diff --git a/include/fmt/ranges.h b/include/fmt/ranges.h
index 5e19ac6b..52961389 100644
--- a/include/fmt/ranges.h
+++ b/include/fmt/ranges.h
@@ -19,15 +19,7 @@
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
-template <typename Char> struct formatting_base {
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    return ctx.begin();
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename Char, typename Enable = void>
-struct formatting_range : formatting_base<Char> {
+template <typename Char, typename Enable = void> struct formatting_range {
 #ifdef FMT_DEPRECATED_BRACED_RANGES
   Char prefix = '{';
   Char postfix = '}';
@@ -35,12 +27,21 @@ struct formatting_range : formatting_base<Char> {
   Char prefix = '[';
   Char postfix = ']';
 #endif
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
 };
 
-template <typename Char, typename Enable = void>
-struct formatting_tuple : formatting_base<Char> {
+template <typename Char, typename Enable = void> struct formatting_tuple {
   Char prefix = '(';
   Char postfix = ')';
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
 };
 
 namespace detail {
@@ -362,50 +363,52 @@ struct formatter<
   }
 };
 
-template <typename Char, typename... T> struct tuple_arg_join : detail::view {
+template <typename Char, typename... T> struct tuple_join_view : detail::view {
   const std::tuple<T...>& tuple;
   basic_string_view<Char> sep;
 
-  tuple_arg_join(const std::tuple<T...>& t, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+  tuple_join_view(const std::tuple<T...>& t, basic_string_view<Char> s)
       : tuple(t), sep{s} {}
 };
 
 template <typename Char, typename... T>
-struct formatter<tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>, Char> {
+using tuple_arg_join = tuple_join_view<Char, T...>;
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+struct formatter<tuple_join_view<Char, T...>, Char> {
   template <typename ParseContext>
   FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
     return ctx.begin();
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format(
-      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx) {
+  auto format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx) ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
     return format(value, ctx, detail::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(T)>{});
   }
 
  private:
   template <typename FormatContext, size_t... N>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format(
-      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
-      detail::index_sequence<N...>) {
+  auto format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
+              detail::index_sequence<N...>) ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
     return format_args(value, ctx, std::get<N>(value.tuple)...);
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format_args(
-      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>&, FormatContext& ctx) {
+  auto format_args(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>&, FormatContext& ctx) ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
     // NOTE: for compilers that support C++17, this empty function instantiation
     // can be replaced with a constexpr branch in the variadic overload.
     return ctx.out();
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext, typename Arg, typename... Args>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format_args(
-      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
-      const Arg& arg, const Args&... args) {
+  auto format_args(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
+                   const Arg& arg, const Args&... args) ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
     using base = formatter<typename std::decay<Arg>::type, Char>;
-    auto out = ctx.out();
-    out = base{}.format(arg, ctx);
+    auto out = base().format(arg, ctx);
     if (sizeof...(Args) > 0) {
       out = std::copy(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
       ctx.advance_to(out);
@@ -429,14 +432,15 @@ FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
   \endrst
  */
 template <typename... T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR tuple_arg_join<char, T...> join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple,
-                                              string_view sep) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, string_view sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<char, T...> {
   return {tuple, sep};
 }
 
 template <typename... T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR tuple_arg_join<wchar_t, T...> join(
-    const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, basic_string_view<wchar_t> sep) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple,
+                        basic_string_view<wchar_t> sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<wchar_t, T...> {
   return {tuple, sep};
 }
 
@@ -452,8 +456,8 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR tuple_arg_join<wchar_t, T...> join(
   \endrst
  */
 template <typename T>
-join_view<const T*, const T*> join(std::initializer_list<T> list,
-                                   string_view sep) {
+auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<const T*, const T*> {
   return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
 }
 
diff --git a/include/fmt/xchar.h b/include/fmt/xchar.h
index 4fae7999..f316ad17 100644
--- a/include/fmt/xchar.h
+++ b/include/fmt/xchar.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #define FMT_WCHAR_H_
 
 #include <cwchar>
+#include <tuple>
 
 #include "format.h"
 
@@ -75,9 +76,10 @@ auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, wstring_view sep)
 template <typename Locale, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
                             detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
+inline auto vformat(
     const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
   return detail::vformat(loc, to_string_view(format_str), args);
 }
 
@@ -85,8 +87,8 @@ template <typename Locale, typename S, typename... Args,
           typename Char = char_t<S>,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
                             detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
-                                      Args&&... args) {
+inline auto format(const Locale& loc, const S& format_str, Args&&... args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
   return detail::vformat(loc, to_string_view(format_str),
                          fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
 }
@@ -126,9 +128,9 @@ template <typename Locale, typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
                             detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
                                 detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
-inline OutputIt vformat_to(
+inline auto vformat_to(
     OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) -> OutputIt {
   auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
   vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
   return detail::get_iterator(buf);
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ template <typename... T> void print(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
 /**
   Converts *value* to ``std::wstring`` using the default format for type *T*.
  */
-template <typename T> inline std::wstring to_wstring(const T& value) {
+template <typename T> inline auto to_wstring(const T& value) -> std::wstring {
   return format(FMT_STRING(L"{}"), value);
 }
 FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END