forked from AuroraMiddleware/gtk
238 lines
10 KiB
XML
238 lines
10 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
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<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.3//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.3/docbookx.dtd" [
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]>
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<chapter id="gtk-getting-started" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude">
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<title>Getting Started with GTK+</title>
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<para>This chapter is contains some tutorial information to get you
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started with GTK+ programming. It assumes that you have GTK+, its
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dependencies and a C compiler installed and ready to use. If you
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need to build GTK+ itself first, refer to the
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<link linkend="gtk-compiling">Compiling the GTK+ libraries</link>
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section in this reference.</para>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Basics</title>
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<para>To begin our introduction to GTK, we'll start with the simplest
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program possible. This program will create an empty 200x200 pixel
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window:</para>
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<para>
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<inlinegraphic fileref="window-default.png" format="PNG"></inlinegraphic>
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</para>
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<informalexample><programlisting>
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<xi:include href="../../../../examples/window-default.c" parse="text">
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<xi:fallback>FIXME: MISSING XINCLUDE CONTENT</xi:fallback>
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</xi:include>
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</programlisting></informalexample>
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<para>You can compile the program above with GCC using:</para>
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<para><literallayout>
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<literal>gcc `pkg-config --cflags gtk+-3.0` -o window-default window-default.c `pkg-config --libs gtk+-3.0`</literal>
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</literallayout></para>
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<note><para>For more information on how to compile a GTK+ application, please
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refer to the <link linkend="gtk-compiling">Compiling GTK+ Applications</link>
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section in this reference.</para></note>
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<para>All GTK+ applications will, of course, include
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<filename>gtk/gtk.h</filename>, which declares functions, types and
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macros required by GTK+ applications.</para>
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<warning><para>Even if GTK+ installs multiple header files, only the
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top-level <filename>gtk/gtk.h</filename> header can be directly included
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by third party code. The compiler will abort with an error if any other
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header is directly included.</para></warning>
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<para>We then proceed into the <function>main</function>() function of the
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application, and we declare a <varname>window</varname> variable as a pointer
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of type #GtkWidget.</para>
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<para>The following line will call gtk_init(), which
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is the initialization function for GTK+; this function will set up GTK+,
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the type system, the connection to the windowing environment, etc. The
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gtk_init() takes as arguments the pointers to the command line arguments
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counter and string array; this allows GTK+ to parse specific command line
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arguments that control the behavior of GTK+ itself. The parsed arguments
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will be removed from the array, leaving the unrecognized ones for your
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application to parse.</para>
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<note><para>For more information on which command line arguments GTK+
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recognizes, please refer to the <link linkend="gtk-running">Running GTK+
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Applications</link> section in this reference.</para></note>
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<para>The call to gtk_window_new() will create a new #GtkWindow and store
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it inside the <varname>window</varname> variable. The type of the window
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is %GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL, which means that the #GtkWindow will be managed
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by the windowing system: it will have a frame, a title bar and window
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controls, depending on the platform.</para>
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<para>In order to terminate the application when the #GtkWindow is
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destroyed, we connect the #GtkWidget::destroy signal to the gtk_main_quit()
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function. This function will terminate the GTK+ main loop started by calling
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gtk_main() later. The #GtkWidget::destroy signal is emitted when a widget is
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destroyed, either by explicitly calling gtk_widget_destroy() or when the
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widget is unparented. Top-level #GtkWindow<!-- -->s are also destroyed when
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the Close window control button is clicked.</para>
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<para>#GtkWidget<!-- -->s are hidden by default. By calling gtk_widget_show()
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on a #GtkWidget we are asking GTK+ to set the visibility attribute so that it
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can be displayed. All this work is done after the main loop has been
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started.</para>
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<para>The last line of interest is the call to gtk_main(). This function will
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start the GTK+ main loop and will block the control flow of the
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main() until the gtk_main_quit() function is called.</para>
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<para>While the program is running, GTK+ is receiving
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<firstterm>events</firstterm>. These are typically input events caused by
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the user interacting with your program, but also things like messages from
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the window manager or other applications. GTK+ processes these and as a
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result, <firstterm>signals</firstterm> may be emitted on your widgets.
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Connecting handlers for these signals is how you normally make your
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program do something in response to user input.</para>
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<para>The following example is slightly more complex, and tries to
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showcase some of the capabilities of GTK+.</para>
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<para>In the long tradition of programming languages and libraries,
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it is called <emphasis>Hello, World</emphasis>.</para>
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<para>
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<inlinegraphic fileref="hello-world.png" format="PNG"></inlinegraphic>
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</para>
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<example id="gtk-getting-started-hello-world">
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<title>Hello World in GTK+</title>
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<programlisting>
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<xi:include href="../../../../examples/hello-world.c" parse="text">
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<xi:fallback>FIXME: MISSING XINCLUDE CONTENT</xi:fallback>
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</xi:include>
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Packing</title>
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<para>When creating an application, you'll want to put more than one widget
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inside a window. Our first helloworld example only used one widget so we
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could simply use a gtk_container_add() call to "pack" the widget into the
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window. But when you want to put more than one widget into a window, it
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it becomes important to control how each widget is positioned and sized.
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This is where packing comes in.</para>
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<para>GTK+ comes with a large variety of <firstterm>layout containers</firstterm>
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whose purpose it is to control the layout of the child widgets that are
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added to them. See <xref linkend="LayoutContainers"/> for an overview.</para>
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<para>The following example shows how the GtkGrid container lets you
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arrange several buttons:</para>
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<para>
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<inlinegraphic fileref="grid-packing.png" format="PNG"></inlinegraphic>
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</para>
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<example id="gtk-getting-started-grid-packing">
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<title>Packing buttons</title>
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<programlisting>
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<xi:include href="../../../../examples/grid-packing.c" parse="text">
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<xi:fallback>FIXME: MISSING XINCLUDE CONTENT</xi:fallback>
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</xi:include>
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Drawing</title>
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<para>Many widgets, like buttons, do all their drawing themselves. You
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just tell them the label you want to see, and they figure out what font
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to use, draw the button outline and focus rectangle, etc. Sometimes, it
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is necessary to do some custom drawing. In that case, a #GtkDrawingArea
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might be the right widget to use. It offers a canvas on which you can
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draw by connecting to the #GtkWidget::draw signal.
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</para>
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<para>The contents of a widget often need to be partially or fully redrawn,
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e.g. when another window is moved and uncovers part of the widget, or
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when tie window containing it is resized. It is also possible to explicitly
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cause part or all of the widget to be redrawn, by calling
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gtk_widget_queue_draw() or its variants. GTK+ takes care of most of the
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details by providing a ready-to-use cairo context to the ::draw signal
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handler.</para>
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<para>The following example shows a ::draw signal handler. It is a bit
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more complicated than the previous examples, since it also demonstrates
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input event handling by means of ::button-press and ::motion-notify
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handlers.</para>
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<para>
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<inlinegraphic fileref="drawing.png" format="PNG"></inlinegraphic>
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</para>
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<example id="gtk-getting-started-drawing">
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<title>Drawing in response to input</title>
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<programlisting>
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<xi:include href="../../../../examples/drawing.c" parse="text">
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<xi:fallback>FIXME: MISSING XINCLUDE CONTENT</xi:fallback>
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</xi:include>
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Building interfaces</title>
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<para>When construcing a more complicated user interface, with dozens
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or hundreds of widgets, doing all the setup work in C code is
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cumbersome, and making changes becomes next to impossible.</para>
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<para>Thankfully, GTK+ supports the separation of user interface
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layout from your business logic, by using UI descriptions in an
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XML format that can be parsed by the #GtkBuilder class.</para>
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<example>
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<title>Packing buttons with GtkBuilder</title>
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<programlisting>
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<xi:include href="../../../../examples/builder.c" parse="text">
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<xi:fallback>FIXME: MISSING XINCLUDE CONTENT</xi:fallback>
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</xi:include>
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</programlisting>
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The builder.ui file looks like this:
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<programlisting>
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<xi:include href="../../../../examples/builder.ui" parse="text">
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<xi:fallback>FIXME: MISSING XINCLUDE CONTENT</xi:fallback>
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</xi:include>
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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<para>Note that GtkBuilder can also be used to construct objects
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that are not widgets, such as tree models, adjustments, etc.
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That is the reason the method we use here is called
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gtk_builder_get_object() and returns a GObject* instead of a
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GtkWidget*.</para>
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<para>Normally, you would pass a full path to
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gtk_builder_add_from_file() to make the execution of your program
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independent of the current directory. A common location to install
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UI descriptions and similar data is
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<filename>/usr/share/<replaceable>appname</replaceable></filename>.
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</para>
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<para>It is also possible to embed the UI description in the source
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code as a string and use gtk_builder_add_from_string() to load it.
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But keeping the UI description in a separate file has several
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advantages: It is then possible to make minor adjustments to the UI
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without recompiling your program, and, more importantly, graphical
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UI editors such as <ulink url="http://glade.gnome.org">glade</ulink>
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can load the file and allow you to create and modify your UI by
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point-and-click.</para>
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</simplesect>
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</chapter>
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