecorations(ir::Module* module);
+
+  template <typename T>
+  std::vector<T> InternalGetDecorationsFor(uint32_t id, bool include_linkage);
+
+  // Mapping from ids to the instructions applying a decoration to them. In
+  // other words, for each id you get all decoration instructions referencing
+  // that id, be it directly (SpvOpDecorate, SpvOpMemberDecorate and
+  // SpvOpDecorateId), or indirectly (SpvOpGroupDecorate,
+  // SpvOpMemberGroupDecorate).
+  IdToDecorationInstsMap id_to_decoration_insts_;
+  // Mapping from group ids to all the decoration instructions they apply.
+  IdToDecorationInstsMap group_to_decoration_insts_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace analysis
+}  // namespace opt
+}  // namespace spvtools
+
+#endif  // LIBSPIRV_OPT_DECORATION_MANAGER_H_
--- a/source/opt/def_use_manager.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/def_use_manager.cpp
@ -72,6 +72,12 @@ ir::Instruction* DefUseManager::GetDef(uint32_t id) {
  return iter->second;
 }

+const ir::Instruction* DefUseManager::GetDef(uint32_t id) const {
+  const auto iter = id_to_def_.find(id);
+  if (iter == id_to_def_.end()) return nullptr;
+  return iter->second;
+}
+
 UseList* DefUseManager::GetUses(uint32_t id) {
  auto iter = id_to_uses_.find(id);
  if (iter == id_to_uses_.end()) return nullptr;
--- a/source/opt/def_use_manager.h
+++ b/source/opt/def_use_manager.h
@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ class DefUseManager {
  // Returns the def instruction for the given |id|. If there is no instruction
  // defining |id|, returns nullptr.
  ir::Instruction* GetDef(uint32_t id);
+  const ir::Instruction* GetDef(uint32_t id) const;
  // Returns the use instructions for the given |id|. If there is no uses of
  // |id|, returns nullptr.
  UseList* GetUses(uint32_t id);
--- a/source/opt/eliminate_dead_constant_pass.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/eliminate_dead_constant_pass.cpp
@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ Pass::Status EliminateDeadConstantPass::Process(ir::Module* module) {
      count =
          std::count_if(uses->begin(), uses->end(), [](const analysis::Use& u) {
            return !(ir::IsAnnotationInst(u.inst->opcode()) ||
-                     ir::IsDebugInst(u.inst->opcode()));
+                     ir::IsDebug1Inst(u.inst->opcode()) ||
+                     ir::IsDebug2Inst(u.inst->opcode()));
          });
    }
    use_counts[c] = count;
@ -95,7 +96,8 @@ Pass::Status EliminateDeadConstantPass::Process(ir::Module* module) {
    if (analysis::UseList* uses = def_use.GetUses(dc->result_id())) {
      for (const auto& u : *uses) {
        if (ir::IsAnnotationInst(u.inst->opcode()) ||
-            ir::IsDebugInst(u.inst->opcode())) {
+            ir::IsDebug1Inst(u.inst->opcode()) ||
+            ir::IsDebug2Inst(u.inst->opcode())) {
          dead_others.insert(u.inst);
        }
      }
--- a/source/opt/flatten_decoration_pass.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/flatten_decoration_pass.cpp
@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ Pass::Status FlattenDecorationPass::Process(ir::Module* module) {
  // An OpDecorationGroup instruction might not have been used by an
  // OpGroupDecorate or OpGroupMemberDecorate instruction.
  if (!group_ids.empty()) {
-    for (auto debug_inst_iter = module->debug_begin();
-         debug_inst_iter != module->debug_end();) {
+    for (auto debug_inst_iter = module->debug2_begin();
+         debug_inst_iter != module->debug2_end();) {
      if (debug_inst_iter->opcode() == SpvOp::SpvOpName) {
        const uint32_t target = debug_inst_iter->GetSingleWordOperand(0);
        if (group_ids.count(target)) {
--- a/source/opt/function.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/function.cpp
@ -14,9 +14,34 @@

 #include "function.h"

+#include "make_unique.h"
+
 namespace spvtools {
 namespace ir {

+Function::Function(const Function& f)
+    : module_(nullptr),
+      def_inst_(MakeUnique<Instruction>(f.DefInst())),
+      params_(),
+      blocks_(),
+      end_inst_() {
+  params_.reserve(f.params_.size());
+  f.ForEachParam(
+      [this](const Instruction* insn) {
+        AddParameter(MakeUnique<Instruction>(*insn));
+      },
+      true);
+
+  blocks_.reserve(f.blocks_.size());
+  for (const auto& b : f.blocks_) {
+    std::unique_ptr<BasicBlock> bb = MakeUnique<BasicBlock>(*b);
+    bb->SetParent(this);
+    AddBasicBlock(std::move(bb));
+  }
+
+  SetFunctionEnd(MakeUnique<Instruction>(f.function_end()));
+}
+
 void Function::ForEachInst(const std::function<void(Instruction*)>& f,
                           bool run_on_debug_line_insts) {
  if (def_inst_) def_inst_->ForEachInst(f, run_on_debug_line_insts);
@ -36,8 +61,8 @@ void Function::ForEachInst(const std::function<void(const Instruction*)>& f,
        ->ForEachInst(f, run_on_debug_line_insts);

  for (const auto& bb : blocks_)
-    static_cast<const BasicBlock*>(bb.get())
-        ->ForEachInst(f, run_on_debug_line_insts);
+    static_cast<const BasicBlock*>(bb.get())->ForEachInst(
+        f, run_on_debug_line_insts);

  if (end_inst_)
    static_cast<const Instruction*>(end_inst_.get())
--- a/source/opt/function.h
+++ b/source/opt/function.h
@ -38,8 +38,14 @@ class Function {
  // Creates a function instance declared by the given OpFunction instruction
  // |def_inst|.
  inline explicit Function(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> def_inst);
+  // Creates a function instance based on the given function |f|.
+  //
+  // The parent module will default to null and needs to be explicitly set by
+  // the user.
+  explicit Function(const Function& f);
  // The OpFunction instruction that begins the definition of this function.
  Instruction& DefInst() { return *def_inst_; }
+  const Instruction& DefInst() const { return *def_inst_; }

  // Sets the enclosing module for this function.
  void SetParent(Module* module) { module_ = module; }
@ -51,10 +57,17 @@ class Function {
  // Saves the given function end instruction.
  inline void SetFunctionEnd(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> end_inst);

+  // Returns the given function end instruction.
+  inline Instruction* function_end() { return end_inst_.get(); }
+  inline const Instruction& function_end() const { return *end_inst_; }
+
  // Returns function's id
  inline uint32_t result_id() const { return def_inst_->result_id(); }

-  // Returns function's type id
+//  // Returns function's type id
+//  inline uint32_t type_id() const { return def_inst_->GetSingleWordInOperand(1u); }
+
+  // Returns function's return type id
  inline uint32_t type_id() const { return def_inst_->type_id(); }

  iterator begin() { return iterator(&blocks_, blocks_.begin()); }
--- a/source/opt/instruction.h
+++ b/source/opt/instruction.h
@ -58,9 +58,17 @@ struct Operand {
  spv_operand_type_t type;      // Type of this logical operand.
  std::vector<uint32_t> words;  // Binary segments of this logical operand.

+  friend bool operator==(const Operand& o1, const Operand& o2) {
+    return o1.type == o2.type && o1.words == o2.words;
+  }
+
  // TODO(antiagainst): create fields for literal number kind, width, etc.
 };

+inline bool operator!=(const Operand& o1, const Operand& o2) {
+  return !(o1 == o2);
+}
+
 // A SPIR-V instruction. It contains the opcode and any additional logical
 // operand, including the result id (if any) and result type id (if any). It
 // may also contain line-related debug instruction (OpLine, OpNoLine) directly
@ -139,6 +147,10 @@ class Instruction {
  inline void SetResultType(uint32_t ty_id);
  // Sets the result id
  inline void SetResultId(uint32_t res_id);
+  // Remove the |index|-th operand
+  void RemoveOperand(uint32_t index) {
+    operands_.erase(operands_.begin() + index);
+  }

  // The following methods are similar to the above, but are for in operands.
  uint32_t NumInOperands() const {
@ -151,6 +163,9 @@ class Instruction {
  uint32_t GetSingleWordInOperand(uint32_t index) const {
    return GetSingleWordOperand(index + TypeResultIdCount());
  }
+  void RemoveInOperand(uint32_t index) {
+    operands_.erase(operands_.begin() + index + TypeResultIdCount());
+  }

  // Returns true if this instruction is OpNop.
  inline bool IsNop() const;
@ -166,6 +181,12 @@ class Instruction {
  inline void ForEachInst(const std::function<void(const Instruction*)>& f,
                          bool run_on_debug_line_insts = false) const;

+  // Runs the given function |f| on all operand ids.
+  //
+  // |f| should not transform an ID into 0, as 0 is an invalid ID.
+  inline void ForEachId(const std::function<void(uint32_t*)>& f);
+  inline void ForEachId(const std::function<void(const uint32_t*)>& f) const;
+
  // Runs the given function |f| on all "in" operand ids
  inline void ForEachInId(const std::function<void(uint32_t*)>& f);
  inline void ForEachInId(const std::function<void(const uint32_t*)>& f) const;
@ -246,6 +267,20 @@ inline void Instruction::ForEachInst(
  f(this);
 }

+inline void Instruction::ForEachId(const std::function<void(uint32_t*)>& f) {
+  for (auto& opnd : operands_)
+    if (spvIsIdType(opnd.type)) f(&opnd.words[0]);
+  if (type_id_ != 0u)
+    type_id_ = GetSingleWordOperand(0u);
+  if (result_id_ != 0u) result_id_ = GetSingleWordOperand(type_id_ == 0u ? 0u : 1u);
+}
+
+inline void Instruction::ForEachId(
+    const std::function<void(const uint32_t*)>& f) const {
+  for (const auto& opnd : operands_)
+    if (spvIsIdType(opnd.type)) f(&opnd.words[0]);
+}
+
 inline void Instruction::ForEachInId(const std::function<void(uint32_t*)>& f) {
  for (auto& opnd : operands_) {
    switch (opnd.type) {
--- a/source/opt/ir_loader.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/ir_loader.cpp
@ -99,8 +99,10 @@ bool IrLoader::AddInstruction(const spv_parsed_instruction_t* inst) {
        module_->AddEntryPoint(std::move(spv_inst));
      } else if (opcode == SpvOpExecutionMode) {
        module_->AddExecutionMode(std::move(spv_inst));
-      } else if (IsDebugInst(opcode)) {
-        module_->AddDebugInst(std::move(spv_inst));
+      } else if (IsDebug1Inst(opcode)) {
+        module_->AddDebug1Inst(std::move(spv_inst));
+      } else if (IsDebug2Inst(opcode)) {
+        module_->AddDebug2Inst(std::move(spv_inst));
      } else if (IsAnnotationInst(opcode)) {
        module_->AddAnnotationInst(std::move(spv_inst));
      } else if (IsTypeInst(opcode)) {
--- a/source/opt/mem_pass.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/mem_pass.cpp
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ bool MemPass::IsTargetVar(uint32_t varId) {

 void MemPass::FindNamedOrDecoratedIds() {
  named_or_decorated_ids_.clear();
-  for (auto& di : module_->debugs())
+  for (auto& di : module_->debugs2())
    if (di.opcode() == SpvOpName)
      named_or_decorated_ids_.insert(di.GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
  for (auto& ai : module_->annotations())
--- a/source/opt/module.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/module.cpp
@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ void Module::ForEachInst(const std::function<void(Instruction*)>& f,
  if (memory_model_) DELEGATE(memory_model_);
  for (auto& i : entry_points_) DELEGATE(i);
  for (auto& i : execution_modes_) DELEGATE(i);
-  for (auto& i : debugs_) DELEGATE(i);
+  for (auto& i : debugs1_) DELEGATE(i);
+  for (auto& i : debugs2_) DELEGATE(i);
  for (auto& i : annotations_) DELEGATE(i);
  for (auto& i : types_values_) DELEGATE(i);
  for (auto& i : functions_) DELEGATE(i);
@ -101,7 +102,8 @@ void Module::ForEachInst(const std::function<void(const Instruction*)>& f,
  if (memory_model_) DELEGATE(memory_model_);
  for (auto& i : entry_points_) DELEGATE(i);
  for (auto& i : execution_modes_) DELEGATE(i);
-  for (auto& i : debugs_) DELEGATE(i);
+  for (auto& i : debugs1_) DELEGATE(i);
+  for (auto& i : debugs2_) DELEGATE(i);
  for (auto& i : annotations_) DELEGATE(i);
  for (auto& i : types_values_) DELEGATE(i);
  for (auto& i : functions_) {
--- a/source/opt/module.h
+++ b/source/opt/module.h
@ -66,8 +66,14 @@ class Module {
  inline void AddEntryPoint(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> e);
  // Appends an execution mode instruction to this module.
  inline void AddExecutionMode(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> e);
-  // Appends a debug instruction (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine) to this module.
-  inline void AddDebugInst(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> d);
+  // Appends a debug 1 instruction (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine) to this module.
+  // "debug 1" instructions are the ones in layout section 7.a), see section
+  // 2.4 Logical Layout of a Module from the SPIR-V specification.
+  inline void AddDebug1Inst(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> d);
+  // Appends a debug 2 instruction (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine) to this module.
+  // "debug 2" instructions are the ones in layout section 7.b), see section
+  // 2.4 Logical Layout of a Module from the SPIR-V specification.
+  inline void AddDebug2Inst(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> d);
  // Appends an annotation instruction to this module.
  inline void AddAnnotationInst(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> a);
  // Appends a type-declaration instruction to this module.
@ -94,25 +100,66 @@ class Module {

  inline uint32_t id_bound() const { return header_.bound; }

-  // Iterators for debug instructions (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine) contained in
-  // this module.
-  inline inst_iterator debug_begin();
-  inline inst_iterator debug_end();
-  inline IteratorRange<inst_iterator> debugs();
-  inline IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> debugs() const;
+  inline uint32_t version() const { return header_.version; }
+
+  // Iterators for capabilities instructions contained in this module.
+  inline inst_iterator capability_begin();
+  inline inst_iterator capability_end();
+  inline IteratorRange<inst_iterator> capabilities();
+  inline IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> capabilities() const;
+
+  // Iterators for ext_inst_imports instructions contained in this module.
+  inline inst_iterator ext_inst_import_begin();
+  inline inst_iterator ext_inst_import_end();
+  inline IteratorRange<inst_iterator> ext_inst_imports();
+  inline IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> ext_inst_imports() const;
+
+  // Return the memory model instruction contained inthis module.
+  inline Instruction* GetMemoryModel() { return memory_model_.get(); }
+  inline const Instruction* GetMemoryModel() const { return memory_model_.get(); }
+
+  // Iterators for debug 1 instructions (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine) contained
+  // in this module.
+  inline inst_iterator debug1_begin();
+  inline inst_iterator debug1_end();
+  inline IteratorRange<inst_iterator> debugs1();
+  inline IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> debugs1() const;
+
+  // Iterators for debug 2 instructions (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine) contained
+  // in this module.
+  inline inst_iterator debug2_begin();
+  inline inst_iterator debug2_end();
+  inline IteratorRange<inst_iterator> debugs2();
+  inline IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> debugs2() const;

  // Iterators for entry point instructions contained in this module
  inline IteratorRange<inst_iterator> entry_points();
  inline IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> entry_points() const;

+  // Iterators for execution_modes instructions contained in this module.
+  inline inst_iterator execution_mode_begin();
+  inline inst_iterator execution_mode_end();
+  inline IteratorRange<inst_iterator> execution_modes();
+  inline IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> execution_modes() const;
+
  // Clears all debug instructions (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine).
-  void debug_clear() { debugs_.clear(); }
+  void debug_clear() { debug1_clear(); debug2_clear(); }
+
+  // Clears all debug 1 instructions (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine).
+  void debug1_clear() { debugs1_.clear(); }
+
+  // Clears all debug 2 instructions (excluding OpLine & OpNoLine).
+  void debug2_clear() { debugs2_.clear(); }

  // Iterators for annotation instructions contained in this module.
+  inline inst_iterator annotation_begin();
+  inline inst_iterator annotation_end();
  IteratorRange<inst_iterator> annotations();
  IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> annotations() const;

  // Iterators for extension instructions contained in this module.
+  inline inst_iterator extension_begin();
+  inline inst_iterator extension_end();
  IteratorRange<inst_iterator> extensions();
  IteratorRange<const_inst_iterator> extensions() const;

@ -161,7 +208,8 @@ class Module {
  std::unique_ptr<Instruction> memory_model_;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> entry_points_;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> execution_modes_;
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> debugs_;
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> debugs1_;
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> debugs2_;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> annotations_;
  // Type declarations, constants, and global variable declarations.
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> types_values_;
@ -192,8 +240,12 @@ inline void Module::AddExecutionMode(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> e) {
  execution_modes_.emplace_back(std::move(e));
 }

-inline void Module::AddDebugInst(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> d) {
-  debugs_.emplace_back(std::move(d));
+inline void Module::AddDebug1Inst(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> d) {
+  debugs1_.emplace_back(std::move(d));
+}
+
+inline void Module::AddDebug2Inst(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> d) {
+  debugs2_.emplace_back(std::move(d));
 }

 inline void Module::AddAnnotationInst(std::unique_ptr<Instruction> a) {
@ -212,19 +264,64 @@ inline void Module::AddFunction(std::unique_ptr<Function> f) {
  functions_.emplace_back(std::move(f));
 }

-inline Module::inst_iterator Module::debug_begin() {
-  return inst_iterator(&debugs_, debugs_.begin());
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::capability_begin() {
+  return inst_iterator(&capabilities_, capabilities_.begin());
 }
-inline Module::inst_iterator Module::debug_end() {
-  return inst_iterator(&debugs_, debugs_.end());
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::capability_end() {
+  return inst_iterator(&capabilities_, capabilities_.end());
 }

-inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::debugs() {
-  return make_range(debugs_);
+inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::capabilities() {
+  return make_range(capabilities_);
 }

-inline IteratorRange<Module::const_inst_iterator> Module::debugs() const {
-  return make_const_range(debugs_);
+inline IteratorRange<Module::const_inst_iterator> Module::capabilities() const {
+  return make_const_range(capabilities_);
+}
+
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::ext_inst_import_begin() {
+  return inst_iterator(&ext_inst_imports_, ext_inst_imports_.begin());
+}
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::ext_inst_import_end() {
+  return inst_iterator(&ext_inst_imports_, ext_inst_imports_.end());
+}
+
+inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::ext_inst_imports() {
+  return make_range(ext_inst_imports_);
+}
+
+inline IteratorRange<Module::const_inst_iterator> Module::ext_inst_imports() const {
+  return make_const_range(ext_inst_imports_);
+}
+
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::debug1_begin() {
+  return inst_iterator(&debugs1_, debugs1_.begin());
+}
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::debug1_end() {
+  return inst_iterator(&debugs1_, debugs1_.end());
+}
+
+inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::debugs1() {
+  return make_range(debugs1_);
+}
+
+inline IteratorRange<Module::const_inst_iterator> Module::debugs1() const {
+  return make_const_range(debugs1_);
+}
+
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::debug2_begin() {
+  return inst_iterator(&debugs2_, debugs2_.begin());
+}
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::debug2_end() {
+  return inst_iterator(&debugs2_, debugs2_.end());
+}
+
+inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::debugs2() {
+  return make_range(debugs2_);
+}
+
+inline IteratorRange<Module::const_inst_iterator> Module::debugs2() const {
+  return make_const_range(debugs2_);
 }

 inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::entry_points() {
@ -235,6 +332,28 @@ inline IteratorRange<Module::const_inst_iterator> Module::entry_points() const {
  return make_const_range(entry_points_);
 }

+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::execution_mode_begin() {
+  return inst_iterator(&execution_modes_, execution_modes_.begin());
+}
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::execution_mode_end() {
+  return inst_iterator(&execution_modes_, execution_modes_.end());
+}
+
+inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::execution_modes() {
+  return make_range(execution_modes_);
+}
+
+inline IteratorRange<Module::const_inst_iterator> Module::execution_modes() const {
+  return make_const_range(execution_modes_);
+}
+
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::annotation_begin() {
+  return inst_iterator(&annotations_, annotations_.begin());
+}
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::annotation_end() {
+  return inst_iterator(&annotations_, annotations_.end());
+}
+
 inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::annotations() {
  return make_range(annotations_);
 }
@ -243,6 +362,13 @@ inline IteratorRange<Module::const_inst_iterator> Module::annotations() const {
  return make_const_range(annotations_);
 }

+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::extension_begin() {
+  return inst_iterator(&extensions_, extensions_.begin());
+}
+inline Module::inst_iterator Module::extension_end() {
+  return inst_iterator(&extensions_, extensions_.end());
+}
+
 inline IteratorRange<Module::inst_iterator> Module::extensions() {
  return make_range(extensions_);
 }
--- a/source/opt/pass_manager.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/pass_manager.cpp
@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ Pass::Status PassManager::Run(ir::Module* module) {
  if (status == Pass::Status::SuccessWithChange) {
    module->SetIdBound(module->ComputeIdBound());
  }
+  passes_.clear();
  return status;
 }

--- a/source/opt/pass_manager.h
+++ b/source/opt/pass_manager.h
@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ class PassManager {
  // registered after the error-reporting pass will be skipped. Returns the
  // corresponding Status::Success if processing is succesful to indicate
  // whether changes are made to the module.
+  //
+  // After running all the passes, they are removed from the list.
  Pass::Status Run(ir::Module* module);

 private:
--- a/source/opt/reflect.h
+++ b/source/opt/reflect.h
@ -24,8 +24,13 @@ namespace ir {
 // following functions tend to be outdated and should be updated when SPIR-V
 // version bumps.

-inline bool IsDebugInst(SpvOp opcode) {
-  return (opcode >= SpvOpSourceContinued && opcode <= SpvOpLine) ||
+inline bool IsDebug1Inst(SpvOp opcode) {
+  return (opcode >= SpvOpSourceContinued && opcode <= SpvOpSourceExtension) ||
+         opcode == SpvOpString || opcode == SpvOpLine ||
+         opcode == SpvOpNoLine || opcode == SpvOpModuleProcessed;
+}
+inline bool IsDebug2Inst(SpvOp opcode) {
+  return opcode == SpvOpName || opcode == SpvOpMemberName ||
         opcode == SpvOpNoLine || opcode == SpvOpModuleProcessed;
 }
 inline bool IsDebugLineInst(SpvOp opcode) {
--- a/source/opt/remove_duplicates_pass.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/remove_duplicates_pass.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "remove_duplicates_pass.h"
+
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <limits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "decoration_manager.h"
+#include "opcode.h"
+
+namespace spvtools {
+namespace opt {
+
+using ir::Instruction;
+using ir::Module;
+using ir::Operand;
+using opt::analysis::DefUseManager;
+using opt::analysis::DecorationManager;
+
+Pass::Status RemoveDuplicatesPass::Process(Module* module) {
+  DefUseManager defUseManager(consumer(), module);
+  DecorationManager decManager(module);
+
+  bool modified = RemoveDuplicateCapabilities(module);
+  modified |= RemoveDuplicatesExtInstImports(module, defUseManager);
+  modified |= RemoveDuplicateTypes(module, defUseManager, decManager);
+  modified |= RemoveDuplicateDecorations(module);
+
+  return modified ? Status::SuccessWithChange : Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+}
+
+bool RemoveDuplicatesPass::RemoveDuplicateCapabilities(Module* module) const {
+  bool modified = false;
+
+  std::unordered_set<uint32_t> capabilities;
+  for (auto i = module->capability_begin(); i != module->capability_end();) {
+    auto res = capabilities.insert(i->GetSingleWordOperand(0u));
+
+    if (res.second) {
+      // Never seen before, keep it.
+      ++i;
+    } else {
+      // It's a duplicate, remove it.
+      i = i.Erase();
+      modified = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return modified;
+}
+
+bool RemoveDuplicatesPass::RemoveDuplicatesExtInstImports(
+    Module* module, analysis::DefUseManager& defUseManager) const {
+  bool modified = false;
+
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, SpvId> extInstImports;
+  for (auto i = module->ext_inst_import_begin();
+       i != module->ext_inst_import_end();) {
+    auto res = extInstImports.emplace(
+        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(i->GetInOperand(0u).words.data()),
+        i->result_id());
+    if (res.second) {
+      // Never seen before, keep it.
+      ++i;
+    } else {
+      // It's a duplicate, remove it.
+      defUseManager.ReplaceAllUsesWith(i->result_id(), res.first->second);
+      i = i.Erase();
+      modified = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return modified;
+}
+
+bool RemoveDuplicatesPass::RemoveDuplicateTypes(
+    Module* module, DefUseManager& defUseManager,
+    DecorationManager& decManager) const {
+  bool modified = false;
+
+  std::vector<Instruction> visitedTypes;
+  visitedTypes.reserve(module->types_values().size());
+
+  for (auto i = module->types_values_begin();
+       i != module->types_values_end();) {
+    // We only care about types.
+    if (!spvOpcodeGeneratesType((i->opcode())) &&
+        i->opcode() != SpvOpTypeForwardPointer) {
+      ++i;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Is the current type equal to one of the types we have aready visited?
+    SpvId idToKeep = 0u;
+    for (auto j : visitedTypes) {
+      if (AreTypesEqual(*i, j, defUseManager, decManager)) {
+        idToKeep = j.result_id();
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (idToKeep == 0u) {
+      // This is a never seen before type, keep it around.
+      visitedTypes.emplace_back(*i);
+      ++i;
+    } else {
+      // The same type has already been seen before, remove this one.
+      defUseManager.ReplaceAllUsesWith(i->result_id(), idToKeep);
+      modified = true;
+      i = i.Erase();
+    }
+  }
+
+  return modified;
+}
+
+bool RemoveDuplicatesPass::RemoveDuplicateDecorations(
+    ir::Module* module) const {
+  bool modified = false;
+
+  std::unordered_map<SpvId, const Instruction*> constants;
+  for (const auto& i : module->types_values())
+    if (i.opcode() == SpvOpConstant) constants[i.result_id()] = &i;
+  for (const auto& i : module->types_values())
+    if (i.opcode() == SpvOpConstant) constants[i.result_id()] = &i;
+
+  std::vector<const Instruction*> visitedDecorations;
+  visitedDecorations.reserve(module->annotations().size());
+
+  opt::analysis::DecorationManager decorationManager(module);
+  for (auto i = module->annotation_begin(); i != module->annotation_end();) {
+    // Is the current decoration equal to one of the decorations we have aready
+    // visited?
+    bool alreadyVisited = false;
+    for (const Instruction* j : visitedDecorations) {
+      if (decorationManager.AreDecorationsTheSame(&*i, j)) {
+        alreadyVisited = true;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!alreadyVisited) {
+      // This is a never seen before decoration, keep it around.
+      visitedDecorations.emplace_back(&*i);
+      ++i;
+    } else {
+      // The same decoration has already been seen before, remove this one.
+      modified = true;
+      i = i.Erase();
+    }
+  }
+
+  return modified;
+}
+
+bool RemoveDuplicatesPass::AreTypesEqual(const Instruction& inst1,
+                                         const Instruction& inst2,
+                                         const DefUseManager& defUseManager,
+                                         const DecorationManager& decManager) {
+  if (inst1.opcode() != inst2.opcode()) return false;
+  if (!decManager.HaveTheSameDecorations(inst1.result_id(), inst2.result_id()))
+    return false;
+
+  switch (inst1.opcode()) {
+    case SpvOpTypeVoid:
+    case SpvOpTypeBool:
+    case SpvOpTypeSampler:
+    case SpvOpTypeEvent:
+    case SpvOpTypeDeviceEvent:
+    case SpvOpTypeReserveId:
+    case SpvOpTypeQueue:
+    case SpvOpTypePipeStorage:
+    case SpvOpTypeNamedBarrier:
+      return true;
+    case SpvOpTypeInt:
+      return inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u) &&
+             inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u);
+    case SpvOpTypeFloat:
+    case SpvOpTypePipe:
+    case SpvOpTypeForwardPointer:
+      return inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u) ==
+             inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u);
+    case SpvOpTypeVector:
+    case SpvOpTypeMatrix:
+      return AreTypesEqual(
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u)),
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u)),
+                 defUseManager, decManager) &&
+             inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u);
+    case SpvOpTypeImage:
+      return AreTypesEqual(
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u)),
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u)),
+                 defUseManager, decManager) &&
+             inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u) &&
+             inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(2u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(2u) &&
+             inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(3u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(3u) &&
+             inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(4u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(4u) &&
+             inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(5u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(5u) &&
+             inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(6u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(6u) &&
+             inst1.NumOperands() == inst2.NumOperands() &&
+             (inst1.NumInOperands() == 7u ||
+              inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(7u) ==
+                  inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(7u));
+    case SpvOpTypeSampledImage:
+    case SpvOpTypeRuntimeArray:
+      return AreTypesEqual(
+          *defUseManager.GetDef(inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u)),
+          *defUseManager.GetDef(inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u)),
+          defUseManager, decManager);
+    case SpvOpTypeArray:
+      return AreTypesEqual(
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u)),
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u)),
+                 defUseManager, decManager) &&
+             AreTypesEqual(
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u)),
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u)),
+                 defUseManager, decManager);
+    case SpvOpTypeStruct:
+    case SpvOpTypeFunction: {
+      bool res = inst1.NumInOperands() == inst2.NumInOperands();
+      for (uint32_t i = 0u; i < inst1.NumInOperands() && res; ++i)
+        res &= AreTypesEqual(
+            *defUseManager.GetDef(inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(i)),
+            *defUseManager.GetDef(inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(i)),
+            defUseManager, decManager);
+      return res;
+    }
+    case SpvOpTypeOpaque:
+      return std::strcmp(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(
+                             inst1.GetInOperand(0u).words.data()),
+                         reinterpret_cast<const char*>(
+                             inst2.GetInOperand(0u).words.data())) == 0;
+    case SpvOpTypePointer:
+      return inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u) ==
+                 inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(0u) &&
+             AreTypesEqual(
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst1.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u)),
+                 *defUseManager.GetDef(inst2.GetSingleWordInOperand(1u)),
+                 defUseManager, decManager);
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace opt
+}  // namespace spvtools
--- a/source/opt/remove_duplicates_pass.h
+++ b/source/opt/remove_duplicates_pass.h
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef LIBSPIRV_OPT_REMOVE_DUPLICATES_PASS_H_
+#define LIBSPIRV_OPT_REMOVE_DUPLICATES_PASS_H_
+
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "decoration_manager.h"
+#include "def_use_manager.h"
+#include "module.h"
+#include "pass.h"
+
+namespace spvtools {
+namespace opt {
+
+using IdDecorationsList =
+    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::vector<ir::Instruction*>>;
+
+// See optimizer.hpp for documentation.
+class RemoveDuplicatesPass : public Pass {
+ public:
+  const char* name() const override { return "remove-duplicates"; }
+  Status Process(ir::Module*) override;
+  // Returns whether two types are equal, and have the same decorations.
+  static bool AreTypesEqual(const ir::Instruction& inst1,
+                            const ir::Instruction& inst2,
+                            const analysis::DefUseManager& defUseManager,
+                            const analysis::DecorationManager& decoManager);
+
+ private:
+  bool RemoveDuplicateCapabilities(ir::Module* module) const;
+  bool RemoveDuplicatesExtInstImports(
+      ir::Module* module, analysis::DefUseManager& defUseManager) const;
+  bool RemoveDuplicateTypes(ir::Module* module,
+                            analysis::DefUseManager& defUseManager,
+                            analysis::DecorationManager& decManager) const;
+  bool RemoveDuplicateDecorations(ir::Module* module) const;
+};
+
+}  // namespace opt
+}  // namespace spvtools
+
+#endif  // LIBSPIRV_OPT_REMOVE_DUPLICATES_PASS_H_
--- a/source/opt/strip_debug_info_pass.cpp
+++ b/source/opt/strip_debug_info_pass.cpp
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ namespace spvtools {
 namespace opt {

 Pass::Status StripDebugInfoPass::Process(ir::Module* module) {
-  bool modified = !module->debugs().empty();
+  bool modified = !module->debugs1().empty() || !module->debugs2().empty();
  module->debug_clear();

  module->ForEachInst([&modified](ir::Instruction* inst) {
--- a/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/CMakeLists.txt
@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ add_spvtools_unittest(
  LIBS ${SPIRV_TOOLS})

 add_subdirectory(comp)
+add_subdirectory(link)
 add_subdirectory(opt)
 add_subdirectory(stats)
 add_subdirectory(val)
--- a/test/link/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/link/CMakeLists.txt
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+add_spvtools_unittest(TARGET link_binary_version
+  SRCS binary_version_test.cpp
+  LIBS SPIRV-Tools-opt SPIRV-Tools-link
+)
+
+add_spvtools_unittest(TARGET link_memory_model
+  SRCS memory_model_test.cpp
+  LIBS SPIRV-Tools-opt SPIRV-Tools-link
+)
+
+add_spvtools_unittest(TARGET link_entry_points
+  SRCS entry_points_test.cpp
+  LIBS SPIRV-Tools-opt SPIRV-Tools-link
+)
+
+add_spvtools_unittest(TARGET link_global_values_amount
+  SRCS global_values_amount_test.cpp
+  LIBS SPIRV-Tools-opt SPIRV-Tools-link
+)
+
+add_spvtools_unittest(TARGET link_ids_limit
+  SRCS ids_limit_test.cpp
+  LIBS SPIRV-Tools-opt SPIRV-Tools-link
+)
+
+add_spvtools_unittest(TARGET link_matching_imports_to_exports
+  SRCS matching_imports_to_exports_test.cpp
+  LIBS SPIRV-Tools-opt SPIRV-Tools-link
+)
--- a/test/link/binary_version_test.cpp
+++ b/test/link/binary_version_test.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "linker_fixture.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using BinaryVersion = spvtest::LinkerTest;
+
+TEST_F(BinaryVersion, LinkerChoosesMaxSpirvVersion) {
+  spvtest::Binaries binaries = {
+      {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          0x00000300u,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          1u,  // NOTE: Bound
+          0u   // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+      },
+      {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          0x00000600u,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          1u,  // NOTE: Bound
+          0u   // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+      },
+      {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          0x00000100u,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          1u,  // NOTE: Bound
+          0u   // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+      }
+  };
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, Link(binaries, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(), std::string());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x00000600u, linked_binary[1]);
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
--- a/test/link/entry_points_test.cpp
+++ b/test/link/entry_points_test.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "linker_fixture.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+
+class EntryPoints : public spvtest::LinkerTest {};
+
+TEST_F(EntryPoints, SameModelDifferentName) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpEntryPoint GLCompute %1 "foo"
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpEntryPoint GLCompute %1 "bar"
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(), std::string());
+}
+
+TEST_F(EntryPoints, DifferentModelSameName) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpEntryPoint GLCompute %1 "foo"
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpEntryPoint Vertex %1 "foo"
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(), std::string());
+}
+
+TEST_F(EntryPoints, SameModelAndName) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpEntryPoint GLCompute %1 "foo"
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpEntryPoint GLCompute %1 "foo"
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INTERNAL,
+            AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(),
+              HasSubstr("The entry point \"foo\", with execution model "
+                        "GLCompute, was already defined."));
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
--- a/test/link/global_values_amount_test.cpp
+++ b/test/link/global_values_amount_test.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "linker_fixture.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+
+class EntryPoints : public spvtest::LinkerTest {
+ public:
+  EntryPoints() { binaries.reserve(0xFFFF); }
+
+  virtual void SetUp() override {
+    binaries.push_back({SpvMagicNumber,
+                        SpvVersion,
+                        SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+                        10u,  // NOTE: Bound
+                        0u,   // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+
+                        3u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpTypeFloat,
+                        1u,   // NOTE: Result ID
+                        32u,  // NOTE: Width
+
+                        4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpTypePointer,
+                        2u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                        SpvStorageClassInput,
+                        1u,  // NOTE: Type ID
+
+                        2u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpTypeVoid,
+                        3u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+
+                        3u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpTypeFunction,
+                        4u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                        3u,  // NOTE: Return type
+
+                        5u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpFunction,
+                        3u,  // NOTE: Result type
+                        5u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                        SpvFunctionControlMaskNone,
+                        4u,  // NOTE: Function type
+
+                        2u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpLabel,
+                        6u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+
+                        4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpVariable,
+                        2u,  // NOTE: Type ID
+                        7u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                        SpvStorageClassFunction,
+
+                        4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpVariable,
+                        2u,  // NOTE: Type ID
+                        8u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                        SpvStorageClassFunction,
+
+                        4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpVariable,
+                        2u,  // NOTE: Type ID
+                        9u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                        SpvStorageClassFunction,
+
+                        1u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpReturn,
+
+                        1u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpFunctionEnd});
+    for (size_t i = 0u; i < 2u; ++i) {
+      spvtest::Binary binary = {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          SpvVersion,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          103u,  // NOTE: Bound
+          0u,    // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+
+          3u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpTypeFloat,
+          1u,   // NOTE: Result ID
+          32u,  // NOTE: Width
+
+          4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpTypePointer,
+          2u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+          SpvStorageClassInput,
+          1u  // NOTE: Type ID
+      };
+
+      for (uint32_t j = 0u; j < 0xFFFFu / 2u; ++j) {
+        binary.push_back(4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpVariable);
+        binary.push_back(2u);      // NOTE: Type ID
+        binary.push_back(j + 3u);  // NOTE: Result ID
+        binary.push_back(SpvStorageClassInput);
+      }
+      binaries.push_back(binary);
+    }
+  }
+  virtual void TearDown() override { binaries.clear(); }
+
+  spvtest::Binaries binaries;
+};
+
+// TODO(dneto): Fix performance issue for debug builds on Windows
+#if !(defined(SPIRV_WINDOWS) && defined(_DEBUG))
+
+TEST_F(EntryPoints, UnderLimit) {
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, Link(binaries, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(), std::string());
+}
+
+TEST_F(EntryPoints, OverLimit) {
+  binaries.push_back({SpvMagicNumber,
+                      SpvVersion,
+                      SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+                      5u,  // NOTE: Bound
+                      0u,  // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+
+                      3u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpTypeFloat,
+                      1u,   // NOTE: Result ID
+                      32u,  // NOTE: Width
+
+                      4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpTypePointer,
+                      2u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                      SpvStorageClassInput,
+                      1u,  // NOTE: Type ID
+
+                      4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpVariable,
+                      2u,  // NOTE: Type ID
+                      3u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                      SpvStorageClassInput,
+
+                      4u << SpvWordCountShift | SpvOpVariable,
+                      2u,  // NOTE: Type ID
+                      4u,  // NOTE: Result ID
+                      SpvStorageClassInput});
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INTERNAL, Link(binaries, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(),
+              HasSubstr("The limit of global values, 65535, was exceeded; "
+                        "65536 global values were found."));
+}
+#endif // !(defined(SPIRV_WINDOWS) && defined(_DEBUG))
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
--- a/test/link/ids_limit_test.cpp
+++ b/test/link/ids_limit_test.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "linker_fixture.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+
+using IdsLimit = spvtest::LinkerTest;
+
+TEST_F(IdsLimit, UnderLimit) {
+  spvtest::Binaries binaries = {
+      {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          SpvVersion,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          0x2FFFFFu, // NOTE: Bound
+          0u,        // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+      },
+      {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          SpvVersion,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          0x100000u, // NOTE: Bound
+          0u,        // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+      }
+  };
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, Link(binaries, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(), std::string());
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x3FFFFEu, linked_binary[3]);
+}
+
+TEST_F(IdsLimit, OverLimit) {
+  spvtest::Binaries binaries = {
+      {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          SpvVersion,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          0x2FFFFFu, // NOTE: Bound
+          0u,        // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+      },
+      {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          SpvVersion,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          0x100000u, // NOTE: Bound
+          0u,        // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+      },
+      {
+          SpvMagicNumber,
+          SpvVersion,
+          SPV_GENERATOR_CODEPLAY,
+          3u,  // NOTE: Bound
+          0u,  // NOTE: Schema; reserved
+      }
+  };
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INVALID_ID, Link(binaries, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(),
+              HasSubstr("The limit of IDs, 4194303, was exceeded: 4194304 is "
+                        "the current ID bound."));
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
--- a/test/link/linker_fixture.h
+++ b/test/link/linker_fixture.h
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef LIBSPIRV_TEST_LINK_LINK_TEST
+#define LIBSPIRV_TEST_LINK_LINK_TEST
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "source/spirv_constant.h"
+#include "unit_spirv.h"
+
+#include "spirv-tools/linker.hpp"
+
+namespace spvtest {
+
+using Binary = std::vector<uint32_t>;
+using Binaries = std::vector<Binary>;
+
+class LinkerTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ public:
+  LinkerTest()
+      : tools_(SPV_ENV_UNIVERSAL_1_2),
+        linker_(SPV_ENV_UNIVERSAL_1_2),
+        assemble_options_(spvtools::SpirvTools::kDefaultAssembleOption),
+        disassemble_options_(spvtools::SpirvTools::kDefaultDisassembleOption) {
+    const auto consumer = [this](spv_message_level_t level, const char*,
+                                 const spv_position_t& position,
+                                 const char* message) {
+      if (!error_message_.empty()) error_message_ += "\n";
+      switch (level) {
+        case SPV_MSG_FATAL:
+        case SPV_MSG_INTERNAL_ERROR:
+        case SPV_MSG_ERROR:
+          error_message_ += "ERROR";
+          break;
+        case SPV_MSG_WARNING:
+          error_message_ += "WARNING";
+          break;
+        case SPV_MSG_INFO:
+          error_message_ += "INFO";
+          break;
+        case SPV_MSG_DEBUG:
+          error_message_ += "DEBUG";
+          break;
+      }
+      error_message_ += ": " + std::to_string(position.index) + ": " + message;
+    };
+    tools_.SetMessageConsumer(consumer);
+    linker_.SetMessageConsumer(consumer);
+  }
+
+  virtual void TearDown() override { error_message_.clear(); }
+
+  // Assembles each of the given strings into SPIR-V binaries before linking
+  // them together. SPV_ERROR_INVALID_TEXT is returned if the assembling failed
+  // for any of the input strings, and SPV_ERROR_INVALID_POINTER if
+  // |linked_binary| is a null pointer.
+  spv_result_t AssembleAndLink(
+      const std::vector<std::string>& bodies, spvtest::Binary* linked_binary,
+      spvtools::LinkerOptions options = spvtools::LinkerOptions()) {
+    if (!linked_binary) return SPV_ERROR_INVALID_POINTER;
+
+    spvtest::Binaries binaries(bodies.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0u; i < bodies.size(); ++i)
+      if (!tools_.Assemble(bodies[i], binaries.data() + i, assemble_options_))
+        return SPV_ERROR_INVALID_TEXT;
+
+    return linker_.Link(binaries, *linked_binary, options);
+  }
+
+  // Links the given SPIR-V binaries together; SPV_ERROR_INVALID_POINTER is
+  // returned if |linked_binary| is a null pointer.
+  spv_result_t Link(
+      const spvtest::Binaries& binaries, spvtest::Binary* linked_binary,
+      spvtools::LinkerOptions options = spvtools::LinkerOptions()) {
+    if (!linked_binary) return SPV_ERROR_INVALID_POINTER;
+    return linker_.Link(binaries, *linked_binary, options);
+  }
+
+  // Disassembles |binary| and outputs the result in |text|. If |text| is a
+  // null pointer, SPV_ERROR_INVALID_POINTER is returned.
+  spv_result_t Disassemble(const spvtest::Binary& binary, std::string* text) {
+    if (!text) return SPV_ERROR_INVALID_POINTER;
+    return tools_.Disassemble(binary, text, disassemble_options_)
+               ? SPV_SUCCESS
+               : SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY;
+  }
+
+  // Sets the options for the assembler.
+  void SetAssembleOptions(uint32_t assemble_options) {
+    assemble_options_ = assemble_options;
+  }
+
+  // Sets the options used by the disassembler.
+  void SetDisassembleOptions(uint32_t disassemble_options) {
+    disassemble_options_ = disassemble_options;
+  }
+
+  // Returns the accumulated error messages for the test.
+  std::string GetErrorMessage() const { return error_message_; }
+
+ private:
+  spvtools::SpirvTools
+      tools_;  // An instance for calling SPIRV-Tools functionalities.
+  spvtools::Linker linker_;
+  uint32_t assemble_options_;
+  uint32_t disassemble_options_;
+  std::string error_message_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace spvtest
+
+#endif  // LIBSPIRV_TEST_LINK_LINK_TEST
--- a/test/link/matching_imports_to_exports_test.cpp
+++ b/test/link/matching_imports_to_exports_test.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "linker_fixture.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+using MatchingImportsToExports = spvtest::LinkerTest;
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, Default) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Import
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+%3 = OpVariable %2 Input
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%3 = OpConstant %2 42
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform %3
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+
+  const std::string expected_res = R"(%1 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%2 = OpVariable %1 Input
+%3 = OpConstant %1 42
+%4 = OpVariable %1 Uniform %3
+)";
+  std::string res_body;
+  SetDisassembleOptions(SPV_BINARY_TO_TEXT_OPTION_NO_HEADER);
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, Disassemble(linked_binary, &res_body))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_res, res_body);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, NotALibraryExtraExports) {
+  const std::string body = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, AssembleAndLink({body}, &linked_binary))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+
+  const std::string expected_res = R"(%1 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%2 = OpVariable %1 Uniform
+)";
+  std::string res_body;
+  SetDisassembleOptions(SPV_BINARY_TO_TEXT_OPTION_NO_HEADER);
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, Disassemble(linked_binary, &res_body))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_res, res_body);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, LibraryExtraExports) {
+  const std::string body = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  spvtools::LinkerOptions options;
+  options.SetCreateLibrary(true);
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, AssembleAndLink({body}, &linked_binary, options))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+
+  const std::string expected_res = R"(OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+)";
+  std::string res_body;
+  SetDisassembleOptions(SPV_BINARY_TO_TEXT_OPTION_NO_HEADER);
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, Disassemble(linked_binary, &res_body))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_res, res_body);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, UnresolvedImports) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Import
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"()";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY,
+            AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(),
+              HasSubstr("No export linkage was found for \"foo\"."));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, TypeMismatch) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Import
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+%3 = OpVariable %2 Input
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeInt 32 0
+%3 = OpConstant %2 42
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform %3
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY,
+            AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(),
+              HasSubstr("Type mismatch between imported variable/function %1 "
+                        "and exported variable/function %4"));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, MultipleDefinitions) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Import
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+%3 = OpVariable %2 Input
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%3 = OpConstant %2 42
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform %3
+)";
+  const std::string body3 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%3 = OpConstant %2 -1
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform %3
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY,
+            AssembleAndLink({body1, body2, body3}, &linked_binary))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      GetErrorMessage(),
+      HasSubstr("Too many export linkages, 2, were found for \"foo\"."));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, SameNameDifferentTypes) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Import
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+%3 = OpVariable %2 Input
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeInt 32 0
+%3 = OpConstant %2 42
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform %3
+)";
+  const std::string body3 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%3 = OpConstant %2 12
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform %3
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY,
+            AssembleAndLink({body1, body2, body3}, &linked_binary))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      GetErrorMessage(),
+      HasSubstr("Too many export linkages, 2, were found for \"foo\"."));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, DecorationMismatch) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Import
+OpDecorate %2 Constant
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform
+%3 = OpVariable %2 Input
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%3 = OpConstant %2 42
+%1 = OpVariable %2 Uniform %3
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INVALID_BINARY,
+            AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(),
+              HasSubstr("Type mismatch between imported variable/function %1 "
+                        "and exported variable/function %4."));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, FuncParamAttr) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpCapability Kernel
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Import
+OpDecorate %2 FuncParamAttr Zext
+%3 = OpTypeVoid
+%4 = OpTypeInt 32 0
+%5 = OpTypeFunction %3 %4
+%1 = OpFunction %3 None %5
+%2 = OpFunctionParameter %4
+OpFunctionEnd
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpCapability Kernel
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+OpDecorate %2 FuncParamAttr Sext
+%3 = OpTypeVoid
+%4 = OpTypeInt 32 0
+%5 = OpTypeFunction %3 %4
+%1 = OpFunction %3 None %5
+%2 = OpFunctionParameter %4
+%6 = OpLabel
+OpReturn
+OpFunctionEnd
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+
+  const std::string expected_res = R"(OpCapability Kernel
+OpDecorate %1 FuncParamAttr Sext
+%2 = OpTypeVoid
+%3 = OpTypeInt 32 0
+%4 = OpTypeFunction %2 %3
+%5 = OpFunction %2 None %4
+%1 = OpFunctionParameter %3
+%6 = OpLabel
+OpReturn
+OpFunctionEnd
+)";
+  std::string res_body;
+  SetDisassembleOptions(SPV_BINARY_TO_TEXT_OPTION_NO_HEADER);
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, Disassemble(linked_binary, &res_body))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_res, res_body);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MatchingImportsToExports, FunctionCtrl) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Import
+%2 = OpTypeVoid
+%3 = OpTypeFunction %2
+%4 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%5 = OpVariable %4 Uniform
+%1 = OpFunction %2 None %3
+OpFunctionEnd
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpCapability Linkage
+OpDecorate %1 LinkageAttributes "foo" Export
+%2 = OpTypeVoid
+%3 = OpTypeFunction %2
+%1 = OpFunction %2 Inline %3
+%4 = OpLabel
+OpReturn
+OpFunctionEnd
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+
+  const std::string expected_res = R"(%1 = OpTypeVoid
+%2 = OpTypeFunction %1
+%3 = OpTypeFloat 32
+%4 = OpVariable %3 Uniform
+%5 = OpFunction %1 Inline %2
+%6 = OpLabel
+OpReturn
+OpFunctionEnd
+)";
+  std::string res_body;
+  SetDisassembleOptions(SPV_BINARY_TO_TEXT_OPTION_NO_HEADER);
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, Disassemble(linked_binary, &res_body))
+      << GetErrorMessage();
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_res, res_body);
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
--- a/test/link/memory_model_test.cpp
+++ b/test/link/memory_model_test.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "linker_fixture.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+
+using MemoryModel = spvtest::LinkerTest;
+
+TEST_F(MemoryModel, Default) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpMemoryModel Logical Simple
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpMemoryModel Logical Simple
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(), std::string());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(SpvAddressingModelLogical, linked_binary[6]);
+  ASSERT_EQ(SpvMemoryModelSimple, linked_binary[7]);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MemoryModel, AddressingMismatch) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpMemoryModel Logical Simple
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpMemoryModel Physical32 Simple
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INTERNAL,
+            AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      GetErrorMessage(),
+      HasSubstr("Conflicting addressing models: Logical vs Physical32."));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MemoryModel, MemoryMismatch) {
+  const std::string body1 = R"(
+OpMemoryModel Logical Simple
+)";
+  const std::string body2 = R"(
+OpMemoryModel Logical GLSL450
+)";
+
+  spvtest::Binary linked_binary;
+  ASSERT_EQ(SPV_ERROR_INTERNAL,
+            AssembleAndLink({body1, body2}, &linked_binary));
+  EXPECT_THAT(GetErrorMessage(),
+              HasSubstr("Conflicting memory models: Simple vs GLSL450."));
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
--- a/test/opt/pass_manager_test.cpp
+++ b/test/opt/pass_manager_test.cpp
@ -70,17 +70,17 @@ TEST(PassManager, Interface) {
  EXPECT_STREQ("null-with-args", manager.GetPass(6)->name());
 }

-// A pass that appends an OpNop instruction to the debug section.
+// A pass that appends an OpNop instruction to the debug1 section.
 class AppendOpNopPass : public opt::Pass {
 public:
  const char* name() const override { return "AppendOpNop"; }
  Status Process(ir::Module* module) override {
-    module->AddDebugInst(MakeUnique<ir::Instruction>());
+    module->AddDebug1Inst(MakeUnique<ir::Instruction>());
    return Status::SuccessWithChange;
  }
 };

-// A pass that appends specified number of OpNop instructions to the debug
+// A pass that appends specified number of OpNop instructions to the debug1
 // section.
 class AppendMultipleOpNopPass : public opt::Pass {
 public:
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class AppendMultipleOpNopPass : public opt::Pass {
  const char* name() const override { return "AppendOpNop"; }
  Status Process(ir::Module* module) override {
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_nop_; i++) {
-      module->AddDebugInst(MakeUnique<ir::Instruction>());
+      module->AddDebug1Inst(MakeUnique<ir::Instruction>());
    }
    return Status::SuccessWithChange;
  }
@ -98,13 +98,13 @@ class AppendMultipleOpNopPass : public opt::Pass {
  uint32_t num_nop_;
 };

-// A pass that duplicates the last instruction in the debug section.
+// A pass that duplicates the last instruction in the debug1 section.
 class DuplicateInstPass : public opt::Pass {
 public:
  const char* name() const override { return "DuplicateInst"; }
  Status Process(ir::Module* module) override {
-    auto inst = MakeUnique<ir::Instruction>(*(--module->debug_end()));
-    module->AddDebugInst(std::move(inst));
+    auto inst = MakeUnique<ir::Instruction>(*(--module->debug1_end()));
+    module->AddDebug1Inst(std::move(inst));
    return Status::SuccessWithChange;
  }
 };
--- a/tools/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tools/CMakeLists.txt
@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ if (NOT ${SPIRV_SKIP_EXECUTABLES})
  add_spvtools_tool(TARGET spirv-dis SRCS dis/dis.cpp LIBS ${SPIRV_TOOLS})
  add_spvtools_tool(TARGET spirv-val SRCS val/val.cpp LIBS ${SPIRV_TOOLS})
  add_spvtools_tool(TARGET spirv-opt SRCS opt/opt.cpp LIBS SPIRV-Tools-opt ${SPIRV_TOOLS})
+  add_spvtools_tool(TARGET spirv-link SRCS link/linker.cpp LIBS SPIRV-Tools-link ${SPIRV_TOOLS})
  add_spvtools_tool(TARGET spirv-stats
 	            SRCS stats/stats.cpp
 		         stats/stats_analyzer.cpp
@ -56,7 +57,8 @@ if (NOT ${SPIRV_SKIP_EXECUTABLES})
  target_include_directories(spirv-stats PRIVATE ${spirv-tools_SOURCE_DIR}
                                                 ${SPIRV_HEADER_INCLUDE_DIR})

-  set(SPIRV_INSTALL_TARGETS spirv-as spirv-dis spirv-val spirv-opt spirv-stats spirv-cfg)
+  set(SPIRV_INSTALL_TARGETS spirv-as spirv-dis spirv-val spirv-opt spirv-stats
+                            spirv-cfg spirv-link)

  if(SPIRV_BUILD_COMPRESSION)
    add_spvtools_tool(TARGET spirv-markv SRCS comp/markv.cpp
--- a/tools/link/linker.cpp
+++ b/tools/link/linker.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Pierre Moreau
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "source/spirv_target_env.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/libspirv.hpp"
+#include "spirv-tools/linker.hpp"
+#include "tools/io.h"
+
+void print_usage(char* argv0) {
+  printf(
+      R"(%s - Link SPIR-V binary files together.
+
+USAGE: %s [options] <filename> [<filename> ...]
+
+The SPIR-V binaries are read from the different <filename>.
+
+NOTE: The linker is a work in progress.
+
+Options:
+  -h, --help       Print this help.
+  -o               Name of the resulting linked SPIR-V binary.
+  --create-library Link the binaries into a library, keeping all exported symbols.
+  --version        Display linker version information
+  --target-env     {vulkan1.0|spv1.0|spv1.1|spv1.2|opencl2.1|opencl2.2}
+                   Use Vulkan1.0/SPIR-V1.0/SPIR-V1.1/SPIR-V1.2/OpenCL-2.1/OpenCL2.2 validation rules.
+)",
+      argv0, argv0);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  std::vector<const char*> inFiles;
+  const char* outFile = nullptr;
+  spv_target_env target_env = SPV_ENV_UNIVERSAL_1_0;
+  spvtools::LinkerOptions options;
+  bool continue_processing = true;
+  int return_code = 0;
+
+  for (int argi = 1; continue_processing && argi < argc; ++argi) {
+    const char* cur_arg = argv[argi];
+    if ('-' == cur_arg[0]) {
+      if (0 == strcmp(cur_arg, "-o")) {
+        if (argi + 1 < argc) {
+          if (!outFile) {
+            outFile = argv[++argi];
+          } else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "error: More than one output file specified\n");
+            continue_processing = false;
+            return_code = 1;
+          }
+        } else {
+          fprintf(stderr, "error: Missing argument to %s\n", cur_arg);
+          continue_processing = false;
+          return_code = 1;
+        }
+      } else if (0 == strcmp(cur_arg, "--create-library")) {
+        options.SetCreateLibrary(true);
+      } else if (0 == strcmp(cur_arg, "--version")) {
+        printf("%s\n", spvSoftwareVersionDetailsString());
+        // TODO(dneto): Add OpenCL 2.2 at least.
+        printf("Targets:\n  %s\n  %s\n  %s\n",
+               spvTargetEnvDescription(SPV_ENV_UNIVERSAL_1_1),
+               spvTargetEnvDescription(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_0),
+               spvTargetEnvDescription(SPV_ENV_UNIVERSAL_1_2));
+        continue_processing = false;
+        return_code = 0;
+      } else if (0 == strcmp(cur_arg, "--help") || 0 == strcmp(cur_arg, "-h")) {
+        print_usage(argv[0]);
+        continue_processing = false;
+        return_code = 0;
+      } else if (0 == strcmp(cur_arg, "--target-env")) {
+        if (argi + 1 < argc) {
+          const auto env_str = argv[++argi];
+          if (!spvParseTargetEnv(env_str, &target_env)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "error: Unrecognized target env: %s\n", env_str);
+            continue_processing = false;
+            return_code = 1;
+          }
+        } else {
+          fprintf(stderr, "error: Missing argument to --target-env\n");
+          continue_processing = false;
+          return_code = 1;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      inFiles.push_back(cur_arg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Exit if command line parsing was not successful.
+  if (!continue_processing) {
+    return return_code;
+  }
+
+  if (inFiles.empty()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "error: No input file specified\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>> contents(inFiles.size());
+  for (size_t i = 0u; i < inFiles.size(); ++i) {
+    if (!ReadFile<uint32_t>(inFiles[i], "rb", &contents[i])) return 1;
+  }
+
+  spvtools::Linker linker(target_env);
+  linker.SetMessageConsumer([](spv_message_level_t level, const char*,
+                               const spv_position_t& position,
+                               const char* message) {
+    switch (level) {
+      case SPV_MSG_FATAL:
+      case SPV_MSG_INTERNAL_ERROR:
+      case SPV_MSG_ERROR:
+        std::cerr << "error: " << position.index << ": " << message
+                  << std::endl;
+        break;
+      case SPV_MSG_WARNING:
+        std::cout << "warning: " << position.index << ": " << message
+                  << std::endl;
+        break;
+      case SPV_MSG_INFO:
+        std::cout << "info: " << position.index << ": " << message << std::endl;
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  });
+
+  std::vector<uint32_t> linkingResult;
+  bool succeed = linker.Link(contents, linkingResult, options);
+
+  if (!WriteFile<uint32_t>(outFile, "wb", linkingResult.data(),
+                           linkingResult.size()))
+    return 1;
+
+  return !succeed;
+}
--- a/utils/check_copyright.py
+++ b/utils/check_copyright.py
@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ import sys
 # List of designated copyright owners.
 AUTHORS = ['The Khronos Group Inc.',
           'LunarG Inc.',
-           'Google Inc.']
+           'Google Inc.',
+           'Pierre Moreau']
 CURRENT_YEAR='2017'

 YEARS = '(2014-2016|2015-2016|2016|2016-2017|2017)'