GTK Coding Style ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This document is intended to be a short description of the preferred coding style to be used for the GTK source code. It was strongly inspired by Clutter's `CODING_STYLE`. Coding style is a matter of consistency, readability and maintainance; coding style is also completely arbitrary and a matter of taste. This document will use examples at the very least to provide authoritative and consistent answers to common questions regarding the coding style, and will also try to identify the allowed exceptions. The examples will show the preferred coding style; the negative examples will be clearly identified. Please, don't submit code to GTK that looks like any of these. Part of the rationales for these coding style rules are available either in the kernel CodingStyle document or in Cairo's `CODING_STYLE` one. When in doubt, check the surrounding code and try to imitate it. ### Line width The maximum line width for source files is 80 characters, whenever possible. Longer lines are usually an indication that you either need a function or a pre-processor macro. ### Indentation Each new level is indented 2 or more spaces than the previous level: ```c if (condition) single_statement (); ``` This can only be achieved using space characters. It may not be achieved using tab characters alone, or using a combination of spaces and tabs. Do not change the editor's configuration to change the meaning of a tab character (see below); code using tabs to indent will not be accepted into GTK. Even if two spaces for each indentation level allows deeper nesting than 8 spaces, GTK favours self-documenting function names that can take quite some space. For this reason you should avoid deeply nested code. ### Tab characters The tab character must always be expanded to spaces. If a literal tab must be used inside the source, the tab must always be interpreted according to its traditional meaning: ``` Advance to the next column which is a multiple of 8. [ these two lines should be aligned ] ``` ### Braces Curly braces should not be used for single statement blocks: ```c if (condition) single_statement (); else another_single_statement (arg1); ``` In case of multiple statements, curly braces should be put on another indentation level: ```c if (condition) { statement_1 (); statement_2 (); statement_3 (); } ``` The "no block for single statements" rule has only four exceptions: 1. if the single statement covers multiple lines, e.g. for functions with many arguments, and it is followed by else or else if: ```c /* valid */ if (condition) { a_single_statement_with_many_arguments (some_lengthy_argument, another_lengthy_argument, and_another_one, plus_one); } else another_single_statement (arg1, arg2); ``` 2. if the condition is composed of many lines: ```c /* valid */ if (condition1 || (condition2 && condition3) || condition4 || (condition5 && (condition6 || condition7))) { a_single_statement (); } ``` 3. Nested if's, in which case the block should be placed on the outermost if: ```c /* valid */ if (condition) { if (another_condition) single_statement (); else another_single_statement (); } /* invalid */ if (condition) if (another_condition) single_statement (); else if (yet_another_condition) another_single_statement (); ``` 4. If either side of an if-else statement has braces, both sides should, to match up indentation: ```c /* valid */ if (condition) { foo (); bar (); } else { baz (); } /* invalid */ if (condition) { foo (); bar (); } else baz (); ``` In general, new blocks should be placed on a new indentation level, like: ```c int retval = 0; statement_1 (); statement_2 (); { int var1 = 42; gboolean res = FALSE; res = statement_3 (var1); retval = res ? -1 : 1; } ``` While curly braces for function definitions should rest on a new line they should not add an indentation level: ```c /* valid */ static void my_function (int argument) { do_my_things (); } /* invalid */ static void my_function (int argument) { do_my_things (); } /* invalid */ static void my_function (int argument) { do_my_things (); } ``` Curly braces must not be placed on the same line as a condition: ```c /* invalid */ if (condition) { statement_1 (); statement_2 (); } ``` ### Conditions Do not check boolean values for equality: ```c /* invalid */ if (condition == TRUE) do_foo (); /* valid */ if (another_condition) do_bar (); ``` Even if C handles NULL equality like a boolean, be explicit: ```c /* valid */ if (some_pointer == NULL) do_blah (); /* invalid */ if (some_other_pointer) do_blurp (); ``` In case of conditions split over multiple lines, the logical operators should always go at the end of the line: ```c /* invalid */ if (condition1 || condition2 || condition3) { do_foo (); } /* valid */ if (condition1 && condition2 && (condition3 || (condition4 && condition5))) { do_blah (); } ``` ### Functions Functions should be declared by placing the returned value on a separate line from the function name: ```c void my_function (void) { } ``` The arguments list must be broken into a new line for each argument, with the argument names right aligned, taking into account pointers: ```c void my_function (some_type_t type, another_type_t *a_pointer, final_type_t another_type) { } ``` The alignment also holds when invoking a function without breaking the 80 characters limit: ```c align_function_arguments (first_argument, second_argument, third_argument); ``` To respect the 80 characters limit do not break the function name from the arguments: ```c /* invalid */ a_very_long_function_name_with_long_parameters (argument_the_first, argument_the_second); /* valid */ first_a = argument_the_first; second_a = argument_the_second; a_very_long_function_name_with_long_parameters (first_a, second_a); ``` ### Whitespace Always put a space before a parenthesis but never after: ```c /* valid */ if (condition) do_my_things (); /* valid */ switch (condition) { } /* invalid */ if(condition) do_my_things(); /* invalid */ if ( condition ) do_my_things ( ); ``` A `switch()` should open a block on a new indentation level, and each case should start on the same indentation level as the curly braces, with the case block on a new indentation level: ```c /* valid */ switch (condition) { case FOO: do_foo (); break; case BAR: do_bar (); break; } /* invalid */ switch (condition) { case FOO: do_foo (); break; case BAR: do_bar (); break; } /* invalid */ switch (condition) { case FOO: do_foo (); break; case BAR: do_bar (); break; } /* invalid */ switch (condition) { case FOO: do_foo (); break; case BAR: do_bar (); break; } ``` It is preferable, though not mandatory, to separate the various cases with a newline: ```c switch (condition) { case FOO: do_foo (); break; case BAR: do_bar (); break; default: do_default (); } ``` The `break` statement for the `default:` case is not mandatory. If a case block needs to declare new variables, the same rules as the inner blocks (see above) apply; the break statement should be placed outside of the inner block: ```c switch (condition) { case FOO: { int foo; foo = do_foo (); } break; ... } ``` When declaring a structure type use newlines to separate logical sections of the structure: ```c struct _GtkWrapBoxPrivate { GtkOrientation orientation; GtkWrapAllocationMode mode; GtkWrapBoxSpreading horizontal_spreading; GtkWrapBoxSpreading vertical_spreading; guint16 vertical_spacing; guint16 horizontal_spacing; guint16 minimum_line_children; guint16 natural_line_children; GList *children; }; ``` Do not eliminate whitespace and newlines just because something would fit on 80 characters: ```c /* invalid */ if (condition) foo (); else bar (); ``` Do eliminate trailing whitespace on any line, preferably as a separate patch or commit. Never use empty lines at the beginning or at the end of a file. Do enable the default git pre-commit hook that detect trailing whitespace for you and help you to avoid corrupting GTK's tree with it. Do that as follows: ``` chmod a+x .git/hooks/pre-commit ``` You might also find the git-stripspace utility helpful which acts as a filter to remove trailing whitespace as well as initial, final, and duplicate blank lines. ### Headers Headers are special, for GTK, in that they don't have to obey the 80 characters limit. The only major rule for headers is that the function definitions should be vertically aligned in three columns: ```c return value function_name (type argument, type argument, type argument); ``` The maximum width of each column is given by the longest element in the column: ```c void gtk_type_set_property (GtkType *type, const char *value, GError **error); const char *gtk_type_get_property (GtkType *type); ``` It is also possible to align the columns to the next tab: ```c void gtk_type_set_prop (GtkType *type, float value); float gtk_type_get_prop (GtkType *type); int gtk_type_update_foobar (GtkType *type); ``` Public headers should never be included directly: ```c #if !defined (__GTK_H_INSIDE__) && !defined (GTK_COMPILATION) #error "Only can be included directly." #endif ``` Private headers should include the public header first, if one exists: ```c #ifndef __GTK_FOO_PRIVATE_H__ #define __GTK_FOO_PRIVATE_H__ #include "gtkfoo.h" ... #endif /* __GTK_FOO_PRIVATE_H__ */ ``` All headers should have inclusion guards: ```c #ifndef __GTK_FOO_H__ #define __GTK_FOO_H__ ... #endif /* __GTK_FOO_H__ */ ``` You can also use the `once` pragma instead of the classic pre-processor guard: ```c #pragma once ``` Additionally, public headers should use C++ guards around their declarations: ```c G_BEGIN_DECLS GDK_AVAILABLE_IN_ALL GType gtk_foo_get_type (void) G_GNUC_CONST; GDK_AVAILABLE_IN_ALL GtkWidget * gtk_foo_new (void); ... G_END_DECLS ``` ### Includes GTK source files must never include the global gtk.h header; instead, it should include the individual headers that are needed. Every source file must include config.h first, followed by the header matching the source file, either the public installed header, or the private header, if it exists. ```c #include "config.h" #include "gtkfoo.h" ``` Source files should then include project headers, in alphabetical order, starting from headers in the current directory; then headers in sub-directories; and, finally, in paths relative to the top-level directory: ```c #include "config.h" #include "gtkfooprivate.h" #include "gtkbutton.h" #include "gtkwidget.h" #include "a11y/gtkwidgetaccessible.h" #include "gdk/gdkwindowprivate.h" ``` Finally, source files should include the system headers last: ```c #include "config.h" #include "gtkbarprivate.h" #include "gtkcontainerprivate.h" #include "a11y/gtkcontaineraccessible.h" #include "a11y/gtkwidgetaccessible.h" #include "gdk/gdkwindowprivate.h" #include #include ``` Cyclic dependencies should be avoided if at all possible; for instance, you could use additional headers to break cycles. ### GObject GObject classes definition and implementation require some additional coding style notices. Typedef declarations should be placed at the beginning of the file: ```c typedef struct _GtkFoo GtkFoo; typedef struct _GtkFooClass GtkFooClass; ``` This includes enumeration types: ```c typedef enum { GTK_SIZE_REQUEST_WIDTH_FOR_HEIGHT, GTK_SIZE_REQUEST_HEIGHT_FOR_WIDTH } GtkSizeRequestMode; ``` And callback types: ```c typedef void (* GtkCallback) (GtkWidget *widget, gpointer user_data); ``` Instance structures should only contain the parent type: ```c struct _GtkFoo { GtkWidget parent_instance; }; ``` You should use the `G_DECLARE_DERIVABLE_TYPE()` and `G_DECLARE_FINAL_TYPE()` macros in newly written headers. Inside your source file, always use the `G_DEFINE_TYPE()`, `G_DEFINE_TYPE_WITH_PRIVATE()`, and `G_DEFINE_TYPE_WITH_CODE()` macros, or their `abstract variants G_DEFINE_ABSTRACT_TYPE()`, `G_DEFINE_ABSTRACT_TYPE_WITH_PRIVATE()`, and `G_DEFINE_ABSTRACT_TYPE_WITH_CODE()`; also, use the similar macros for defining interfaces, quarks, and boxed types. All the properties should be stored inside the private data structure, which is defined inside the source file - or, if needed, inside a private header file; the private header filename must end with "private.h" and must not be installed. The private data structure should only be accessed internally either using the pointer inside the instance structure, for legacy code, or the generated instance private data getter function for your type. You should never use the `G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_PRIVATE()` macro or the `g_type_instance_get_private()` function. Interface types should always have the dummy typedef for cast purposes: ```c typedef struct _GtkFoo GtkFoo; ``` The interface structure should have "Interface" postfixed to the dummy typedef: ```c typedef struct _GtkFooInterface GtkFooInterface; ``` Interfaces must have the following macros: | Macro | Expands to | |------------------------------|---------------------------------| | `GTK_TYPE_` | `_get_type` | | `GTK_` | `G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST` | | `GTK_IS_` | `G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE` | | `GTK__GET_IFACE` | `G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_INTERFACE` | ### Memory allocation When dynamically allocating data on the heap either use `g_new()` or, if allocating multiple small data structures, `g_slice_new()`. Public structure types should always be returned after being zero-ed, either explicitly for each member, or by using `g_new0()` or `g_slice_new0()`. ### Macros Try to avoid private macros unless strictly necessary. Remember to #undef them at the end of a block or a series of functions needing them. Inline functions are usually preferable to private macros. Public macros should not be used unless they evaluate to a constant. ### Symbol visibility Any symbol that is not explicitly annotated using a `GDK_AVAILABLE_IN_*` macro is considered internal, and not exported in the shared library. Never export variables as public API, since this is cumbersome on some platforms. It is always preferable to add getters and setters instead. Non-exported functions that are needed in more than one source file should be declared in a private header file. Non-exported functions that are only needed in one source file should be declared static. ### Documentation All public APIs must have gtk-doc comments. For functions, these should be placed in the source file, directly above the function. ```c /* valid */ /** * gtk_get_flow: * @widget: a #GtkWidget * * Gets the flow of a widget. * * Note that flows may be laminar or turbulent... * * Returns: (transfer none): the flow of @widget */ GtkFlow * gtk_get_flow (GtkWidget *widget) { ... } ``` Doc comments for macros, function types, class structs, etc should be placed next to the definitions, typically in headers. Section introductions should be placed in the source file they describe, after the license header: ```c /* valid */ /** * SECTION:gtksizerequest * @Short_Description: Height-for-width geometry management * @Title: GtkSizeRequest * * The GtkSizeRequest interface is GTK's height-for-width (and * width-for-height) geometry management system. * ... */ ``` To properly document a new function, macro, function type or struct, it needs to be listed in the `sections.txt` file. To properly document a new class, it needs to be given its own section in the sections.txt, needs to be included in the `docs.xml` file, and the `get_type` function needs to listed in the `.types` file. For more information on the documentation style and contribution guidelines, please [follow the corresponding contribution guide](./reference/README.md). ### Old code New code that is being added to GTK should adhere to the style explained above. Existing GTK code does largely follow these conventions, but there are some differences, e.g. occurrences of tabs, etc. It is ok to update the style of a code block or function when you are touching it anyway, but sweeping whitespace changes obscure the source revision history, and should be avoided.