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stdlib: Handle various corner cases in the fallback heapsort for qsort
The previous implementation did not consistently apply the rule that the child nodes of node K are at 2 * K + 1 and 2 * K + 2, or that the parent node is at (K - 1) / 2. Add an internal test that targets the heapsort implementation directly. Reported-by: Stepan Golosunov <stepan@golosunov.pp.ru> Reviewed-by: Adhemerval Zanella <adhemerval.zanella@linaro.org>
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@ -261,6 +261,7 @@ tests := \
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# tests
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tests-internal := \
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tst-qsort4 \
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tst-strtod1i \
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tst-strtod3 \
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tst-strtod4 \
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@ -125,29 +125,44 @@ pop (stack_node *top, char **lo, char **hi, size_t *depth)
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return top;
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}
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/* NB: N is inclusive bound for BASE. */
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/* Establish the heap condition at index K, that is, the key at K will
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not be less than either of its children, at 2 * K + 1 and 2 * K + 2
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(if they exist). N is the last valid index. */
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static inline void
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siftdown (void *base, size_t size, size_t k, size_t n,
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enum swap_type_t swap_type, __compar_d_fn_t cmp, void *arg)
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{
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while (k <= n / 2)
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/* There can only be a heap condition violation if there are
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children. */
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while (2 * k + 1 <= n)
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{
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size_t j = 2 * k;
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/* Left child. */
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size_t j = 2 * k + 1;
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/* If the right child is larger, use it. */
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if (j < n && cmp (base + (j * size), base + ((j + 1) * size), arg) < 0)
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j++;
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/* If k is already >= to its children, we are done. */
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if (j == k || cmp (base + (k * size), base + (j * size), arg) >= 0)
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break;
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/* Heal the violation. */
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do_swap (base + (size * j), base + (k * size), size, swap_type);
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/* Swapping with j may have introduced a violation at j. Fix
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it in the next loop iteration. */
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k = j;
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}
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}
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/* Establish the heap condition for the indices 0 to N (inclusive). */
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static inline void
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heapify (void *base, size_t size, size_t n, enum swap_type_t swap_type,
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__compar_d_fn_t cmp, void *arg)
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{
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/* If n is odd, k = n / 2 has a left child at n, so this is the
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largest index that can have a heap condition violation regarding
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its children. */
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size_t k = n / 2;
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while (1)
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{
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@ -157,32 +172,38 @@ heapify (void *base, size_t size, size_t n, enum swap_type_t swap_type,
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}
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}
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/* A non-recursive heapsort, used on introsort implementation as a fallback
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routine with worst-case performance of O(nlog n) and worst-case space
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complexity of O(1). It sorts the array starting at BASE and ending at
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END, with each element of SIZE bytes. The SWAP_TYPE is the callback
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function used to swap elements, and CMP is the function used to compare
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elements. */
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/* A non-recursive heapsort, used on introsort implementation as a
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fallback routine with worst-case performance of O(nlog n) and
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worst-case space complexity of O(1). It sorts the array starting
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at BASE and ending at END (inclusive), with each element of SIZE
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bytes. The SWAP_TYPE is the callback function used to swap
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elements, and CMP is the function used to compare elements. */
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static void
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heapsort_r (void *base, void *end, size_t size, enum swap_type_t swap_type,
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__compar_d_fn_t cmp, void *arg)
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{
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const size_t count = ((uintptr_t) end - (uintptr_t) base) / size;
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if (count < 2)
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size_t n = ((uintptr_t) end - (uintptr_t) base) / size;
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if (n <= 1)
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/* Handled by insertion sort. */
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return;
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size_t n = count - 1;
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/* Build the binary heap, largest value at the base[0]. */
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heapify (base, size, n, swap_type, cmp, arg);
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/* On each iteration base[0:n] is the binary heap, while base[n:count]
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is sorted. */
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while (n > 0)
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while (true)
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{
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/* Indices 0 .. n contain the binary heap. Extract the largest
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element put it into the final position in the array. */
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do_swap (base, base + (n * size), size, swap_type);
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/* The heap is now one element shorter. */
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n--;
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if (n == 0)
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break;
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/* By swapping in elements 0 and the previous value of n (now at
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n + 1), we likely introduced a heap condition violation. Fix
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it for the reduced heap. */
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siftdown (base, size, 0, n, swap_type, cmp, arg);
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}
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}
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134
stdlib/tst-qsort4.c
Normal file
134
stdlib/tst-qsort4.c
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
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/* Test the heapsort implementation behind qsort.
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Copyright (C) 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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This file is part of the GNU C Library.
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The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
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modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
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License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
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version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
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Lesser General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
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License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
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<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
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#include "qsort.c"
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <support/check.h>
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#include <support/support.h>
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static int
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cmp (const void *a1, const void *b1, void *closure)
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{
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const signed char *a = a1;
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const signed char *b = b1;
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return *a - *b;
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}
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/* Wrapper around heapsort_r that set ups the required variables. */
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static void
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heapsort_wrapper (void *const pbase, size_t total_elems, size_t size,
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__compar_d_fn_t cmp, void *arg)
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{
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char *base_ptr = (char *) pbase;
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char *lo = base_ptr;
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char *hi = &lo[size * (total_elems - 1)];
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if (total_elems <= 1)
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/* Avoid lossage with unsigned arithmetic below. */
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return;
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enum swap_type_t swap_type;
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if (is_aligned (pbase, size, 8))
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swap_type = SWAP_WORDS_64;
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else if (is_aligned (pbase, size, 4))
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swap_type = SWAP_WORDS_32;
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else
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swap_type = SWAP_BYTES;
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heapsort_r (lo, hi, size, swap_type, cmp, arg);
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}
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static void
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check_one_sort (signed char *array, int length)
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{
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signed char *copy = xmalloc (length);
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memcpy (copy, array, length);
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heapsort_wrapper (copy, length, 1, cmp, NULL);
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/* Verify that the result is sorted. */
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for (int i = 1; i < length; ++i)
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if (copy[i] < copy[i - 1])
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{
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support_record_failure ();
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printf ("error: sorting failure for length %d at offset %d\n",
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length, i - 1);
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printf ("input:");
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for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
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printf (" %d", array[i]);
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printf ("\noutput:");
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for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
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printf (" %d", copy[i]);
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putchar ('\n');
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break;
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}
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/* Verify that no elements went away or were added. */
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{
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int expected_counts[256];
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for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
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++expected_counts[array[i] & 0xff];
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int actual_counts[256];
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for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
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++actual_counts[copy[i] & 0xff];
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for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
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TEST_COMPARE (expected_counts[i], expected_counts[i]);
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}
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free (copy);
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}
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/* Enumerate all possible combinations of LENGTH elements. */
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static void
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check_combinations (int length, signed char *start, int offset)
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{
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if (offset == length)
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check_one_sort (start, length);
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else
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for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
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{
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start[offset] = i;
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check_combinations(length, start, offset + 1);
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}
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}
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static int
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do_test (void)
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{
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/* A random permutation of 20 values. */
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check_one_sort ((signed char[20]) {5, 12, 16, 10, 14, 11, 9, 13, 8, 15,
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0, 17, 3, 7, 1, 18, 2, 19, 4, 6}, 20);
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/* A permutation that appeared during adversarial testing for the
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quicksort pass. */
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check_one_sort ((signed char[16]) {15, 3, 4, 2, 1, 0, 8, 7, 6, 5, 14,
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13, 12, 11, 10, 9}, 16);
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/* Array lengths 2 and less are not handled by heapsort_r and
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deferred to insertion sort. */
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for (int i = 3; i <= 8; ++i)
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{
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signed char *buf = xmalloc (i);
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check_combinations (i, buf, 0);
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free (buf);
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}
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return 0;
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}
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#include <support/test-driver.c>
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