diff --git a/format.cc b/format.cc
index 92291c1b..e8714a33 100644
--- a/format.cc
+++ b/format.cc
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ void fmt::internal::ArgMap<Char>::init(const ArgList &args) {
   if (!map_.empty())
     return;
   typedef internal::NamedArg<Char> NamedArg;
-  const NamedArg* named_arg = 0;
+  const NamedArg *named_arg = 0;
   bool use_values =
       args.type(ArgList::MAX_PACKED_ARGS - 1) == internal::Arg::NONE;
   if (use_values) {
@@ -733,11 +733,10 @@ void fmt::BasicWriter<Char>::write_str(
 
 template <typename Char>
 inline Arg fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>::get_arg(
-  const BasicStringRef<Char>& arg_name, const char *&error) {
+  BasicStringRef<Char> arg_name, const char *&error) {
   if (check_no_auto_index(error)) {
-    next_arg_index_ = -1;
-    map_.init(args_);
-    const Arg* arg = map_.find(arg_name);
+    map_.init(args());
+    const Arg *arg = map_.find(arg_name);
     if (arg)
       return *arg;
     error = "argument not found";
@@ -794,21 +793,19 @@ inline Arg fmt::internal::FormatterBase::next_arg(const char *&error) {
   return Arg();
 }
 
-inline bool fmt::internal::FormatterBase::check_no_auto_index(const char *&error) {
+inline bool fmt::internal::FormatterBase::check_no_auto_index(
+    const char *&error) {
   if (next_arg_index_ > 0) {
     error = "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing";
     return false;
   }
+  next_arg_index_ = -1;
   return true;
 }
 
 inline Arg fmt::internal::FormatterBase::get_arg(
     unsigned arg_index, const char *&error) {
-  if (check_no_auto_index(error)) {
-    next_arg_index_ = -1;
-    return do_get_arg(arg_index, error);
-  }
-  return Arg();
+  return check_no_auto_index(error) ? do_get_arg(arg_index, error) : Arg();
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
@@ -1131,7 +1128,8 @@ const Char *fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>::format(
       spec.width_ = parse_nonnegative_int(s);
     } else if (*s == '{') {
       ++s;
-      const Arg &width_arg = is_name_start(*s) ? parse_arg_name(s) : parse_arg_index(s);
+      Arg width_arg = is_name_start(*s) ?
+            parse_arg_name(s) : parse_arg_index(s);
       if (*s++ != '}')
         FMT_THROW(FormatError("invalid format string"));
       ULongLong value = 0;
@@ -1168,7 +1166,8 @@ const Char *fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>::format(
         spec.precision_ = parse_nonnegative_int(s);
       } else if (*s == '{') {
         ++s;
-        const Arg &precision_arg = is_name_start(*s) ? parse_arg_name(s) : parse_arg_index(s);
+        Arg precision_arg =
+            is_name_start(*s) ? parse_arg_name(s) : parse_arg_index(s);
         if (*s++ != '}')
           FMT_THROW(FormatError("invalid format string"));
         ULongLong value = 0;
diff --git a/format.h b/format.h
index 2c73d7cd..0515b516 100644
--- a/format.h
+++ b/format.h
@@ -1197,14 +1197,12 @@ class ArgMap {
 
   const internal::Arg* find(const fmt::BasicStringRef<Char> &name) const {
     typename MapType::const_iterator it = map_.find(name);
-    if (it != map_.end())
-      return &it->second;
-    return 0;
+    return it != map_.end() ? &it->second : 0;
   }
 };
 
 class FormatterBase {
- protected:
+ private:
   ArgList args_;
   int next_arg_index_;
 
@@ -1212,6 +1210,8 @@ class FormatterBase {
   Arg do_get_arg(unsigned arg_index, const char *&error);
 
  protected:
+  const ArgList &args() const { return args_; }
+
   void set_args(const ArgList &args) {
     args_ = args;
     next_arg_index_ = 0;
@@ -1267,8 +1267,7 @@ class BasicFormatter : private internal::FormatterBase {
 
   // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with
   // specified name.
-  internal::Arg get_arg(const BasicStringRef<Char>& arg_name,
-                        const char *&error);
+  internal::Arg get_arg(BasicStringRef<Char> arg_name, const char *&error);
 
   // Parses argument index and returns corresponding argument.
   internal::Arg parse_arg_index(const Char *&s);
@@ -2762,11 +2761,12 @@ inline internal::NamedArg<wchar_t> arg(WStringRef name, const T &arg) {
   return internal::NamedArg<wchar_t>(name, arg);
 }
 
+// The following two functions are deleted intentionally to disable
+// nested named arguments as in ``format("{}", arg("a", arg("b", 42)))``.
 template <typename Char>
-void arg(StringRef name, const internal::NamedArg<Char>&) FMT_DELETED_OR_UNDEFINED;
-
+void arg(StringRef, const internal::NamedArg<Char>&) FMT_DELETED_OR_UNDEFINED;
 template <typename Char>
-void arg(WStringRef name, const internal::NamedArg<Char>&) FMT_DELETED_OR_UNDEFINED;
+void arg(WStringRef, const internal::NamedArg<Char>&) FMT_DELETED_OR_UNDEFINED;
 }
 
 #if FMT_GCC_VERSION