mirror of
https://sourceware.org/git/glibc.git
synced 2024-11-22 13:00:06 +00:00
3c20b9b6a5
1998-03-18 00:25 Tim Waugh <tim@cyberelk.demon.co.uk>
* posix/wordexp.c (parse_comm): Allow quoting inside $(...).
(parse_param): Fold in Andreas' fixes to do with when the end of
the parameter name has been reached, and quoting inside ${...}.
(parse_dollars): Fix differentiation between $(((1+3)*(4-2))) and
$((echo);(ls)).
1998-03-16 22:10 Zack Weinberg <zack@rabi.phys.columbia.edu>
* manual/maint.texi: Split out installation and contribution
sections to their own appendices. Misc cleanups.
* manual/install.texi: New file. Mention add-ons. Refer to FAQ.
* manual/contrib.texi: New file.
* manual/libc.texinfo: Pull in new appendices.
* manual/header.texi: Correct node pointer.
1998-03-17 Andreas Jaeger <aj@arthur.rhein-neckar.de>
* manual/process.texi (Process Completion): Clarify return value
of waitpid a bit. Patch by Zack Weinberg. [PR libc/490]
1037 lines
44 KiB
Plaintext
1037 lines
44 KiB
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\input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*-
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@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
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@setfilename libc.info
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@settitle The GNU C Library
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@setchapternewpage odd
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@comment Tell install-info what to do.
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@dircategory GNU libraries
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@direntry
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* Libc: (libc). C library.
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@end direntry
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@c This tells texinfo.tex to use the real section titles in xrefs in
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@c place of the node name, when no section title is explicitly given.
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@set xref-automatic-section-title
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@c @smallbook
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@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
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@c sold 0.06/1.09, print run out 21may96
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@set EDITION 0.07 DRAFT
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@set VERSION 2.00 Beta
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@set UPDATED 04 Aug 1997
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@set ISBN 1-882114-53-1
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@ifinfo
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This file documents the GNU C library.
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This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
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of @cite{The GNU C Library Reference Manual}, for Version @value{VERSION}.
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Copyright (C) 1993, '94, '95, '96, '97 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
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this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
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are preserved on all copies.
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@ignore
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Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
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results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
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notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
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(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
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@end ignore
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
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section entitled ``GNU Library General Public License'' is included
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exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting
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derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
|
|
identical to this one.
|
|
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
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into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
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except that the text of the translation of the section entitled ``GNU
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Library General Public License'' must be approved for accuracy by the
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Foundation.
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@end ifinfo
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@iftex
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@shorttitlepage The GNU C Library Reference Manual
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@end iftex
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@titlepage
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@center @titlefont{The GNU C Library}
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@sp 1
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@center @titlefont{Reference Manual}
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@sp 2
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@center Sandra Loosemore
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@center with
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@center Richard M. Stallman, Roland McGrath, Andrew Oram, and Ulrich Drepper
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@sp 3
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@center Edition @value{EDITION}
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@sp 1
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@center last updated @value{UPDATED}
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@sp 1
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@center for version @value{VERSION}
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@page
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@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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Copyright @copyright{} 1993, '94, '95, '96, '97 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@sp 2
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Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
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59 Temple Place -- Suite 330, @*
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Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA @*
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Printed copies are available for $50 each. @*
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ISBN @value{ISBN} @*
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Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
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this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
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are preserved on all copies.
|
|
|
|
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
|
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section entitled ``GNU Library General Public License'' is included
|
|
exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting
|
|
derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
|
|
identical to this one.
|
|
|
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
|
|
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
|
|
except that the text of the translation of the section entitled ``GNU
|
|
Library General Public License'' must be approved for accuracy by the
|
|
Foundation.
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@end titlepage
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@page
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@ifinfo
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@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
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@top Main Menu
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This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, of
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@cite{The GNU C Library Reference Manual}, for Version @value{VERSION}
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of the GNU C Library.
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@end ifinfo
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@menu
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* Introduction:: Purpose of the GNU C Library.
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* Error Reporting:: How the GNU Library functions report
|
|
error conditions.
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* Memory Allocation:: Your program can allocate memory dynamically
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|
and manipulate it via pointers.
|
|
* Character Handling:: Character testing and conversion functions.
|
|
* String and Array Utilities:: Utilities for copying and comparing
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strings and arrays.
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* Extended Characters:: Support for extended character sets.
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* Locales:: The country and language can affect
|
|
the behavior of library functions.
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* Message Translation:: How to make the program speak the users
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|
language.
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* Searching and Sorting:: General searching and sorting functions.
|
|
* Pattern Matching:: Matching wildcards and regular expressions,
|
|
and shell-style ``word expansion''.
|
|
* I/O Overview:: Introduction to the I/O facilities.
|
|
* Streams: I/O on Streams. High-level, portable I/O facilities.
|
|
* Low-Level I/O:: Low-level, less portable I/O.
|
|
* File System Interface:: Functions for manipulating files.
|
|
* Pipes and FIFOs:: A simple interprocess communication mechanism.
|
|
* Sockets:: A more complicated interprocess communication
|
|
mechanism, with support for networking.
|
|
* Low-Level Terminal Interface::How to change the characteristics
|
|
of a terminal device.
|
|
* Mathematics:: Math functions (transcendental functions,
|
|
random numbers, absolute value, etc.).
|
|
* Arithmetic:: Low-level arithmetic functions.
|
|
* Date and Time:: Functions for getting the date and time,
|
|
and for conversion between formats.
|
|
* Non-Local Exits:: The @code{setjmp} and @code{longjmp} facilities.
|
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* Signal Handling:: All about signals; how to send them,
|
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block them, and handle them.
|
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* Process Startup:: Writing the beginning and end of your program.
|
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* Processes:: How to create processes and run other programs.
|
|
* Job Control:: All about process groups and sessions.
|
|
* Name Service Switch:: Accessing the various system databases.
|
|
* Users and Groups:: How users are identified and classified.
|
|
* System Information:: Getting information about the
|
|
hardware and software configuration
|
|
of the machine a program runs on.
|
|
* System Configuration:: Parameters describing operating system limits.
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|
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Appendices
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|
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* Language Features:: C language features provided by the library.
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|
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* Library Summary:: A summary showing the syntax, header file,
|
|
and derivation of each library feature.
|
|
* Installation:: How to install the GNU C library.
|
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* Maintenance:: How to enhance and port the GNU C Library.
|
|
* Contributors:: Who wrote what parts of the GNU C Library.
|
|
* Copying:: The GNU Library General Public License says
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|
how you can copy and share the GNU C Library.
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|
|
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Indices
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* Concept Index:: Index of concepts and names.
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* Type Index:: Index of types and type qualifiers.
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* Function Index:: Index of functions and function-like macros.
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* Variable Index:: Index of variables and variable-like macros.
|
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* File Index:: Index of programs and files.
|
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|
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--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
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Introduction
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|
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* Getting Started:: Getting Started
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* Standards and Portability:: Standards and Portability
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* Using the Library:: Using the Library
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|
* Roadmap to the Manual:: Roadmap to the Manual
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Standards and Portability
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* ISO C:: The American National Standard for the
|
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C programming language.
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* POSIX:: The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards
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for operating systems.
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* Berkeley Unix:: BSD and SunOS.
|
|
* SVID:: The System V Interface Description.
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|
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Using the Library
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|
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* Header Files:: How to use the header files in your programs.
|
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* Macro Definitions:: Some functions in the library may really
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be implemented as macros.
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* Reserved Names:: The C standard reserves some names for
|
|
the library, and some for users.
|
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* Feature Test Macros:: How to control what names are defined.
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Error Reporting
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|
|
* Checking for Errors:: How errors are reported by library functions.
|
|
* Error Codes:: What all the error codes are.
|
|
* Error Messages:: Mapping error codes onto error messages.
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|
|
Memory Allocation
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|
|
* Memory Concepts:: An introduction to concepts and terminology.
|
|
* Dynamic Allocation and C:: How to get different kinds of allocation in C.
|
|
* Unconstrained Allocation:: The @code{malloc} facility allows fully general
|
|
dynamic allocation.
|
|
* Obstacks:: Obstacks are less general than malloc
|
|
but more efficient and convenient.
|
|
* Variable Size Automatic:: Allocation of variable-sized blocks
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|
of automatic storage that are freed when the
|
|
calling function returns.
|
|
* Relocating Allocator:: Waste less memory, if you can tolerate
|
|
automatic relocation of the blocks you get.
|
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|
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Unconstrained Allocation
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|
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* Basic Allocation:: Simple use of @code{malloc}.
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|
* Malloc Examples:: Examples of @code{malloc}. @code{xmalloc}.
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|
* Freeing after Malloc:: Use @code{free} to free a block you
|
|
got with @code{malloc}.
|
|
* Changing Block Size:: Use @code{realloc} to make a block
|
|
bigger or smaller.
|
|
* Allocating Cleared Space:: Use @code{calloc} to allocate a
|
|
block and clear it.
|
|
* Efficiency and Malloc:: Efficiency considerations in use of
|
|
these functions.
|
|
* Aligned Memory Blocks:: Allocating specially aligned memory:
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|
@code{memalign} and @code{valloc}.
|
|
* Heap Consistency Checking:: Automatic checking for errors.
|
|
* Hooks for Malloc:: You can use these hooks for debugging
|
|
programs that use @code{malloc}.
|
|
* Statistics of Malloc:: Getting information about how much
|
|
memory your program is using.
|
|
* Summary of Malloc:: Summary of @code{malloc} and related functions.
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|
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Obstacks
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* Creating Obstacks:: How to declare an obstack in your program.
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|
* Preparing for Obstacks:: Preparations needed before you can
|
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use obstacks.
|
|
* Allocation in an Obstack:: Allocating objects in an obstack.
|
|
* Freeing Obstack Objects:: Freeing objects in an obstack.
|
|
* Obstack Functions:: The obstack functions are both
|
|
functions and macros.
|
|
* Growing Objects:: Making an object bigger by stages.
|
|
* Extra Fast Growing:: Extra-high-efficiency (though more
|
|
complicated) growing objects.
|
|
* Status of an Obstack:: Inquiries about the status of an obstack.
|
|
* Obstacks Data Alignment:: Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks.
|
|
* Obstack Chunks:: How obstacks obtain and release chunks.
|
|
Efficiency considerations.
|
|
* Summary of Obstacks::
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Automatic Storage with Variable Size
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|
|
* Alloca Example:: Example of using @code{alloca}.
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|
* Advantages of Alloca:: Reasons to use @code{alloca}.
|
|
* Disadvantages of Alloca:: Reasons to avoid @code{alloca}.
|
|
* GNU C Variable-Size Arrays:: Only in GNU C, here is an alternative
|
|
method of allocating dynamically and
|
|
freeing automatically.
|
|
Relocating Allocator
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|
|
|
* Relocator Concepts:: How to understand relocating allocation.
|
|
* Using Relocator:: Functions for relocating allocation.
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|
Character Handling
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|
|
|
* Classification of Characters::Testing whether characters are
|
|
letters, digits, punctuation, etc.
|
|
* Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like.
|
|
|
|
String and Array Utilities
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|
|
|
* Representation of Strings:: Introduction to basic concepts.
|
|
* String/Array Conventions:: Whether to use a string function or an
|
|
arbitrary array function.
|
|
* String Length:: Determining the length of a string.
|
|
* Copying and Concatenation:: Functions to copy the contents of strings
|
|
and arrays.
|
|
* String/Array Comparison:: Functions for byte-wise and character-wise
|
|
comparison.
|
|
* Collation Functions:: Functions for collating strings.
|
|
* Search Functions:: Searching for a specific element or substring.
|
|
* Finding Tokens in a String:: Splitting a string into tokens by looking
|
|
for delimiters.
|
|
|
|
Extended Characters
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|
|
|
* Extended Char Intro:: Multibyte codes versus wide characters.
|
|
* Locales and Extended Chars:: The locale selects the character codes.
|
|
* Multibyte Char Intro:: How multibyte codes are represented.
|
|
* Wide Char Intro:: How wide characters are represented.
|
|
* Wide String Conversion:: Converting wide strings to multibyte code
|
|
and vice versa.
|
|
* Length of Char:: how many bytes make up one multibyte char.
|
|
* Converting One Char:: Converting a string character by character.
|
|
* Example of Conversion:: Example showing why converting
|
|
one character at a time may be useful.
|
|
* Shift State:: Multibyte codes with "shift characters".
|
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|
|
Locales and Internationalization
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|
|
* Effects of Locale:: Actions affected by the choice of locale.
|
|
* Choosing Locale:: How the user specifies a locale.
|
|
* Locale Categories:: Different purposes for which
|
|
you can select a locale.
|
|
* Setting the Locale:: How a program specifies the locale.
|
|
* Standard Locales:: Locale names available on all systems.
|
|
* Numeric Formatting:: How to format numbers for the chosen locale.
|
|
|
|
Message Translation
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|
|
|
* Message catalogs a la X/Open:: The @code{catgets} family of functions.
|
|
* The Uniforum approach:: The @code{gettext} family of functions.
|
|
|
|
Searching and Sorting
|
|
|
|
* Comparison Functions:: Defining how to compare two objects.
|
|
Since the sort and search facilities are
|
|
general, you have to specify the ordering.
|
|
* Array Search Function:: The @code{bsearch} function.
|
|
* Array Sort Function:: The @code{qsort} function.
|
|
* Search/Sort Example:: An example program.
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|
|
|
Pattern Matching
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|
|
* Wildcard Matching:: Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string.
|
|
* Globbing:: Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern.
|
|
* Regular Expressions:: Matching regular expressions against strings.
|
|
* Word Expansion:: Expanding shell variables, nested commands,
|
|
arithmetic, and wildcards.
|
|
This is what the shell does with shell commands.
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|
|
|
I/O Overview
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|
|
|
* I/O Concepts:: Some basic information and terminology.
|
|
* File Names:: How to refer to a file.
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I/O Concepts
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|
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* Streams and File Descriptors:: The GNU Library provides two ways
|
|
to access the contents of files.
|
|
* File Position:: The number of bytes from the
|
|
beginning of the file.
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|
|
|
File Names
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|
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|
* Directories:: Directories contain entries for files.
|
|
* File Name Resolution:: A file name specifies how to look up a file.
|
|
* File Name Errors:: Error conditions relating to file names.
|
|
* File Name Portability:: File name portability and syntax issues.
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|
I/O on Streams
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|
* Streams:: About the data type representing a stream.
|
|
* Standard Streams:: Streams to the standard input and output
|
|
devices are created for you.
|
|
* Opening Streams:: How to create a stream to talk to a file.
|
|
* Closing Streams:: Close a stream when you are finished with it.
|
|
* Simple Output:: Unformatted output by characters and lines.
|
|
* Character Input:: Unformatted input by characters and words.
|
|
* Line Input:: Reading a line or a record from a stream.
|
|
* Unreading:: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read.
|
|
* Formatted Output:: @code{printf} and related functions.
|
|
* Customizing Printf:: You can define new conversion specifiers for
|
|
@code{printf} and friends.
|
|
* Formatted Input:: @code{scanf} and related functions.
|
|
* Block Input/Output:: Input and output operations on blocks of data.
|
|
* EOF and Errors:: How you can tell if an I/O error happens.
|
|
* Binary Streams:: Some systems distinguish between text files
|
|
and binary files.
|
|
* File Positioning:: About random-access streams.
|
|
* Portable Positioning:: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems.
|
|
* Stream Buffering:: How to control buffering of streams.
|
|
* Temporary Files:: How to open a temporary file.
|
|
* Other Kinds of Streams:: Other Kinds of Streams
|
|
|
|
Unreading
|
|
|
|
* Unreading Idea:: An explanation of unreading with pictures.
|
|
* How Unread:: How to call @code{ungetc} to do unreading.
|
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|
|
Formatted Output
|
|
|
|
* Formatted Output Basics:: Some examples to get you started.
|
|
* Output Conversion Syntax:: General syntax of conversion specifications.
|
|
* Table of Output Conversions:: Summary of output conversions, what they do.
|
|
* Integer Conversions:: Details of formatting integers.
|
|
* Floating-Point Conversions:: Details of formatting floating-point numbers.
|
|
* Other Output Conversions:: Details about formatting of strings,
|
|
characters, pointers, and the like.
|
|
* Formatted Output Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions.
|
|
* Variable Arguments Output:: @code{vprintf} and friends.
|
|
* Parsing a Template String:: What kinds of arguments does
|
|
a given template call for?
|
|
|
|
Customizing Printf
|
|
|
|
* Registering New Conversions::
|
|
* Conversion Specifier Options::
|
|
* Defining the Output Handler::
|
|
* Printf Extension Example::
|
|
|
|
Formatted Input
|
|
|
|
* Formatted Input Basics:: Some basics to get you started.
|
|
* Input Conversion Syntax:: Syntax of conversion specifications.
|
|
* Table of Input Conversions:: Summary of input conversions and what they do.
|
|
* Numeric Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading numbers.
|
|
* String Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading strings.
|
|
* Other Input Conversions:: Details of miscellaneous other conversions.
|
|
* Formatted Input Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions.
|
|
* Variable Arguments Input:: @code{vscanf} and friends.
|
|
|
|
Stream Buffering
|
|
|
|
* Buffering Concepts:: Terminology is defined here.
|
|
* Flushing Buffers:: How to ensure that output buffers are flushed.
|
|
* Controlling Buffering:: How to specify what kind of buffering to use.
|
|
|
|
Other Kinds of Streams
|
|
|
|
* String Streams::
|
|
* Custom Streams::
|
|
|
|
Programming Your Own Custom Streams
|
|
|
|
* Streams and Cookies::
|
|
* Hook Functions::
|
|
|
|
Low-Level I/O
|
|
|
|
* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file descriptors.
|
|
* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data.
|
|
* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file position.
|
|
* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream or vice-versa.
|
|
* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both
|
|
descriptors and streams.
|
|
* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output
|
|
on multiple file descriptors.
|
|
* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file descriptors.
|
|
* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating descriptors.
|
|
* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating flags
|
|
associated with file descriptors.
|
|
* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating flags
|
|
associated with open files.
|
|
* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing file locking.
|
|
* Interrupt Input:: Getting a signal when input arrives.
|
|
|
|
File System Interface
|
|
|
|
* Working Directory:: This is used to resolve relative file names.
|
|
* Accessing Directories:: Finding out what files a directory contains.
|
|
* Hard Links:: Adding alternate names to a file.
|
|
* Symbolic Links:: A file that ``points to'' a file name.
|
|
* Deleting Files:: How to delete a file, and what that means.
|
|
* Renaming Files:: Changing a file's name.
|
|
* Creating Directories:: A system call just for creating a directory.
|
|
* File Attributes:: Attributes of individual files.
|
|
* Making Special Files:: How to create special files.
|
|
|
|
Accessing Directories
|
|
|
|
* Directory Entries:: Format of one directory entry.
|
|
* Opening a Directory:: How to open a directory stream.
|
|
* Reading/Closing Directory:: How to read directory entries from the stream.
|
|
* Simple Directory Lister:: A very simple directory listing program.
|
|
* Random Access Directory:: Rereading part of the directory
|
|
already read with the same stream.
|
|
|
|
File Attributes
|
|
|
|
* Attribute Meanings:: The names of the file attributes,
|
|
and what their values mean.
|
|
* Reading Attributes:: How to read the attributes of a file.
|
|
* Testing File Type:: Distinguishing ordinary files,
|
|
directories, links...
|
|
* File Owner:: How ownership for new files is determined,
|
|
and how to change it.
|
|
* Permission Bits:: How information about a file's access mode
|
|
is stored.
|
|
* Access Permission:: How the system decides who can access a file.
|
|
* Setting Permissions:: How permissions for new files are assigned,
|
|
and how to change them.
|
|
* Testing File Access:: How to find out if your process can
|
|
access a file.
|
|
* File Times:: About the time attributes of a file.
|
|
|
|
Pipes and FIFOs
|
|
|
|
* Creating a Pipe:: Making a pipe with the @code{pipe} function.
|
|
* Pipe to a Subprocess:: Using a pipe to communicate with a child.
|
|
* FIFO Special Files:: Making a FIFO special file.
|
|
|
|
Sockets
|
|
|
|
* Socket Concepts:: Basic concepts you need to know about.
|
|
* Communication Styles:: Stream communication, datagrams, and others.
|
|
* Socket Addresses:: How socket names (``addresses'') work.
|
|
* File Namespace:: Details about the file namespace.
|
|
* Internet Namespace:: Details about the Internet namespace.
|
|
* Open/Close Sockets:: Creating sockets and destroying them.
|
|
* Connections:: Operations on sockets with connection state.
|
|
* Datagrams:: Operations on datagram sockets.
|
|
* Socket Options:: Miscellaneous low-level socket options.
|
|
* Networks Database:: Accessing the database of network names.
|
|
|
|
Socket Addresses
|
|
|
|
* Address Formats:: About @code{struct sockaddr}.
|
|
* Setting Address:: Binding an address to a socket.
|
|
* Reading Address:: Reading the address of a socket.
|
|
|
|
Internet Domain
|
|
|
|
* Internet Address Formats:: How socket addresses are specified in the
|
|
Internet namespace.
|
|
* Host Addresses:: All about host addresses of Internet hosts.
|
|
* Protocols Database:: Referring to protocols by name.
|
|
* Services Database:: Ports may have symbolic names.
|
|
* Byte Order:: Different hosts may use different byte
|
|
ordering conventions; you need to
|
|
canonicalize host address and port number.
|
|
* Inet Example:: Putting it all together.
|
|
|
|
Host Addresses
|
|
|
|
* Abstract Host Addresses:: What a host number consists of.
|
|
* Data type: Host Address Data Type. Data type for a host number.
|
|
* Functions: Host Address Functions. Functions to operate on them.
|
|
* Names: Host Names. Translating host names to host numbers.
|
|
|
|
Open/Close Sockets
|
|
|
|
* Creating a Socket:: How to open a socket.
|
|
* Closing a Socket:: How to close a socket.
|
|
* Socket Pairs:: These are created like pipes.
|
|
|
|
Connections
|
|
|
|
* Connecting:: What the client program must do.
|
|
* Listening:: How a server program waits for requests.
|
|
* Accepting Connections:: What the server does when it gets a request.
|
|
* Who is Connected:: Getting the address of the
|
|
other side of a connection.
|
|
* Transferring Data:: How to send and receive data.
|
|
* Byte Stream Example:: An example client for communicating over a
|
|
byte stream socket in the Internet namespace.
|
|
* Server Example:: A corresponding server program.
|
|
* Out-of-Band Data:: This is an advanced feature.
|
|
|
|
Transferring Data
|
|
|
|
* Sending Data:: Sending data with @code{write}.
|
|
* Receiving Data:: Reading data with @code{read}.
|
|
* Socket Data Options:: Using @code{send} and @code{recv}.
|
|
|
|
Datagrams
|
|
|
|
* Sending Datagrams:: Sending packets on a datagram socket.
|
|
* Receiving Datagrams:: Receiving packets on a datagram socket.
|
|
* Datagram Example:: An example program: packets sent over a
|
|
datagram stream in the file namespace.
|
|
* Example Receiver:: Another program, that receives those packets.
|
|
|
|
Socket Options
|
|
|
|
* Socket Option Functions:: The basic functions for setting and getting
|
|
socket options.
|
|
* Socket-Level Options:: Details of the options at the socket level.
|
|
|
|
Low-Level Terminal Interface
|
|
|
|
* Is It a Terminal:: How to determine if a file is a terminal
|
|
device, and what its name is.
|
|
* I/O Queues:: About flow control and typeahead.
|
|
* Canonical or Not:: Two basic styles of input processing.
|
|
* Terminal Modes:: How to examine and modify flags controlling
|
|
terminal I/O: echoing, signals, editing.
|
|
* Line Control:: Sending break sequences, clearing buffers...
|
|
* Noncanon Example:: How to read single characters without echo.
|
|
|
|
Terminal Modes
|
|
|
|
* Mode Data Types:: The data type @code{struct termios} and related types.
|
|
* Mode Functions:: Functions to read and set terminal attributes.
|
|
* Setting Modes:: The right way to set attributes reliably.
|
|
* Input Modes:: Flags controlling low-level input handling.
|
|
* Output Modes:: Flags controlling low-level output handling.
|
|
* Control Modes:: Flags controlling serial port behavior.
|
|
* Local Modes:: Flags controlling high-level input handling.
|
|
* Line Speed:: How to read and set the terminal line speed.
|
|
* Special Characters:: Characters that have special effects,
|
|
and how to change them.
|
|
* Noncanonical Input:: Controlling how long to wait for input.
|
|
|
|
Special Characters
|
|
|
|
* Editing Characters::
|
|
* Signal Characters::
|
|
* Start/Stop Characters::
|
|
|
|
Mathematics
|
|
|
|
* Domain and Range Errors:: How overflow conditions and the
|
|
like are reported.
|
|
* Not a Number:: Making NANs and testing for NANs.
|
|
* Trig Functions:: Sine, cosine, and tangent.
|
|
* Inverse Trig Functions:: Arc sine, arc cosine, and arc tangent.
|
|
* Exponents and Logarithms:: Also includes square root.
|
|
* Hyperbolic Functions:: Hyperbolic sine and friends.
|
|
* Pseudo-Random Numbers:: Functions for generating pseudo-random numbers.
|
|
* Absolute Value:: Absolute value functions.
|
|
|
|
Pseudo-Random Numbers
|
|
|
|
* ISO Random:: @code{rand} and friends.
|
|
* BSD Random:: @code{random} and friends.
|
|
|
|
Low-Level Arithmetic Functions
|
|
|
|
* Normalization Functions:: Hacks for radix-2 representations.
|
|
* Rounding and Remainders:: Determining the integer and
|
|
fractional parts of a float.
|
|
* Integer Division:: Functions for performing integer division.
|
|
* Parsing of Numbers:: Functions for ``reading'' numbers from strings.
|
|
* Predicates on Floats:: Some miscellaneous test functions.
|
|
|
|
Parsing of Numbers
|
|
|
|
* Parsing of Integers:: Functions for conversion of integer values.
|
|
* Parsing of Floats:: Functions for conversion of floating-point.
|
|
|
|
Date and Time
|
|
|
|
* Processor Time:: Measures processor time used by a program.
|
|
* Calendar Time:: Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times.
|
|
* Setting an Alarm:: Sending a signal after a specified time.
|
|
* Sleeping:: Waiting for a period of time.
|
|
|
|
Processor Time
|
|
|
|
* Basic CPU Time:: The @code{clock} function.
|
|
* Detailed CPU Time:: The @code{times} function.
|
|
|
|
Calendar Time
|
|
|
|
* Simple Calendar Time:: Facilities for manipulating calendar time.
|
|
* High-Resolution Calendar:: A time representation with greater precision.
|
|
* Broken-down Time:: Facilities for manipulating local time.
|
|
* Formatting Date and Time:: Converting times to strings.
|
|
* TZ Variable:: How users specify the time zone.
|
|
* Time Zone Functions:: Functions to examine or specify the time zone.
|
|
* Time Functions Example:: An example program showing use of some of
|
|
the time functions.
|
|
|
|
Signal Handling
|
|
|
|
* Concepts of Signals:: Introduction to the signal facilities.
|
|
* Standard Signals:: Particular kinds of signals with standard
|
|
names and meanings.
|
|
* Signal Actions:: Specifying what happens when a particular
|
|
signal is delivered.
|
|
* Defining Handlers:: How to write a signal handler function.
|
|
* Generating Signals:: How to send a signal to a process.
|
|
* Blocking Signals:: Making the system hold signals temporarily.
|
|
* Waiting for a Signal:: Suspending your program until a signal arrives.
|
|
* Signal Stack:: Using a Separate Signal Stack
|
|
* BSD Signal Handling:: Additional functions for backward
|
|
compatibility with BSD.
|
|
|
|
Basic Concepts of Signals
|
|
|
|
* Kinds of Signals:: Some examples of what can cause a signal.
|
|
* Signal Generation:: Concepts of why and how signals occur.
|
|
* Delivery of Signal:: Concepts of what a signal does to the process.
|
|
|
|
Standard Signals
|
|
|
|
* Program Error Signals:: Used to report serious program errors.
|
|
* Termination Signals:: Used to interrupt and/or terminate the program.
|
|
* Alarm Signals:: Used to indicate expiration of timers.
|
|
* Asynchronous I/O Signals:: Used to indicate input is available.
|
|
* Job Control Signals:: Signals used to support job control.
|
|
* Operation Error Signals:: Used to report operational system errors.
|
|
* Miscellaneous Signals:: Miscellaneous Signals.
|
|
* Signal Messages:: Printing a message describing a signal.
|
|
|
|
Specifying Signal Actions
|
|
|
|
* Basic Signal Handling:: The simple @code{signal} function.
|
|
* Advanced Signal Handling:: The more powerful @code{sigaction} function.
|
|
* Signal and Sigaction:: How those two functions interact.
|
|
* Sigaction Function Example:: An example of using the sigaction function.
|
|
* Flags for Sigaction:: Specifying options for signal handling.
|
|
* Initial Signal Actions:: How programs inherit signal actions.
|
|
|
|
Defining Signal Handlers
|
|
|
|
* Handler Returns::
|
|
* Termination in Handler::
|
|
* Longjmp in Handler::
|
|
* Signals in Handler::
|
|
* Nonreentrancy::
|
|
* Atomic Data Access::
|
|
|
|
Generating Signals
|
|
|
|
* Signaling Yourself:: Signaling Yourself
|
|
* Signaling Another Process:: Send a signal to another process.
|
|
* Permission for kill:: Permission for using @code{kill}
|
|
* Kill Example:: Using @code{kill} for Communication
|
|
|
|
Blocking Signals
|
|
|
|
* Why Block:: The purpose of blocking signals.
|
|
* Signal Sets:: How to specify which signals to block.
|
|
* Process Signal Mask:: Blocking delivery of signals to your
|
|
process during normal execution.
|
|
* Testing for Delivery:: Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal
|
|
* Blocking for Handler:: Blocking additional signals while a
|
|
handler is being run.
|
|
* Checking for Pending Signals::Checking for Pending Signals
|
|
* Remembering a Signal:: How you can get almost the same effect
|
|
as blocking a signal, by handling it
|
|
and setting a flag to be tested later.
|
|
|
|
Waiting for a Signal
|
|
|
|
* Using Pause:: The simple way, using @code{pause}.
|
|
* Pause Problems:: Why the simple way is often not very good.
|
|
* Sigsuspend:: Reliably waiting for a specific signal.
|
|
|
|
BSD Signal Handling
|
|
|
|
* BSD Handler:: BSD Function to Establish a Handler.
|
|
* Blocking in BSD:: BSD Functions for Blocking Signals
|
|
|
|
Process Startup and Termination
|
|
|
|
* Program Arguments:: Parsing your program's command-line arguments.
|
|
* Environment Variables:: How to access parameters inherited from
|
|
a parent process.
|
|
* Program Termination:: How to cause a process to terminate and
|
|
return status information to its parent.
|
|
|
|
Program Arguments
|
|
|
|
* Argument Syntax:: By convention, options start with a hyphen.
|
|
* Parsing Program Arguments:: Ways to parse program options and arguments.
|
|
|
|
Parsing Program Arguments
|
|
|
|
* Getopt:: Parsing program options using @code{getopt}.
|
|
* Argp:: Parsing program options using @code{argp_parse}.
|
|
* Suboptions:: Some programs need more detailed options.
|
|
* Suboptions Example:: This shows how it could be done for @code{mount}.
|
|
|
|
Environment Variables
|
|
|
|
* Environment Access:: How to get and set the values of
|
|
environment variables.
|
|
* Standard Environment:: These environment variables have
|
|
standard interpretations.
|
|
|
|
Program Termination
|
|
|
|
* Normal Termination:: If a program calls @code{exit}, a
|
|
process terminates normally.
|
|
* Exit Status:: The @code{exit status} provides information
|
|
about why the process terminated.
|
|
* Cleanups on Exit:: A process can run its own cleanup
|
|
functions upon normal termination.
|
|
* Aborting a Program:: The @code{abort} function causes
|
|
abnormal program termination.
|
|
* Termination Internals:: What happens when a process terminates.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Child Processes
|
|
|
|
* Running a Command:: The easy way to run another program.
|
|
* Process Creation Concepts:: An overview of the hard way to do it.
|
|
* Process Identification:: How to get the process ID of a process.
|
|
* Creating a Process:: How to fork a child process.
|
|
* Executing a File:: How to make a child execute another program.
|
|
* Process Completion:: How to tell when a child process has completed.
|
|
* Process Completion Status:: How to interpret the status value
|
|
returned from a child process.
|
|
* BSD Wait Functions:: More functions, for backward compatibility.
|
|
* Process Creation Example:: A complete example program.
|
|
|
|
Job Control
|
|
|
|
* Concepts of Job Control :: Concepts of Job Control
|
|
* Job Control is Optional:: Not all POSIX systems support job control.
|
|
* Controlling Terminal:: How a process gets its controlling terminal.
|
|
* Access to the Terminal:: How processes share the controlling terminal.
|
|
* Orphaned Process Groups:: Jobs left after the user logs out.
|
|
* Implementing a Shell:: What a shell must do to implement job control.
|
|
* Functions for Job Control:: Functions to control process groups.
|
|
|
|
Implementing a Job Control Shell
|
|
|
|
* Data Structures:: Introduction to the sample shell.
|
|
* Initializing the Shell:: What the shell must do to take
|
|
responsibility for job control.
|
|
* Launching Jobs:: Creating jobs to execute commands.
|
|
* Foreground and Background:: Putting a job in foreground of background.
|
|
* Stopped and Terminated Jobs:: Reporting job status.
|
|
* Continuing Stopped Jobs:: How to continue a stopped job in
|
|
the foreground or background.
|
|
* Missing Pieces:: Other parts of the shell.
|
|
|
|
Functions for Job Control
|
|
|
|
* Identifying the Terminal:: Determining the controlling terminal's name.
|
|
* Process Group Functions:: Functions for manipulating process groups.
|
|
* Terminal Access Functions:: Functions for controlling terminal access.
|
|
|
|
Name Service Switch
|
|
|
|
* NSS Basics:: What is this NSS good for.
|
|
* NSS Configuration File:: Configuring NSS.
|
|
* NSS Module Internals:: How does it work internally.
|
|
* Extending NSS:: What to do to add services or databases.
|
|
|
|
Users and Groups
|
|
|
|
* User and Group IDs:: Each user and group has a unique numeric ID.
|
|
* Process Persona:: The user IDs and group IDs of a process.
|
|
* Why Change Persona:: Why a program might need to change
|
|
its user and/or group IDs.
|
|
* How Change Persona:: Restrictions on changing user and group IDs.
|
|
* Reading Persona:: Examining the process's user and group IDs.
|
|
* Setting User ID::
|
|
* Setting Groups::
|
|
* Enable/Disable Setuid::
|
|
* Setuid Program Example:: Setuid Program Example
|
|
* Tips for Setuid::
|
|
* Who Logged In:: Getting the name of the user who logged in,
|
|
or of the real user ID of the current process.
|
|
|
|
* User Database:: Functions and data structures for
|
|
accessing the user database.
|
|
* Group Database:: Functions and data structures for
|
|
accessing the group database.
|
|
* Database Example:: Example program showing use of database
|
|
inquiry functions.
|
|
|
|
User Database
|
|
|
|
* User Data Structure::
|
|
* Lookup User::
|
|
* Scanning All Users:: Scanning the List of All Users
|
|
* Writing a User Entry::
|
|
|
|
Group Database
|
|
|
|
* Group Data Structure::
|
|
* Lookup Group::
|
|
* Scanning All Groups:: Scanning the List of All Groups
|
|
|
|
System Information
|
|
|
|
* Host Identification:: Determining the name of the machine.
|
|
* Hardware/Software Type ID:: Determining the hardware type and
|
|
operating system type.
|
|
|
|
System Configuration Limits
|
|
|
|
* General Limits:: Constants and functions that describe
|
|
various process-related limits that have
|
|
one uniform value for any given machine.
|
|
* System Options:: Optional POSIX features.
|
|
* Version Supported:: Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2.
|
|
* Sysconf:: Getting specific configuration values
|
|
of general limits and system options.
|
|
* Minimums:: Minimum values for general limits.
|
|
|
|
* Limits for Files:: Size limitations on individual files.
|
|
These can vary between file systems
|
|
or even from file to file.
|
|
* Options for Files:: Optional features that some files may support.
|
|
* File Minimums:: Minimum values for file limits.
|
|
* Pathconf:: Getting the limit values for a particular file.
|
|
|
|
* Utility Limits:: Capacity limits of POSIX.2 utility programs.
|
|
* Utility Minimums:: Minimum allowable values of those limits.
|
|
|
|
* String Parameters:: Getting the default search path.
|
|
|
|
Library Facilities that are Part of the C Language
|
|
|
|
* Consistency Checking:: Using @code{assert} to abort
|
|
if something ``impossible'' happens.
|
|
* Variadic Functions:: Defining functions with varying
|
|
numbers of arguments.
|
|
* Null Pointer Constant:: The macro @code{NULL}.
|
|
* Important Data Types:: Data types for object sizes.
|
|
* Data Type Measurements:: Parameters of data type representations.
|
|
|
|
Variadic Functions
|
|
|
|
* Why Variadic:: Reasons for making functions take
|
|
variable arguments.
|
|
* How Variadic:: How to define and call variadic functions.
|
|
* Argument Macros:: Detailed specification of the macros
|
|
for accessing variable arguments.
|
|
* Variadic Example:: A complete example.
|
|
|
|
How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used
|
|
|
|
* Variadic Prototypes:: How to make a prototype for a function
|
|
with variable arguments.
|
|
* Receiving Arguments:: Steps you must follow to access the
|
|
optional argument values.
|
|
* How Many Arguments:: How to decide whether there are more arguments.
|
|
* Calling Variadics:: Things you need to know about calling
|
|
variable arguments functions.
|
|
|
|
Data Type Measurements
|
|
|
|
* Width of Type:: How many bits does an integer type hold?
|
|
* Range of Type:: What are the largest and smallest values
|
|
that an integer type can hold?
|
|
* Floating Type Macros:: Parameters that measure floating-point types.
|
|
* Structure Measurement:: Getting measurements on structure types.
|
|
|
|
Floating Type Macros
|
|
|
|
* Floating Point Concepts:: Definitions of terminology.
|
|
* Floating Point Parameters:: Dimensions, limits of floating point types.
|
|
* IEEE Floating Point:: How one common representation is described.
|
|
|
|
Library Maintenance
|
|
|
|
* Installation:: How to configure, compile and install
|
|
the GNU C library.
|
|
* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs (if you want to
|
|
get them fixed) and other troubles
|
|
you may have with the GNU C library.
|
|
@c * Traditional C Compatibility:: Using the GNU C library with non-ANSI
|
|
@c C compilers.
|
|
|
|
Porting the GNU C Library
|
|
|
|
* Hierarchy Conventions:: How the @file{sysdeps} hierarchy is
|
|
layed out.
|
|
* Porting to Unix:: Porting the library to an average
|
|
Unix-like system.
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
|
|
@comment Includes of all the individual chapters.
|
|
@include intro.texi
|
|
@include errno.texi
|
|
@include memory.texi
|
|
@include ctype.texi
|
|
@include string.texi
|
|
@include mbyte.texi
|
|
@include locale.texi
|
|
@include message.texi
|
|
@include search.texi
|
|
@include pattern.texi
|
|
@include io.texi
|
|
@include stdio.texi
|
|
@include llio.texi
|
|
@include filesys.texi
|
|
@include pipe.texi
|
|
@include socket.texi
|
|
@include terminal.texi
|
|
@include math.texi
|
|
@include arith.texi
|
|
@include time.texi
|
|
@include setjmp.texi
|
|
@include signal.texi
|
|
@include startup.texi
|
|
@include process.texi
|
|
@include job.texi
|
|
@include nss.texi
|
|
@include users.texi
|
|
@include sysinfo.texi
|
|
@include conf.texi
|
|
|
|
@comment Includes of the appendices.
|
|
@include lang.texi
|
|
@include header.texi
|
|
@include install.texi
|
|
@include maint.texi
|
|
@include contrib.texi
|
|
|
|
|
|
@set lgpl-appendix
|
|
@node Copying, Concept Index, Contributors, Top
|
|
@include lgpl.texinfo
|
|
|
|
|
|
@node Concept Index, Type Index, Copying, Top
|
|
@unnumbered Concept Index
|
|
|
|
@printindex cp
|
|
|
|
@node Type Index, Function Index, Concept Index, Top
|
|
@unnumbered Type Index
|
|
|
|
@printindex tp
|
|
|
|
@node Function Index, Variable Index, Type Index, Top
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@unnumbered Function and Macro Index
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@printindex fn
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@node Variable Index, File Index, Function Index, Top
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@unnumbered Variable and Constant Macro Index
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@printindex vr
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@node File Index, , Variable Index, Top
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@unnumbered Program and File Index
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@printindex pg
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@shortcontents
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@contents
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@bye
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