/* Quad-precision floating point e^x. Copyright (C) 1999-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of the GNU C Library. Contributed by Jakub Jelinek Partly based on double-precision code by Geoffrey Keating The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see . */ /* The basic design here is from Abraham Ziv, "Fast Evaluation of Elementary Mathematical Functions with Correctly Rounded Last Bit", ACM Trans. Math. Soft., 17 (3), September 1991, pp. 410-423. We work with number pairs where the first number is the high part and the second one is the low part. Arithmetic with the high part numbers must be exact, without any roundoff errors. The input value, X, is written as X = n * ln(2)_0 + arg1[t1]_0 + arg2[t2]_0 + x - n * ln(2)_1 + arg1[t1]_1 + arg2[t2]_1 + xl where: - n is an integer, 16384 >= n >= -16495; - ln(2)_0 is the first 93 bits of ln(2), and |ln(2)_0-ln(2)-ln(2)_1| < 2^-205 - t1 is an integer, 89 >= t1 >= -89 - t2 is an integer, 65 >= t2 >= -65 - |arg1[t1]-t1/256.0| < 2^-53 - |arg2[t2]-t2/32768.0| < 2^-53 - x + xl is whatever is left, |x + xl| < 2^-16 + 2^-53 Then e^x is approximated as e^x = 2^n_1 ( 2^n_0 e^(arg1[t1]_0 + arg1[t1]_1) e^(arg2[t2]_0 + arg2[t2]_1) + 2^n_0 e^(arg1[t1]_0 + arg1[t1]_1) e^(arg2[t2]_0 + arg2[t2]_1) * p (x + xl + n * ln(2)_1)) where: - p(x) is a polynomial approximating e(x)-1 - e^(arg1[t1]_0 + arg1[t1]_1) is obtained from a table - e^(arg2[t2]_0 + arg2[t2]_1) likewise - n_1 + n_0 = n, so that |n_0| < -LDBL_MIN_EXP-1. If it happens that n_1 == 0 (this is the usual case), that multiplication is omitted. */ #ifndef _GNU_SOURCE #define _GNU_SOURCE #endif #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include "t_expl.h" static const long double C[] = { /* Smallest integer x for which e^x overflows. */ #define himark C[0] 709.78271289338399678773454114191496482L, /* Largest integer x for which e^x underflows. */ #define lomark C[1] -744.44007192138126231410729844608163411L, /* 3x2^96 */ #define THREEp96 C[2] 59421121885698253195157962752.0L, /* 3x2^103 */ #define THREEp103 C[3] 30423614405477505635920876929024.0L, /* 3x2^111 */ #define THREEp111 C[4] 7788445287802241442795744493830144.0L, /* 1/ln(2) */ #define M_1_LN2 C[5] 1.44269504088896340735992468100189204L, /* first 93 bits of ln(2) */ #define M_LN2_0 C[6] 0.693147180559945309417232121457981864L, /* ln2_0 - ln(2) */ #define M_LN2_1 C[7] -1.94704509238074995158795957333327386E-31L, /* very small number */ #define TINY C[8] 1.0e-308L, /* 2^16383 */ #define TWO1023 C[9] 8.988465674311579538646525953945123668E+307L, /* 256 */ #define TWO8 C[10] 256.0L, /* 32768 */ #define TWO15 C[11] 32768.0L, /* Chebyshev polynom coefficients for (exp(x)-1)/x */ #define P1 C[12] #define P2 C[13] #define P3 C[14] #define P4 C[15] #define P5 C[16] #define P6 C[17] 0.5L, 1.66666666666666666666666666666666683E-01L, 4.16666666666666666666654902320001674E-02L, 8.33333333333333333333314659767198461E-03L, 1.38888888889899438565058018857254025E-03L, 1.98412698413981650382436541785404286E-04L, }; /* Avoid local PLT entry use from (int) roundl (...) being converted to a call to lroundl in the case of 32-bit long and roundl not inlined. */ long int lroundl (long double) asm ("__lroundl"); long double __ieee754_expl (long double x) { long double result, x22; union ibm_extended_long_double ex2_u, scale_u; int unsafe; /* Check for usual case. */ if (isless (x, himark) && isgreater (x, lomark)) { int tval1, tval2, n_i, exponent2; long double n, xl; SET_RESTORE_ROUND (FE_TONEAREST); n = roundl (x*M_1_LN2); x = x-n*M_LN2_0; xl = n*M_LN2_1; tval1 = roundl (x*TWO8); x -= __expl_table[T_EXPL_ARG1+2*tval1]; xl -= __expl_table[T_EXPL_ARG1+2*tval1+1]; tval2 = roundl (x*TWO15); x -= __expl_table[T_EXPL_ARG2+2*tval2]; xl -= __expl_table[T_EXPL_ARG2+2*tval2+1]; x = x + xl; /* Compute ex2 = 2^n_0 e^(argtable[tval1]) e^(argtable[tval2]). */ ex2_u.ld = (__expl_table[T_EXPL_RES1 + tval1] * __expl_table[T_EXPL_RES2 + tval2]); n_i = (int)n; /* 'unsafe' is 1 iff n_1 != 0. */ unsafe = fabsl(n_i) >= -LDBL_MIN_EXP - 1; ex2_u.d[0].ieee.exponent += n_i >> unsafe; /* Fortunately, there are no subnormal lowpart doubles in __expl_table, only normal values and zeros. But after scaling it can be subnormal. */ exponent2 = ex2_u.d[1].ieee.exponent + (n_i >> unsafe); if (ex2_u.d[1].ieee.exponent == 0) /* assert ((ex2_u.d[1].ieee.mantissa0|ex2_u.d[1].ieee.mantissa1) == 0) */; else if (exponent2 > 0) ex2_u.d[1].ieee.exponent = exponent2; else if (exponent2 <= -54) { ex2_u.d[1].ieee.exponent = 0; ex2_u.d[1].ieee.mantissa0 = 0; ex2_u.d[1].ieee.mantissa1 = 0; } else { static const double two54 = 1.80143985094819840000e+16, /* 4350000000000000 */ twom54 = 5.55111512312578270212e-17; /* 3C90000000000000 */ ex2_u.d[1].d *= two54; ex2_u.d[1].ieee.exponent += n_i >> unsafe; ex2_u.d[1].d *= twom54; } /* Compute scale = 2^n_1. */ scale_u.ld = 1.0L; scale_u.d[0].ieee.exponent += n_i - (n_i >> unsafe); /* Approximate e^x2 - 1, using a seventh-degree polynomial, with maximum error in [-2^-16-2^-53,2^-16+2^-53] less than 4.8e-39. */ x22 = x + x*x*(P1+x*(P2+x*(P3+x*(P4+x*(P5+x*P6))))); /* Now we can test whether the result is ultimate or if we are unsure. In the later case we should probably call a mpn based routine to give the ultimate result. Empirically, this routine is already ultimate in about 99.9986% of cases, the test below for the round to nearest case will be false in ~ 99.9963% of cases. Without proc2 routine maximum error which has been seen is 0.5000262 ulp. union ieee854_long_double ex3_u; #ifdef FE_TONEAREST fesetround (FE_TONEAREST); #endif ex3_u.d = (result - ex2_u.d) - x22 * ex2_u.d; ex2_u.d = result; ex3_u.ieee.exponent += LDBL_MANT_DIG + 15 + IEEE854_LONG_DOUBLE_BIAS - ex2_u.ieee.exponent; n_i = abs (ex3_u.d); n_i = (n_i + 1) / 2; fesetenv (&oldenv); #ifdef FE_TONEAREST if (fegetround () == FE_TONEAREST) n_i -= 0x4000; #endif if (!n_i) { return __ieee754_expl_proc2 (origx); } */ } /* Exceptional cases: */ else if (isless (x, himark)) { if (isinf (x)) /* e^-inf == 0, with no error. */ return 0; else /* Underflow */ return TINY * TINY; } else /* Return x, if x is a NaN or Inf; or overflow, otherwise. */ return TWO1023*x; result = x22 * ex2_u.ld + ex2_u.ld; if (!unsafe) return result; return result * scale_u.ld; } strong_alias (__ieee754_expl, __expl_finite)