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@ -164,6 +164,10 @@ Utilities
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System errors
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-------------
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fmt does not use ``errno`` to communicate errors to the user, but it may call
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system functions which set ``errno``. Users should not make any assumptions about
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the value of ``errno`` being preserved by library functions.
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.. doxygenclass:: fmt::system_error
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:members:
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@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ Overview
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========
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**fmt** (formerly cppformat) is an open-source formatting library.
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It can be used as a safe alternative to printf or as a fast
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alternative to C++ IOStreams.
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It can be used as a fast and safe alternative to printf and IOStreams.
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.. raw:: html
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@ -30,9 +29,9 @@ in Python:
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.. code:: c++
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fmt::format("The answer is {}", 42);
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fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
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The ``fmt::format`` function returns a string "The answer is 42". You can use
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The ``fmt::format`` function returns a string "The answer is 42.". You can use
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``fmt::memory_buffer`` to avoid constructing ``std::string``:
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.. code:: c++
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@ -94,19 +93,25 @@ Safety
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------
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The library is fully type safe, automatic memory management prevents buffer
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overflow, errors in format strings are reported using exceptions. For example,
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the code
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overflow, errors in format strings are reported using exceptions or at compile
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tim. For example, the code
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.. code:: c++
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fmt::format("The answer is {:d}", "forty-two");
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throws a ``format_error`` exception with description
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"unknown format code 'd' for string", because the argument
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``"forty-two"`` is a string while the format code ``d``
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only applies to integers.
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throws a ``format_error`` exception with description "unknown format code 'd' for
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string", because the argument ``"forty-two"`` is a string while the format code
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``d`` only applies to integers, while
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Where possible, errors are caught at compile time. For example, the code
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.. code:: c++
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format(fmt("The answer is {:d}"), "forty-two");
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reports a compile-time error for the same reason on compilers that support
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relaxed ``constexpr``.
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The following code
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.. code:: c++
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@ -124,16 +129,10 @@ its numeric value being written to the stream (i.e. 1070 instead of letter 'ю'
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which is represented by ``L'\x42e'`` if we use Unicode) which is rarely what is
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needed.
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Note that fmt does not use the value of the ``errno`` global to communicate
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errors to the user, but it may call system functions which set ``errno``. Since
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fmt does not attempt to preserve the value of ``errno``, users should not make
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any assumptions about it and always set it to ``0`` before making any system
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calls that convey error information via ``errno``.
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Compact binary code
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-------------------
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Each call to a formatting function results in a compact binary code. For example
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The library is designed to produce compact per-call compiled code. For example
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(`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/TZU4KF>`_),
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.. code:: c++
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@ -167,33 +166,19 @@ compiles to just
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Portability
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-----------
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The library is highly portable. Here is an incomplete list of operating systems
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and compilers where it has been tested and known to work:
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The library is highly portable and relies only on a small set of C++11 features:
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* 64-bit (amd64) GNU/Linux with GCC 4.4.3,
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`4.6.3 <https://travis-ci.org/fmtlib/fmt>`_, 4.7.2, 4.8.1, and Intel C++
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Compiler (ICC) 14.0.2
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* variadic templates
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* type traits
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* rvalue references
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* decltype
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* trailing return types
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* deleted functions
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* 32-bit (i386) GNU/Linux with GCC 4.4.3, 4.6.3
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* Mac OS X with GCC 4.2.1 and Clang 4.2, 5.1.0
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* 64-bit Windows with Visual C++ 2010, 2013 and
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`2015 <https://ci.appveyor.com/project/vitaut/fmt>`_
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* 32-bit Windows with Visual C++ 2010
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Although the library uses C++11 features when available, it also works with
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older compilers and standard library implementations. The only thing to keep in
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mind for C++98 portability:
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* Variadic templates: minimum GCC 4.4, Clang 2.9 or VS2013. This feature allows
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the Format API to accept an unlimited number of arguments. With older
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compilers the maximum is 15.
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* User-defined literals: minimum GCC 4.7, Clang 3.1 or VS2015. The suffixes
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``_format`` and ``_a`` are functionally equivalent to the functions
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``fmt::format`` and ``fmt::arg``.
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These are available since GCC 4.4, Clang 2.9 and MSVC 18.0 (2013). For older
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compilers use fmt `version 4.x
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<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/tag/4.1.0>`_ which continues to be
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maintained and only requires C++98.
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The output of all formatting functions is consistent across platforms. In
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particular, formatting a floating-point infinity always gives ``inf`` while the
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@ -211,7 +196,7 @@ Ease of Use
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-----------
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fmt has a small self-contained code base with the core library consisting of
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a single header file and a single source file and no external dependencies.
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just three header files and no external dependencies.
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A permissive BSD `license <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#license>`_ allows
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using the library both in open-source and commercial projects.
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