fmt/test/format-test.cc

/*
 Formatting library tests.

 Copyright (c) 2012-2014, Victor Zverovich
 All rights reserved.

 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

 THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
 ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
 ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
 ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <cctype>
#include <cfloat>
#include <climits>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <memory>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdint.h>

#if FMT_USE_TYPE_TRAITS
# include <type_traits>
#endif

#include "gmock/gmock.h"

#include "format.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "mock-allocator.h"
#include "gtest-extra.h"

#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
// Fix MSVC warning about "unsafe" fopen.
FILE *safe_fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode) {
  FILE *f = 0;
  errno = fopen_s(&f, filename, mode);
  return f;
}
#define fopen safe_fopen
#endif

#undef min
#undef max

using std::size_t;

using fmt::BasicWriter;
using fmt::format;
using fmt::FormatError;
using fmt::StringRef;
using fmt::MemoryWriter;
using fmt::WMemoryWriter;
using fmt::pad;

namespace {

// Checks if writing value to BasicWriter<Char> produces the same result
// as writing it to std::basic_ostringstream<Char>.
template <typename Char, typename T>
::testing::AssertionResult check_write(const T &value, const char *type) {
  std::basic_ostringstream<Char> os;
  os << value;
  std::basic_string<Char> expected = os.str();
  std::basic_string<Char> actual =
      (fmt::BasicMemoryWriter<Char>() << value).str();
  if (expected == actual)
    return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
  return ::testing::AssertionFailure()
      << "Value of: (Writer<" << type << ">() << value).str()\n"
      << "  Actual: " << actual << "\n"
      << "Expected: " << expected << "\n";
}

struct AnyWriteChecker {
  template <typename T>
  ::testing::AssertionResult operator()(const char *, const T &value) const {
    ::testing::AssertionResult result = check_write<char>(value, "char");
    return result ? check_write<wchar_t>(value, "wchar_t") : result;
  }
};

template <typename Char>
struct WriteChecker {
  template <typename T>
  ::testing::AssertionResult operator()(const char *, const T &value) const {
    return check_write<Char>(value, "char");
  }
};

// Checks if writing value to BasicWriter produces the same result
// as writing it to std::ostringstream both for char and wchar_t.
#define CHECK_WRITE(value) EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(AnyWriteChecker(), value)

#define CHECK_WRITE_CHAR(value) \
  EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(WriteChecker<char>(), value)
#define CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(value) \
  EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(WriteChecker<wchar_t>(), value)
}  // namespace

class TestString {
 private:
  std::string value_;

 public:
  explicit TestString(const char *value = "") : value_(value) {}

  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const TestString &s) {
    os << s.value_;
    return os;
  }
};

#if FMT_USE_TYPE_TRAITS
TEST(WriterTest, NotCopyConstructible) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_constructible<BasicWriter<char> >::value);
}

TEST(WriterTest, NotCopyAssignable) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_assignable<BasicWriter<char> >::value);
}
#endif

TEST(WriterTest, Ctor) {
  MemoryWriter w;
  EXPECT_EQ(0u, w.size());
  EXPECT_STREQ("", w.c_str());
  EXPECT_EQ("", w.str());
}

#if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES

void check_move_writer(const std::string &str, MemoryWriter &w) {
  MemoryWriter w2(std::move(w));
  // Move shouldn't destroy the inline content of the first writer.
  EXPECT_EQ(str, w.str());
  EXPECT_EQ(str, w2.str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, MoveCtor) {
  MemoryWriter w;
  w << "test";
  check_move_writer("test", w);
  // This fills the inline buffer, but doesn't cause dynamic allocation.
  std::string s;
  for (int i = 0; i < fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE; ++i)
    s += '*';
  w.clear();
  w << s;
  check_move_writer(s, w);
  const char *inline_buffer_ptr = w.data();
  // Adding one more character causes the content to move from the inline to
  // a dynamically allocated buffer.
  w << '*';
  MemoryWriter w2(std::move(w));
  // Move should rip the guts of the first writer.
  EXPECT_EQ(inline_buffer_ptr, w.data());
  EXPECT_EQ(s + '*', w2.str());
}

void CheckMoveAssignWriter(const std::string &str, MemoryWriter &w) {
  MemoryWriter w2;
  w2 = std::move(w);
  // Move shouldn't destroy the inline content of the first writer.
  EXPECT_EQ(str, w.str());
  EXPECT_EQ(str, w2.str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, MoveAssignment) {
  MemoryWriter w;
  w << "test";
  CheckMoveAssignWriter("test", w);
  // This fills the inline buffer, but doesn't cause dynamic allocation.
  std::string s;
  for (int i = 0; i < fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE; ++i)
    s += '*';
  w.clear();
  w << s;
  CheckMoveAssignWriter(s, w);
  const char *inline_buffer_ptr = w.data();
  // Adding one more character causes the content to move from the inline to
  // a dynamically allocated buffer.
  w << '*';
  MemoryWriter w2;
  w2 = std::move(w);
  // Move should rip the guts of the first writer.
  EXPECT_EQ(inline_buffer_ptr, w.data());
  EXPECT_EQ(s + '*', w2.str());
}

#endif  // FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES

TEST(WriterTest, Allocator) {
  typedef testing::StrictMock< MockAllocator<char> > MockAllocator;
  typedef AllocatorRef<MockAllocator> TestAllocator;
  MockAllocator alloc;
  fmt::BasicMemoryWriter<char, TestAllocator> w((TestAllocator(&alloc)));
  std::size_t size = 1.5 * fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE;
  std::vector<char> mem(size);
  EXPECT_CALL(alloc, allocate(size)).WillOnce(testing::Return(&mem[0]));
  for (int i = 0; i < fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE + 1; ++i)
    w << '*';
  EXPECT_CALL(alloc, deallocate(&mem[0], size));
}

TEST(WriterTest, Data) {
  MemoryWriter w;
  w << 42;
  EXPECT_EQ("42", std::string(w.data(), w.size()));
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteInt) {
  CHECK_WRITE(42);
  CHECK_WRITE(-42);
  CHECK_WRITE(static_cast<short>(12));
  CHECK_WRITE(34u);
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<int>::min());
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max());
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteLong) {
  CHECK_WRITE(56l);
  CHECK_WRITE(78ul);
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long>::min());
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long>::max());
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max());
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteLongLong) {
  CHECK_WRITE(56ll);
  CHECK_WRITE(78ull);
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long long>::min());
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long long>::max());
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::max());
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteDouble) {
  CHECK_WRITE(4.2);
  CHECK_WRITE(-4.2);
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<double>::min());
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteLongDouble) {
  CHECK_WRITE(4.2l);
  CHECK_WRITE(-4.2l);
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long double>::min());
  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long double>::max());
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteDoubleAtBufferBoundary) {
  MemoryWriter writer;
  for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
    writer << 1.23456789;
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteDoubleWithFilledBuffer) {
  MemoryWriter writer;
  // Fill the buffer.
  for (int i = 0; i < fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE; ++i)
    writer << ' ';
  writer << 1.2;
  EXPECT_STREQ("1.2", writer.c_str() + fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE);
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteChar) {
  CHECK_WRITE('a');
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteWideChar) {
  CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(L'a');
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteString) {
  CHECK_WRITE_CHAR("abc");
  // The following line shouldn't compile:
  //MemoryWriter() << L"abc";
}

TEST(WriterTest, WriteWideString) {
  CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(L"abc");
  // The following line shouldn't compile:
  //fmt::WMemoryWriter() << "abc";
}

TEST(WriterTest, bin) {
  using fmt::bin;
  EXPECT_EQ("1100101011111110", (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xcafe)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("1011101010111110", (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xbabeu)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("1101111010101101", (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xdeadl)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("1011111011101111", (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xbeeful)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("11001010111111101011101010111110",
            (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xcafebabell)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("11011110101011011011111011101111",
            (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xdeadbeefull)).str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, oct) {
  using fmt::oct;
  EXPECT_EQ("12", (MemoryWriter() << oct(static_cast<short>(012))).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("12", (MemoryWriter() << oct(012)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("34", (MemoryWriter() << oct(034u)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("56", (MemoryWriter() << oct(056l)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("70", (MemoryWriter() << oct(070ul)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("1234", (MemoryWriter() << oct(01234ll)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("5670", (MemoryWriter() << oct(05670ull)).str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, hex) {
  using fmt::hex;
  fmt::IntFormatSpec<int, fmt::TypeSpec<'x'> > (*phex)(int value) = hex;
  phex(42);
  // This shouldn't compile:
  //fmt::IntFormatSpec<short, fmt::TypeSpec<'x'> > (*phex2)(short value) = hex;

  EXPECT_EQ("cafe", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xcafe)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("babe", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xbabeu)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("dead", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xdeadl)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("beef", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xbeeful)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("cafebabe", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xcafebabell)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("deadbeef", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xdeadbeefull)).str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, hexu) {
  using fmt::hexu;
  EXPECT_EQ("CAFE", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xcafe)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("BABE", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xbabeu)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("DEAD", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xdeadl)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("BEEF", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xbeeful)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("CAFEBABE", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xcafebabell)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("DEADBEEF", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xdeadbeefull)).str());
}

class Date {
  int year_, month_, day_;
 public:
  Date(int year, int month, int day) : year_(year), month_(month), day_(day) {}

  int year() const { return year_; }
  int month() const { return month_; }
  int day() const { return day_; }

  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Date &d) {
    os << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
    return os;
  }

  template <typename Char>
  friend BasicWriter<Char> &operator<<(BasicWriter<Char> &f, const Date &d) {
    return f << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
  }
};

class ISO8601DateFormatter {
 const Date *date_;

public:
  ISO8601DateFormatter(const Date &d) : date_(&d) {}

  template <typename Char>
  friend BasicWriter<Char> &operator<<(
      BasicWriter<Char> &w, const ISO8601DateFormatter &d) {
    return w << pad(d.date_->year(), 4, '0') << '-'
        << pad(d.date_->month(), 2, '0') << '-' << pad(d.date_->day(), 2, '0');
  }
};

ISO8601DateFormatter iso8601(const Date &d) { return ISO8601DateFormatter(d); }

TEST(WriterTest, pad) {
  using fmt::hex;
  EXPECT_EQ("    cafe", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xcafe), 8)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("    babe", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xbabeu), 8)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("    dead", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xdeadl), 8)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("    beef", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xbeeful), 8)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("    dead", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xdeadll), 8)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("    beef", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xbeefull), 8)).str());

  EXPECT_EQ("     11", (MemoryWriter() << pad(11, 7)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("     22", (MemoryWriter() << pad(22u, 7)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("     33", (MemoryWriter() << pad(33l, 7)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("     44", (MemoryWriter() << pad(44ul, 7)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("     33", (MemoryWriter() << pad(33ll, 7)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("     44", (MemoryWriter() << pad(44ull, 7)).str());

  MemoryWriter w;
  w.clear();
  w << pad(42, 5, '0');
  EXPECT_EQ("00042", w.str());
  w.clear();
  w << Date(2012, 12, 9);
  EXPECT_EQ("2012-12-9", w.str());
  w.clear();
  w << iso8601(Date(2012, 1, 9));
  EXPECT_EQ("2012-01-09", w.str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, PadString) {
  EXPECT_EQ("test    ", (MemoryWriter() << pad("test", 8)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("test******", (MemoryWriter() << pad("test", 10, '*')).str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, PadWString) {
  EXPECT_EQ(L"test    ", (WMemoryWriter() << pad(L"test", 8)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ(L"test******", (WMemoryWriter() << pad(L"test", 10, '*')).str());
  EXPECT_EQ(L"test******", (WMemoryWriter() << pad(L"test", 10, L'*')).str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, NoConflictWithIOManip) {
  using namespace std;
  using namespace fmt;
  EXPECT_EQ("cafe", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xcafe)).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("12", (MemoryWriter() << oct(012)).str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, Format) {
  MemoryWriter w;
  w.write("part{0}", 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(strlen("part1"), w.size());
  EXPECT_STREQ("part1", w.c_str());
  EXPECT_STREQ("part1", w.data());
  EXPECT_EQ("part1", w.str());
  w.write("part{0}", 2);
  EXPECT_EQ(strlen("part1part2"), w.size());
  EXPECT_STREQ("part1part2", w.c_str());
  EXPECT_STREQ("part1part2", w.data());
  EXPECT_EQ("part1part2", w.str());
}

TEST(WriterTest, WWriter) {
  EXPECT_EQ(L"cafe", (fmt::WMemoryWriter() << fmt::hex(0xcafe)).str());
}

TEST(FormatterTest, Escape) {
  EXPECT_EQ("{", format("{{"));
  EXPECT_EQ("before {", format("before {{"));
  EXPECT_EQ("{ after", format("{{ after"));
  EXPECT_EQ("before { after", format("before {{ after"));

  EXPECT_EQ("}", format("}}"));
  EXPECT_EQ("before }", format("before }}"));
  EXPECT_EQ("} after", format("}} after"));
  EXPECT_EQ("before } after", format("before }} after"));

  EXPECT_EQ("{}", format("{{}}"));
  EXPECT_EQ("{42}", format("{{{0}}}", 42));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, UnmatchedBraces) {
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("}"), FormatError, "unmatched '}' in format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0{}"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, NoArgs) {
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("test"));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, ArgsInDifferentPositions) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("before 42", format("before {0}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42 after", format("{0} after", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("before 42 after", format("before {0} after", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("answer = 42", format("{0} = {1}", "answer", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42 is the answer", format("{1} is the {0}", "answer", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("abracadabra", format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad"));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, ArgErrors) {
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{x}"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}"), FormatError, "argument index out of range");

  char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u", INT_MAX);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), FormatError, "invalid format string");
  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u}", INT_MAX);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), FormatError,
      "argument index out of range");

  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u", INT_MAX + 1u);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), FormatError, "number is too big");
  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u}", INT_MAX + 1u);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), FormatError, "number is too big");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, AutoArgIndex) {
  EXPECT_EQ("abc", format("{}{}{}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}{}", 'a', 'b'),
      FormatError, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{}{0}", 'a', 'b'),
      FormatError, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
  EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{:.{}}", 1.2345, 2));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}:.{}", 1.2345, 2),
      FormatError, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:.{0}}", 1.2345, 2),
      FormatError, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{}"), FormatError, "argument index out of range");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, EmptySpecs) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:}", 42));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, LeftAlign) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42  ", format("{0:<4}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42  ", format("{0:<4o}", 042));
  EXPECT_EQ("42  ", format("{0:<4x}", 0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42   ", format("{0:<5}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("42   ", format("{0:<5}", 42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("42   ", format("{0:<5}", 42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42.0l));
  EXPECT_EQ("c    ", format("{0:<5}", 'c'));
  EXPECT_EQ("abc  ", format("{0:<5}", "abc"));
  EXPECT_EQ("0xface  ", format("{0:<8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
  EXPECT_EQ("def  ", format("{0:<5}", TestString("def")));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, RightAlign) {
  EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:>4}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:>4o}", 042));
  EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:>4x}", 0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:>5}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:>5}", 42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:>5}", 42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42.0l));
  EXPECT_EQ("    c", format("{0:>5}", 'c'));
  EXPECT_EQ("  abc", format("{0:>5}", "abc"));
  EXPECT_EQ("  0xface", format("{0:>8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
  EXPECT_EQ("  def", format("{0:>5}", TestString("def")));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, NumericAlign) {
  EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:=4}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("+ 42", format("{0:=+4}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:=4o}", 042));
  EXPECT_EQ("+ 42", format("{0:=+4o}", 042));
  EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:=4x}", 0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("+ 42", format("{0:=+4x}", 0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:=5}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:=5}", 42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:=5}", 42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42.0l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5", 'c'),
      FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", 'c'),
      FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", "abc"),
      FormatError, "format specifier '=' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)),
      FormatError, "format specifier '=' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", TestString("def")),
      FormatError, "format specifier '=' requires numeric argument");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, CenterAlign) {
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5o}", 042));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5x}", 0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42l));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ(" -42  ", format("{0:^6}", -42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42.0l));
  EXPECT_EQ("  c  ", format("{0:^5}", 'c'));
  EXPECT_EQ(" abc  ", format("{0:^6}", "abc"));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 0xface ", format("{0:^8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
  EXPECT_EQ(" def ", format("{0:^5}", TestString("def")));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, Fill) {
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{<5}", 'c'),
      FormatError, "invalid fill character '{'");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{<5}}", 'c'),
      FormatError, "invalid fill character '{'");
  EXPECT_EQ("**42", format("{0:*>4}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42.0l));
  EXPECT_EQ("c****", format("{0:*<5}", 'c'));
  EXPECT_EQ("abc**", format("{0:*<5}", "abc"));
  EXPECT_EQ("**0xface", format("{0:*>8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
  EXPECT_EQ("def**", format("{0:*<5}", TestString("def")));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, PlusSign) {
  EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:+}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42u),
      FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42ul),
      FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42ll));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42ull),
      FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42.0l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+", 'c'),
      FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 'c'),
      FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", "abc"),
      FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
      FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", TestString()),
      FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires numeric argument");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, MinusSign) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:-}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42u),
      FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42ul),
      FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42ll));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42ull),
      FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42.0l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-", 'c'),
      FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 'c'),
      FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", "abc"),
      FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
      FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", TestString()),
      FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires numeric argument");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, SpaceSign) {
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0: }", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42u),
      FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42ul),
      FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42ll));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42ull),
      FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires signed argument");
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42.0l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: ", 'c'),
      FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 'c'),
      FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", "abc"),
      FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
      FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", TestString()),
      FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires numeric argument");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, HashFlag) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:#}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:#}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("0b101010", format("{0:#b}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("0B101010", format("{0:#B}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0b101010", format("{0:#b}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("0X42", format("{0:#X}", 0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0x42", format("{0:#x}", -0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042));
  EXPECT_EQ("-042", format("{0:#o}", -042));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:#}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042u));

  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:#}", -42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0x42", format("{0:#x}", -0x42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042l));
  EXPECT_EQ("-042", format("{0:#o}", -042l));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:#}", 42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042ul));

  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:#}", -42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0x42", format("{0:#x}", -0x42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("-042", format("{0:#o}", -042ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:#}", 42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042ull));

  EXPECT_EQ("-42.0000", format("{0:#}", -42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42.0000", format("{0:#}", -42.0l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#", 'c'),
      FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", 'c'),
      FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", "abc"),
      FormatError, "format specifier '#' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
      FormatError, "format specifier '#' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", TestString()),
      FormatError, "format specifier '#' requires numeric argument");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, ZeroFlag) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:0}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("00042", format("{0:05}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("00042", format("{0:05}", 42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("00042", format("{0:05}", 42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42.0l));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:0", 'c'),
      FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", 'c'),
      FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", "abc"),
      FormatError, "format specifier '0' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
      FormatError, "format specifier '0' requires numeric argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", TestString()),
      FormatError, "format specifier '0' requires numeric argument");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, Width) {
  char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:%u", UINT_MAX);
  increment(format_str + 3);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  std::size_t size = std::strlen(format_str);
  format_str[size] = '}';
  format_str[size + 1] = 0;
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");

  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:%u", INT_MAX + 1u);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:%u}", INT_MAX + 1u);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  EXPECT_EQ(" -42", format("{0:4}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:5}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("   -42", format("{0:6}", -42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("     42", format("{0:7}", 42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("   -42", format("{0:6}", -42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("     42", format("{0:7}", 42ull));
  EXPECT_EQ("   -1.23", format("{0:8}", -1.23));
  EXPECT_EQ("    -1.23", format("{0:9}", -1.23l));
  EXPECT_EQ("    0xcafe", format("{0:10}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe)));
  EXPECT_EQ("x          ", format("{0:11}", 'x'));
  EXPECT_EQ("str         ", format("{0:12}", "str"));
  EXPECT_EQ("test         ", format("{0:13}", TestString("test")));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, Precision) {
  char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.%u", UINT_MAX);
  increment(format_str + 4);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  std::size_t size = std::strlen(format_str);
  format_str[size] = '}';
  format_str[size + 1] = 0;
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");

  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.%u", INT_MAX + 1u);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.%u}", INT_MAX + 1u);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.", 0),
      FormatError, "missing precision specifier");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.}", 0),
      FormatError, "missing precision specifier");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2", 0),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42u),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42u),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42l),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42l),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ul),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ul),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ll),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ll),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ull),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ull),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.2}", 1.2345));
  EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.2}", 1.2345l));

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe)),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe)),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 'x'),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 'x'),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", "str"),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", "str"),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", TestString()),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", TestString()),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, RuntimePrecision) {
  char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.{%u", UINT_MAX);
  increment(format_str + 5);
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  std::size_t size = std::strlen(format_str);
  format_str[size] = '}';
  format_str[size + 1] = 0;
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  format_str[size + 1] = '}';
  format_str[size + 2] = 0;
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{", 0),
      FormatError, "invalid format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{}", 0),
      FormatError, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{x}}", 0),
      FormatError, "invalid format string");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}", 0, 0),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0),
      FormatError, "argument index out of range");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{0:}}", 0),
      FormatError, "invalid format string");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, -1),
      FormatError, "negative precision");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1u)),
      FormatError, "number is too big");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, -1l),
      FormatError, "negative precision");
  if (sizeof(long) > sizeof(int)) {
    long value = INT_MAX;
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (value + 1)),
        FormatError, "number is too big");
  }
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1ul)),
      FormatError, "number is too big");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, '0'),
      FormatError, "precision is not integer");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, 0.0),
      FormatError, "precision is not integer");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42u, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42u, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42l, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42l, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ul, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ul, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ll, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ll, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ull, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ull, 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.{1}}", 1.2345, 2));
  EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{1:.{0}}", 2, 1.2345l));

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe), 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe), 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 'x', 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 'x', 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", "str", 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", "str", 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");

  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", TestString(), 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", TestString(), 2),
      FormatError, "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
}

template <typename T>
void check_unknown_types(
    const T &value, const char *types, const char *type_name) {
  char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE], message[BUFFER_SIZE];
  const char *special = ".0123456789}";
  for (int i = CHAR_MIN; i <= CHAR_MAX; ++i) {
    char c = i;
    if (std::strchr(types, c) || std::strchr(special, c) || !c) continue;
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:10%c}", c);
    if (std::isprint(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)))
      safe_sprintf(message, "unknown format code '%c' for %s", c, type_name);
    else
      safe_sprintf(message, "unknown format code '\\x%02x' for %s", c, type_name);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, value), FormatError, message)
      << format_str << " " << message;
  }
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatBool) {
  EXPECT_EQ(L"1", format(L"{}", true));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatShort) {
  short s = 42;
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:d}", s));
  unsigned short us = 42;
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:d}", us));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatInt) {
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:v", 42),
      FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
  check_unknown_types(42, "bBdoxX", "integer");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatBin) {
  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:b}", 0));
  EXPECT_EQ("101010", format("{0:b}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("101010", format("{0:b}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("-101010", format("{0:b}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("11000000111001", format("{0:b}", 12345));
  EXPECT_EQ("10010001101000101011001111000", format("{0:b}", 0x12345678));
  EXPECT_EQ("10010000101010111100110111101111", format("{0:b}", 0x90ABCDEF));
  EXPECT_EQ("11111111111111111111111111111111",
            format("{0:b}", std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatDec) {
  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0}", 0));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:d}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", 42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0}", -42));
  EXPECT_EQ("12345", format("{0}", 12345));
  EXPECT_EQ("67890", format("{0}", 67890));
  char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%d", INT_MIN);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", INT_MIN));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%d", INT_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", INT_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%u", UINT_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", UINT_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%ld", 0 - static_cast<unsigned long>(LONG_MIN));
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", LONG_MIN));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%ld", LONG_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", LONG_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lu", ULONG_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", ULONG_MAX));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatHex) {
  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:x}", 0));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:x}", 0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:x}", 0x42u));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:x}", -0x42));
  EXPECT_EQ("12345678", format("{0:x}", 0x12345678));
  EXPECT_EQ("90abcdef", format("{0:x}", 0x90abcdef));
  EXPECT_EQ("12345678", format("{0:X}", 0x12345678));
  EXPECT_EQ("90ABCDEF", format("{0:X}", 0x90ABCDEF));

  char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "-%x", 0 - static_cast<unsigned>(INT_MIN));
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", INT_MIN));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%x", INT_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", INT_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%x", UINT_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", UINT_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "-%lx", 0 - static_cast<unsigned long>(LONG_MIN));
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", LONG_MIN));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lx", LONG_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", LONG_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lx", ULONG_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", ULONG_MAX));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatOct) {
  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:o}", 0));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:o}", 042));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:o}", 042u));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:o}", -042));
  EXPECT_EQ("12345670", format("{0:o}", 012345670));
  char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "-%o", 0 - static_cast<unsigned>(INT_MIN));
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", INT_MIN));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%o", INT_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", INT_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%o", UINT_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", UINT_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "-%lo", 0 - static_cast<unsigned long>(LONG_MIN));
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", LONG_MIN));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lo", LONG_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", LONG_MAX));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lo", ULONG_MAX);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", ULONG_MAX));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatFloat) {
  EXPECT_EQ("392.500000", format("{0:f}", 392.5f));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatDouble) {
  check_unknown_types(1.2, "eEfFgGaA", "double");
  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:}", 0.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("0.000000", format("{0:f}", 0.0));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:}", 392.65));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:g}", 392.65));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:G}", 392.65));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:f}", 392.65));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:F}", 392.65));
  char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%e", 392.65);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:e}", 392.65));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%E", 392.65);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:E}", 392.65));
  EXPECT_EQ("+0000392.6", format("{0:+010.4g}", 392.65));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%a", -42.0);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:a}", -42.0));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%A", -42.0);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:A}", -42.0));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatNaN) {
  double nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
  EXPECT_EQ("nan", format("{}", nan));
  EXPECT_EQ("+nan", format("{:+}", nan));
  EXPECT_EQ(" nan", format("{: }", nan));
  EXPECT_EQ("NAN", format("{:F}", nan));
  EXPECT_EQ("nan    ", format("{:<7}", nan));
  EXPECT_EQ("  nan  ", format("{:^7}", nan));
  EXPECT_EQ("    nan", format("{:>7}", nan));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatInfinity) {
  double inf = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
  EXPECT_EQ("inf", format("{}", inf));
  EXPECT_EQ("+inf", format("{:+}", inf));
  EXPECT_EQ("-inf", format("{}", -inf));
  EXPECT_EQ(" inf", format("{: }", inf));
  EXPECT_EQ("INF", format("{:F}", inf));
  EXPECT_EQ("inf    ", format("{:<7}", inf));
  EXPECT_EQ("  inf  ", format("{:^7}", inf));
  EXPECT_EQ("    inf", format("{:>7}", inf));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatLongDouble) {
  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:}", 0.0l));
  EXPECT_EQ("0.000000", format("{0:f}", 0.0l));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:}", 392.65l));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:g}", 392.65l));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:G}", 392.65l));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:f}", 392.65l));
  EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:F}", 392.65l));
  char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%Le", 392.65l);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:e}", 392.65l));
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%LE", 392.65l);
  EXPECT_EQ("+0000392.6", format("{0:+010.4g}", 392.65l));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatChar) {
  const char types[] = "cbBdoxX";
  check_unknown_types('a', types, "char");
  EXPECT_EQ("a", format("{0}", 'a'));
  EXPECT_EQ("z", format("{0:c}", 'z'));
  EXPECT_EQ(L"a", format(L"{0}", 'a'));
  int n = 'x';
  for (const char *type = types + 1; *type; ++type) {
    std::string format_str = fmt::format("{{:{}}}", *type);
    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(format_str, n), fmt::format(format_str, 'x'));
  }
  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:02X}", n), fmt::format("{:02X}", 'x'));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatWChar) {
  EXPECT_EQ(L"a", format(L"{0}", L'a'));
  // This shouldn't compile:
  //format("{}", L'a');
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatCString) {
  check_unknown_types("test", "s", "string");
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0}", "test"));
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", "test"));
  char nonconst[] = "nonconst";
  EXPECT_EQ("nonconst", format("{0}", nonconst));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(0)),
      FormatError, "string pointer is null");
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatSCharString) {
  signed char str[] = "test";
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", str));
  const signed char *const_str = str;
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", const_str));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatUCharString) {
  unsigned char str[] = "test";
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", str));
  const unsigned char *const_str = str;
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", const_str));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatPointer) {
  check_unknown_types(reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234), "p", "pointer");
  EXPECT_EQ("0x0", format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0)));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x1234", format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234)));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x1234", format("{0:p}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234)));
  EXPECT_EQ("0x" + std::string(sizeof(void*) * CHAR_BIT / 4, 'f'),
      format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(~uintptr_t())));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatString) {
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0}", std::string("test")));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatStringRef) {
  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0}", StringRef("test")));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatUsingIOStreams) {
  EXPECT_EQ("a string", format("{0}", TestString("a string")));
  std::string s = format("The date is {0}", Date(2012, 12, 9));
  EXPECT_EQ("The date is 2012-12-9", s);
  Date date(2012, 12, 9);
  check_unknown_types(date, "s", "string");
}

class Answer {};

template <typename Char>
void format(fmt::BasicFormatter<Char> &f, const Char *, Answer) {
  f.writer() << "42";
}

TEST(FormatterTest, CustomFormat) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", Answer()));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, WideFormatString) {
  EXPECT_EQ(L"42", format(L"{}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ(L"4.2", format(L"{}", 4.2));
  EXPECT_EQ(L"abc", format(L"{}", L"abc"));
  EXPECT_EQ(L"z", format(L"{}", L'z'));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatStringFromSpeedTest) {
  EXPECT_EQ("1.2340000000:0042:+3.13:str:0x3e8:X:%",
      format("{0:0.10f}:{1:04}:{2:+g}:{3}:{4}:{5}:%",
          1.234, 42, 3.13, "str", reinterpret_cast<void*>(1000), 'X'));
}

TEST(FormatterTest, FormatExamples) {
  using fmt::hex;
  EXPECT_EQ("0000cafe", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xcafe), 8, '0')).str());

  std::string message = format("The answer is {}", 42);
  EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42", message);

  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format(std::string("{}"), 42));

  MemoryWriter out;
  out << "The answer is " << 42 << "\n";
  out.write("({:+f}, {:+f})", -3.14, 3.14);
  EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42\n(-3.140000, +3.140000)", out.str());

  {
    MemoryWriter writer;
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
      writer.write("{}", i);
    std::string s = writer.str(); // s == 0123456789
    EXPECT_EQ("0123456789", s);
  }

  const char *filename = "nonexistent";
  FILE *ftest = fopen(filename, "r");
  int error_code = errno;
  EXPECT_TRUE(ftest == 0);
  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR({
    FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");
    if (!f)
      throw fmt::SystemError(errno, "Cannot open file '{}'", filename);
  }, error_code, "Cannot open file 'nonexistent'");
}

TEST(StringRefTest, Ctor) {
  EXPECT_STREQ("abc", StringRef("abc").c_str());
  EXPECT_EQ(3u, StringRef("abc").size());

  EXPECT_STREQ("defg", StringRef(std::string("defg")).c_str());
  EXPECT_EQ(4u, StringRef(std::string("defg")).size());
}

TEST(StringRefTest, ConvertToString) {
  std::string s = StringRef("abc");
  EXPECT_EQ("abc", s);
}

TEST(FormatterTest, Examples) {
  EXPECT_EQ("First, thou shalt count to three",
      format("First, thou shalt count to {0}", "three"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Bring me a shrubbery",
      format("Bring me a {}", "shrubbery"));
  EXPECT_EQ("From 1 to 3", format("From {} to {}", 1, 3));

  char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%03.2f", -1.2);
  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:03.2f}", -1.2));

  EXPECT_EQ("a, b, c", format("{0}, {1}, {2}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
  EXPECT_EQ("a, b, c", format("{}, {}, {}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
  EXPECT_EQ("c, b, a", format("{2}, {1}, {0}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
  EXPECT_EQ("abracadabra", format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad"));

  EXPECT_EQ("left aligned                  ",
      format("{:<30}", "left aligned"));
  EXPECT_EQ("                 right aligned",
      format("{:>30}", "right aligned"));
  EXPECT_EQ("           centered           ",
      format("{:^30}", "centered"));
  EXPECT_EQ("***********centered***********",
      format("{:*^30}", "centered"));

  EXPECT_EQ("+3.140000; -3.140000",
      format("{:+f}; {:+f}", 3.14, -3.14));
  EXPECT_EQ(" 3.140000; -3.140000",
      format("{: f}; {: f}", 3.14, -3.14));
  EXPECT_EQ("3.140000; -3.140000",
      format("{:-f}; {:-f}", 3.14, -3.14));

  EXPECT_EQ("int: 42;  hex: 2a;  oct: 52",
      format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:x};  oct: {0:o}", 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("int: 42;  hex: 0x2a;  oct: 052",
      format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:#x};  oct: {0:#o}", 42));

  EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42", format("The answer is {}", 42));
  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
    format("The answer is {:d}", "forty-two"), FormatError,
    "unknown format code 'd' for string");

  EXPECT_EQ(L"Cyrillic letter \x42e",
    format(L"Cyrillic letter {}", L'\x42e'));

  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
      fmt::print("{}", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()), "inf");
}

TEST(FormatIntTest, Data) {
  fmt::FormatInt format_int(42);
  EXPECT_EQ("42", std::string(format_int.data(), format_int.size()));
}

TEST(FormatIntTest, FormatInt) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::FormatInt(42).str());
  EXPECT_EQ(2u, fmt::FormatInt(42).size());
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", fmt::FormatInt(-42).str());
  EXPECT_EQ(3u, fmt::FormatInt(-42).size());
  EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::FormatInt(42ul).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", fmt::FormatInt(-42l).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::FormatInt(42ull).str());
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", fmt::FormatInt(-42ll).str());
  std::ostringstream os;
  os << std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
  EXPECT_EQ(os.str(), fmt::FormatInt(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()).str());
}

template <typename T>
std::string format_decimal(T value) {
  char buffer[10];
  char *ptr = buffer;
  fmt::format_decimal(ptr, value);
  return std::string(buffer, ptr);
}

TEST(FormatIntTest, FormatDec) {
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(static_cast<char>(-42)));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(static_cast<short>(-42)));
  std::ostringstream os;
  os << std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max();
  EXPECT_EQ(os.str(),
            format_decimal(std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max()));
  EXPECT_EQ("1", format_decimal(1));
  EXPECT_EQ("-1", format_decimal(-1));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42));
  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(-42));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42l));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ul));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ll));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ull));
}

TEST(FormatTest, Print) {
#if FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print("Don't {}!", "panic"), "Don't panic!");
  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
      fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic"), "Don't panic!");
#endif
  std::ostringstream os;
  fmt::print(os, "Don't {}!", "panic");
  EXPECT_EQ("Don't panic!", os.str());
}

#if FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
TEST(FormatTest, PrintColored) {
  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print_colored(fmt::RED, "Hello, {}!\n", "world"),
      "\x1b[31mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m");
}
#endif

TEST(FormatTest, Variadic) {
  EXPECT_EQ("abc1", format("{}c{}", "ab", 1));
  EXPECT_EQ(L"abc1", format(L"{}c{}", L"ab", 1));
}

template <typename T>
std::string str(const T &value) {
  return fmt::format("{}", value);
}

TEST(StrTest, Convert) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", str(42));
  std::string s = str(Date(2012, 12, 9));
  EXPECT_EQ("2012-12-9", s);
}

std::string format_message(int id, const char *format,
    const fmt::ArgList &args) {
  MemoryWriter w;
  w.write("[{}] ", id);
  w.write(format, args);
  return w.str();
}

FMT_VARIADIC(std::string, format_message, int, const char *)

TEST(FormatTest, FormatMessageExample) {
  EXPECT_EQ("[42] something happened",
      format_message(42, "{} happened", "something"));
}

#if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
template<typename... Args>
void print_error(const char *file, int line, const char *format,
                 const Args & ... args) {
  fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
  fmt::print(format, args...);
}
#endif

TEST(FormatTest, MaxArgs) {
  EXPECT_EQ("0123456789abcde",
	    fmt::format("{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}",
                        0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'));
}