diff --git a/mkspecs/android-clang/qmake.conf b/mkspecs/android-clang/qmake.conf
index 21847cdc7c..81609c3962 100644
--- a/mkspecs/android-clang/qmake.conf
+++ b/mkspecs/android-clang/qmake.conf
@@ -50,10 +50,14 @@ QMAKE_CFLAGS_USE_PRECOMPILE   = -include ${QMAKE_PCH_OUTPUT_BASE}
 QMAKE_CXXFLAGS_PRECOMPILE     = -x c++-header -c ${QMAKE_PCH_INPUT} -o ${QMAKE_PCH_OUTPUT}
 QMAKE_CXXFLAGS_USE_PRECOMPILE = $$QMAKE_CFLAGS_USE_PRECOMPILE
 
-NDK_LLVM_PATH = $$NDK_ROOT/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/$$NDK_HOST
-QMAKE_CC      = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/clang
-QMAKE_CXX     = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/clang++
-QMAKE_LINK    = $$QMAKE_CXX
+NDK_LLVM_PATH    = $$NDK_ROOT/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/$$NDK_HOST
+QMAKE_CC         = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/clang
+QMAKE_CXX        = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/clang++
+QMAKE_LINK       = $$QMAKE_CXX
+QMAKE_OBJCOPY    = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/llvm-objcopy
+QMAKE_AR         = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/llvm-ar cqs
+QMAKE_OBJCOPY    = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/llvm-objcopy
+QMAKE_NM         = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/llvm-nm -P
 
 QMAKE_CFLAGS_OPTIMIZE      = -Oz
 QMAKE_CFLAGS_OPTIMIZE_FULL = -Oz
diff --git a/mkspecs/features/android/default_pre.prf b/mkspecs/features/android/default_pre.prf
index d4f84a8fcc..a73cd4b39c 100644
--- a/mkspecs/features/android/default_pre.prf
+++ b/mkspecs/features/android/default_pre.prf
@@ -61,14 +61,15 @@ QMAKE_CXXFLAGS_THREAD   = $$QMAKE_CFLAGS_THREAD
 QMAKE_LIBS_EGL          = -lEGL
 QMAKE_LIBS_OPENGL_ES2   = -lGLESv2
 
-# modifications to linux.conf
-QMAKE_AR                = $${CROSS_COMPILE}ar cqs
-QMAKE_OBJCOPY           = $${CROSS_COMPILE}objcopy
-QMAKE_NM                = $${CROSS_COMPILE}nm -P
-
 QMAKE_STRIP             =
 #$${CROSS_COMPILE}strip
 
+
+equals(QT_ARCH, x86): CROSS_COMPILE = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/i686-linux-android-
+else: equals(QT_ARCH, x86_64): CROSS_COMPILE = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/x86_64-linux-android-
+else: equals(QT_ARCH, arm64-v8a): CROSS_COMPILE = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/aarch64-linux-android-
+else: CROSS_COMPILE = $$NDK_LLVM_PATH/bin/arm-linux-androideabi-
+
 QMAKE_RANLIB            = $${CROSS_COMPILE}ranlib
 QMAKE_LINK_SHLIB        = $$QMAKE_LINK
 QMAKE_LFLAGS            =
diff --git a/mkspecs/features/android/resolve_config.prf b/mkspecs/features/android/resolve_config.prf
index c542017e31..0cc4e73cc9 100644
--- a/mkspecs/features/android/resolve_config.prf
+++ b/mkspecs/features/android/resolve_config.prf
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 load(resolve_config)
 
-!host_build:!single_arch:!java:android {
+!equals(TEMPLATE, aux):!host_build:!single_arch:!java:android {
     isEmpty(ANDROID_ABIS): ANDROID_ABIS = $$ALL_ANDROID_ABIS
 
     ALL_ABIS = $$join(ANDROID_ABIS, _and_)
diff --git a/src/corelib/kernel/qeventdispatcher_win.cpp b/src/corelib/kernel/qeventdispatcher_win.cpp
index c15d740f9e..87623f304a 100644
--- a/src/corelib/kernel/qeventdispatcher_win.cpp
+++ b/src/corelib/kernel/qeventdispatcher_win.cpp
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ LRESULT QT_WIN_CALLBACK qt_internal_proc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wp, LPA
 
 QEventDispatcherWin32Private::QEventDispatcherWin32Private()
     : threadId(GetCurrentThreadId()), interrupt(false), internalHwnd(0),
-      wakeUps(0), activateNotifiersPosted(false),
+      getMessageHook(0), wakeUps(0), activateNotifiersPosted(false),
       winEventNotifierActivatedEvent(NULL)
 {
 }
@@ -245,9 +245,6 @@ LRESULT QT_WIN_CALLBACK qt_internal_proc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wp, LPA
     case WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS:
         Q_ASSERT(d != 0);
 
-        // Allow posting WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS message.
-        d->wakeUps.storeRelaxed(0);
-
         // We send posted events manually, if the window procedure was invoked
         // by the foreign event loop (e.g. from the native modal dialog).
         q->sendPostedEvents();
@@ -257,9 +254,9 @@ LRESULT QT_WIN_CALLBACK qt_internal_proc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wp, LPA
     return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wp, lp);
 }
 
-static inline UINT inputTimerMask()
+static inline UINT inputQueueMask()
 {
-    UINT result = QS_TIMER | QS_INPUT | QS_RAWINPUT;
+    UINT result = QS_ALLEVENTS;
     // QTBUG 28513, QTBUG-29097, QTBUG-29435: QS_TOUCH, QS_POINTER became part of
     // QS_INPUT in Windows Kit 8. They should not be used when running on pre-Windows 8.
 #if WINVER > 0x0601
@@ -269,6 +266,25 @@ static inline UINT inputTimerMask()
     return result;
 }
 
+LRESULT QT_WIN_CALLBACK qt_GetMessageHook(int code, WPARAM wp, LPARAM lp)
+{
+    QEventDispatcherWin32 *q = qobject_cast<QEventDispatcherWin32 *>(QAbstractEventDispatcher::instance());
+    Q_ASSERT(q != 0);
+    QEventDispatcherWin32Private *d = q->d_func();
+    MSG *msg = reinterpret_cast<MSG *>(lp);
+    static const UINT mask = inputQueueMask();
+
+    if (HIWORD(GetQueueStatus(mask)) == 0 && wp == PM_REMOVE) {
+        // Allow posting WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS message.
+        d->wakeUps.storeRelaxed(0);
+        if (!(msg->hwnd == d->internalHwnd && msg->message == WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS)) {
+            PostMessage(d->internalHwnd, WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS,
+                        WMWP_QT_TOFOREIGNLOOP, 0);
+        }
+    }
+    return d->getMessageHook ? CallNextHookEx(0, code, wp, lp) : 0;
+}
+
 // Provide class name and atom for the message window used by
 // QEventDispatcherWin32Private via Q_GLOBAL_STATIC shared between threads.
 struct QWindowsMessageWindowClassContext
@@ -447,6 +463,14 @@ void QEventDispatcherWin32::createInternalHwnd()
         return;
     d->internalHwnd = qt_create_internal_window(this);
 
+    // setup GetMessage hook needed to drive our posted events
+    d->getMessageHook = SetWindowsHookEx(WH_GETMESSAGE, (HOOKPROC) qt_GetMessageHook, NULL, GetCurrentThreadId());
+    if (Q_UNLIKELY(!d->getMessageHook)) {
+        int errorCode = GetLastError();
+        qFatal("Qt: INTERNAL ERROR: failed to install GetMessage hook: %d, %ls",
+               errorCode, qUtf16Printable(qt_error_string(errorCode)));
+    }
+
     // start all normal timers
     for (int i = 0; i < d->timerVec.count(); ++i)
         d->registerTimer(d->timerVec.at(i));
@@ -499,7 +523,6 @@ bool QEventDispatcherWin32::processEvents(QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlags flags)
 
     bool canWait;
     bool retVal = false;
-    bool needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = false;
     do {
         DWORD waitRet = 0;
         DWORD nCount = 0;
@@ -549,11 +572,8 @@ bool QEventDispatcherWin32::processEvents(QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlags flags)
             if (haveMessage) {
                 if (d->internalHwnd == msg.hwnd && msg.message == WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS) {
                     // Set result to 'true', if the message was sent by wakeUp().
-                    if (msg.wParam == WMWP_QT_FROMWAKEUP) {
-                        d->wakeUps.storeRelaxed(0);
+                    if (msg.wParam == WMWP_QT_FROMWAKEUP)
                         retVal = true;
-                    }
-                    needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = true;
                     continue;
                 }
                 if (msg.message == WM_TIMER) {
@@ -573,22 +593,10 @@ bool QEventDispatcherWin32::processEvents(QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlags flags)
                 }
 
                 if (!filterNativeEvent(QByteArrayLiteral("windows_generic_MSG"), &msg, 0)) {
-                    // Post WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS before calling external code,
-                    // as it can start a foreign event loop.
-                    if (needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS) {
-                        needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = false;
-                        PostMessage(d->internalHwnd, WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS,
-                                    WMWP_QT_TOFOREIGNLOOP, 0);
-                    }
                     TranslateMessage(&msg);
                     DispatchMessage(&msg);
                 }
             } else if (waitRet - WAIT_OBJECT_0 < nCount) {
-                if (needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS) {
-                    needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = false;
-                    PostMessage(d->internalHwnd, WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS,
-                                WMWP_QT_TOFOREIGNLOOP, 0);
-                }
                 activateEventNotifiers();
             } else {
                 // nothing todo so break
@@ -606,21 +614,12 @@ bool QEventDispatcherWin32::processEvents(QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlags flags)
             waitRet = MsgWaitForMultipleObjectsEx(nCount, pHandles, INFINITE, QS_ALLINPUT, MWMO_ALERTABLE | MWMO_INPUTAVAILABLE);
             emit awake();
             if (waitRet - WAIT_OBJECT_0 < nCount) {
-                if (needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS) {
-                    needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = false;
-                    PostMessage(d->internalHwnd, WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS,
-                                WMWP_QT_TOFOREIGNLOOP, 0);
-                }
                 activateEventNotifiers();
                 retVal = true;
             }
         }
     } while (canWait);
 
-    if (needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS)
-        PostMessage(d->internalHwnd, WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS,
-                    WMWP_QT_TOFOREIGNLOOP, 0);
-
     return retVal;
 }
 
@@ -1004,6 +1003,10 @@ void QEventDispatcherWin32::closingDown()
     d->timerDict.clear();
 
     d->closingDown = true;
+
+    if (d->getMessageHook)
+        UnhookWindowsHookEx(d->getMessageHook);
+    d->getMessageHook = 0;
 }
 
 bool QEventDispatcherWin32::event(QEvent *e)
diff --git a/src/corelib/kernel/qeventdispatcher_win_p.h b/src/corelib/kernel/qeventdispatcher_win_p.h
index 697c07f912..e6620178d8 100644
--- a/src/corelib/kernel/qeventdispatcher_win_p.h
+++ b/src/corelib/kernel/qeventdispatcher_win_p.h
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ protected:
 
 private:
     friend LRESULT QT_WIN_CALLBACK qt_internal_proc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wp, LPARAM lp);
+    friend LRESULT QT_WIN_CALLBACK qt_GetMessageHook(int, WPARAM, LPARAM);
 };
 
 struct QSockNot {
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@ public:
 
     // internal window handle used for socketnotifiers/timers/etc
     HWND internalHwnd;
+    HHOOK getMessageHook;
 
     // for controlling when to send posted events
     QAtomicInt wakeUps;
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.cpp
index 1076b21c1e..4414b61d55 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.cpp
@@ -275,6 +275,8 @@ Q_LOGGING_CATEGORY(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "qt.rhi.general")
     QRhi does not expose APIs for resource barriers or image layout
     transitions. Such synchronization is done implicitly by the backends, where
     applicable (for example, Vulkan), by tracking resource usage as necessary.
+    Buffer and image barriers are inserted before render or compute passes
+    transparently to the application.
 
     \note Resources within a render or compute pass are expected to be bound to
     a single usage during that pass. For example, a buffer can be used as
@@ -554,6 +556,11 @@ Q_LOGGING_CATEGORY(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "qt.rhi.general")
 /*!
     \enum QRhi::BeginFrameFlag
     Flag values for QRhi::beginFrame()
+
+    \value ExternalContentsInPass Specifies that one or more render or compute
+    passes in this frame will call QRhiCommandBuffer::beginExternal(). Some
+    backends, Vulkan in particular, will fail if this flag is not set and
+    beginExternal() is still called.
  */
 
 /*!
@@ -2246,6 +2253,10 @@ QRhiResource::Type QRhiSampler::resourceType() const
     \internal
     \inmodule QtGui
     \brief Render pass resource.
+
+    A render pass, if such a concept exists in the underlying graphics API, is
+    a collection of attachments (color, depth, stencil) and describes how those
+    attachments are used.
  */
 
 /*!
@@ -2264,6 +2275,18 @@ QRhiResource::Type QRhiRenderPassDescriptor::resourceType() const
     return RenderPassDescriptor;
 }
 
+/*!
+    \return a pointer to a backend-specific QRhiNativeHandles subclass, such as
+    QRhiVulkanRenderPassNativeHandles. The returned value is null when exposing
+    the underlying native resources is not supported by the backend.
+
+    \sa QRhiVulkanRenderPassNativeHandles
+ */
+const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiRenderPassDescriptor::nativeHandles()
+{
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
 /*!
     \class QRhiRenderTarget
     \internal
@@ -4785,6 +4808,11 @@ const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiCommandBuffer::nativeHandles()
     enqueue commands to the current pass' command buffer by calling graphics
     API functions directly.
 
+    \note This is only available when the intent was declared up front in
+    beginFrame(). Therefore this function must only be called when the frame
+    was started with specifying QRhi::ExternalContentsInPass in the flags
+    passed to QRhi::beginFrame().
+
     With Vulkan or Metal one can query the native command buffer or encoder
     objects via nativeHandles() and enqueue commands to them. With OpenGL or
     Direct3D 11 the (device) context can be retrieved from
@@ -4802,6 +4830,16 @@ const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiCommandBuffer::nativeHandles()
     functions (\c set* or \c draw*) must be called on the
     QRhiCommandBuffer until endExternal().
 
+    \warning Some backends may return a native command buffer object from
+    QRhiCommandBuffer::nativeHandles() that is different from the primary one
+    when inside a beginExternal() - endExternal() block. Therefore it is
+    important to (re)query the native command buffer object after calling
+    beginExternal(). In practical terms this means that with Vulkan for example
+    the externally recorded Vulkan commands are placed onto a secondary command
+    buffer (with VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT).
+    nativeHandles() returns this secondary command buffer when called between
+    begin/endExternal.
+
     \sa endExternal(), nativeHandles()
  */
 void QRhiCommandBuffer::beginExternal()
@@ -5108,6 +5146,13 @@ QRhiSwapChain *QRhi::newSwapChain()
 /*!
     Starts a new frame targeting the next available buffer of \a swapChain.
 
+    A frame consists of resource updates and one or more render and compute
+    passes.
+
+    \a flags can indicate certain special cases. For example, the fact that
+    QRhiCommandBuffer::beginExternal() will be called within this new frame
+    must be declared up front by setting the ExternalContentsInPass flag.
+
     The high level pattern of rendering into a QWindow using a swapchain:
 
     \list
@@ -5135,9 +5180,7 @@ QRhiSwapChain *QRhi::newSwapChain()
 
     \endlist
 
-    \a flags is currently unused.
-
-    \sa endFrame()
+    \sa endFrame(), beginOffscreenFrame()
  */
 QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, BeginFrameFlags flags)
 {
@@ -5237,7 +5280,8 @@ int QRhi::currentFrameSlot() const
 
 /*!
     Starts a new offscreen frame. Provides a command buffer suitable for
-    recording rendering commands in \a cb.
+    recording rendering commands in \a cb. \a flags is used to indicate
+    certain special cases, just like with beginFrame().
 
     \note The QRhiCommandBuffer stored to *cb is not owned by the caller.
 
@@ -5271,14 +5315,14 @@ int QRhi::currentFrameSlot() const
           // image data available in rbResult
    \endcode
 
-   \sa endOffscreenFrame()
+   \sa endOffscreenFrame(), beginFrame()
  */
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, BeginFrameFlags flags)
 {
     if (d->inFrame)
         qWarning("Attempted to call beginOffscreenFrame() within a still active frame; ignored");
 
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult r = !d->inFrame ? d->beginOffscreenFrame(cb) : FrameOpSuccess;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult r = !d->inFrame ? d->beginOffscreenFrame(cb, flags) : FrameOpSuccess;
     if (r == FrameOpSuccess)
         d->inFrame = true;
 
@@ -5290,12 +5334,12 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
 
     \sa beginOffscreenFrame()
  */
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::endOffscreenFrame()
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::endOffscreenFrame(EndFrameFlags flags)
 {
     if (!d->inFrame)
         qWarning("Attempted to call endOffscreenFrame() without an active frame; ignored");
 
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult r = d->inFrame ? d->endOffscreenFrame() : FrameOpSuccess;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult r = d->inFrame ? d->endOffscreenFrame(flags) : FrameOpSuccess;
     d->inFrame = false;
     qDeleteAll(d->pendingReleaseAndDestroyResources);
     d->pendingReleaseAndDestroyResources.clear();
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi_p.h
index df30817ef4..2d36c19e99 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi_p.h
@@ -843,6 +843,8 @@ class Q_GUI_EXPORT QRhiRenderPassDescriptor : public QRhiResource
 public:
     QRhiResource::Type resourceType() const override;
 
+    virtual const QRhiNativeHandles *nativeHandles();
+
 protected:
     QRhiRenderPassDescriptor(QRhiImplementation *rhi);
 };
@@ -1324,6 +1326,7 @@ public:
     };
 
     enum BeginFrameFlag {
+        ExternalContentsInPass = 0x01
     };
     Q_DECLARE_FLAGS(BeginFrameFlags, BeginFrameFlag)
 
@@ -1384,8 +1387,8 @@ public:
     bool isRecordingFrame() const;
     int currentFrameSlot() const;
 
-    FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb);
-    FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame();
+    FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, BeginFrameFlags flags = BeginFrameFlags());
+    FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame(EndFrameFlags flags = EndFrameFlags());
 
     QRhi::FrameOpResult finish();
 
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi_p_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi_p_p.h
index b592fe82f2..0914cf268b 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi_p_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi_p_p.h
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ public:
     virtual QRhiSwapChain *createSwapChain() = 0;
     virtual QRhi::FrameOpResult beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) = 0;
     virtual QRhi::FrameOpResult endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) = 0;
-    virtual QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb) = 0;
-    virtual QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame() = 0;
+    virtual QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) = 0;
+    virtual QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) = 0;
     virtual QRhi::FrameOpResult finish() = 0;
 
     virtual void resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates) = 0;
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11.cpp
index 9b411c5021..3e136cdb80 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11.cpp
@@ -873,8 +873,10 @@ const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiD3D11::nativeHandles(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
 
 void QRhiD3D11::beginExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
 {
-    Q_UNUSED(cb);
-    flushCommandBuffer();
+    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
+    // no timestampSwapChain, in order to avoid timestamp mess
+    executeCommandBuffer(cbD);
+    cbD->resetCommands();
 }
 
 void QRhiD3D11::endExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
@@ -989,8 +991,9 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrame
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     ofr.active = true;
 
     ofr.cbWrapper.resetState();
@@ -999,8 +1002,9 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::endOffscreenFrame()
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     ofr.active = false;
 
     executeCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
@@ -1135,27 +1139,25 @@ static inline bool isDepthTextureFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format)
 
 QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::finish()
 {
-    if (inFrame)
-        flushCommandBuffer();
+    if (inFrame) {
+        if (ofr.active) {
+            Q_ASSERT(!contextState.currentSwapChain);
+            Q_ASSERT(ofr.cbWrapper.recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass);
+            executeCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
+            ofr.cbWrapper.resetCommands();
+        } else {
+            Q_ASSERT(contextState.currentSwapChain);
+            Q_ASSERT(contextState.currentSwapChain->cb.recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass);
+            executeCommandBuffer(&contextState.currentSwapChain->cb); // no timestampSwapChain, in order to avoid timestamp mess
+            contextState.currentSwapChain->cb.resetCommands();
+        }
+    }
 
     finishActiveReadbacks();
 
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-void QRhiD3D11::flushCommandBuffer()
-{
-    if (ofr.active) {
-        Q_ASSERT(!contextState.currentSwapChain);
-        executeCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
-        ofr.cbWrapper.resetCommands();
-    } else {
-        Q_ASSERT(contextState.currentSwapChain);
-        executeCommandBuffer(&contextState.currentSwapChain->cb); // no timestampSwapChain, in order to avoid timestamp mess
-        contextState.currentSwapChain->cb.resetCommands();
-    }
-}
-
 void QRhiD3D11::enqueueSubresUpload(QD3D11Texture *texD, QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD,
                                     int layer, int level, const QRhiTextureSubresourceUploadDescription &subresDesc)
 {
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11_p_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11_p_p.h
index 3ceb055b27..582146315d 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11_p_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11_p_p.h
@@ -473,9 +473,9 @@ struct QD3D11CommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
         imageRetainPool.clear();
     }
     void resetState() {
-        resetCommands();
         recordingPass = NoPass;
         currentTarget = nullptr;
+        resetCommands();
         resetCachedState();
     }
     void resetCachedState() {
@@ -569,8 +569,8 @@ public:
     QRhiSwapChain *createSwapChain() override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame() override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult finish() override;
 
     void resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates) override;
@@ -633,7 +633,6 @@ public:
     void sendVMemStatsToProfiler() override;
     void makeThreadLocalNativeContextCurrent() override;
 
-    void flushCommandBuffer();
     void enqueueSubresUpload(QD3D11Texture *texD, QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD,
                              int layer, int level, const QRhiTextureSubresourceUploadDescription &subresDesc);
     void enqueueResourceUpdates(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates);
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2.cpp
index 26e7fa2759..f4e711e33e 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2.cpp
@@ -1094,15 +1094,36 @@ const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiGles2::nativeHandles(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
 
 void QRhiGles2::beginExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
 {
-    Q_UNUSED(cb);
-    flushCommandBuffer(); // also ensures the context is current
+    if (ofr.active) {
+        Q_ASSERT(!currentSwapChain);
+        if (!ensureContext())
+            return;
+    } else {
+        Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain);
+        if (!ensureContext(currentSwapChain->surface))
+            return;
+    }
+
+    QGles2CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QGles2CommandBuffer, cb);
+    executeCommandBuffer(cbD);
+    cbD->resetCommands();
 }
 
 void QRhiGles2::endExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
 {
     QGles2CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QGles2CommandBuffer, cb);
-    Q_ASSERT(cbD->commands.isEmpty());
+    Q_ASSERT(cbD->commands.isEmpty() && cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex == -1);
+
     cbD->resetCachedState();
+
+    if (cbD->recordingPass != QGles2CommandBuffer::NoPass) {
+        // Commands that come after this point need a resource tracker and also
+        // a BarriersForPass command enqueued. (the ones we had from
+        // beginPass() are now gone since beginExternal() processed all that
+        // due to calling executeCommandBuffer()).
+        enqueueBarriersForPass(cbD);
+    }
+
     if (cbD->currentTarget)
         enqueueBindFramebuffer(cbD->currentTarget, cbD);
 }
@@ -1163,8 +1184,9 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrame
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     if (!ensureContext())
         return QRhi::FrameOpError;
 
@@ -1179,8 +1201,9 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::endOffscreenFrame()
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     Q_ASSERT(ofr.active);
     ofr.active = false;
 
@@ -1196,23 +1219,22 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::endOffscreenFrame()
 
 QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::finish()
 {
-    return inFrame ? flushCommandBuffer() : QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
-}
-
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiGles2::flushCommandBuffer()
-{
-    if (ofr.active) {
-        Q_ASSERT(!currentSwapChain);
-        if (!ensureContext())
-            return QRhi::FrameOpError;
-        executeCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
-        ofr.cbWrapper.resetCommands();
-    } else {
-        Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain);
-        if (!ensureContext(currentSwapChain->surface))
-            return QRhi::FrameOpError;
-        executeCommandBuffer(&currentSwapChain->cb);
-        currentSwapChain->cb.resetCommands();
+    if (inFrame) {
+        if (ofr.active) {
+            Q_ASSERT(!currentSwapChain);
+            Q_ASSERT(ofr.cbWrapper.recordingPass == QGles2CommandBuffer::NoPass);
+            if (!ensureContext())
+                return QRhi::FrameOpError;
+            executeCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
+            ofr.cbWrapper.resetCommands();
+        } else {
+            Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain);
+            Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain->cb.recordingPass == QGles2CommandBuffer::NoPass);
+            if (!ensureContext(currentSwapChain->surface))
+                return QRhi::FrameOpError;
+            executeCommandBuffer(&currentSwapChain->cb);
+            currentSwapChain->cb.resetCommands();
+        }
     }
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
@@ -2483,6 +2505,16 @@ QGles2RenderTargetData *QRhiGles2::enqueueBindFramebuffer(QRhiRenderTarget *rt,
     return rtD;
 }
 
+void QRhiGles2::enqueueBarriersForPass(QGles2CommandBuffer *cbD)
+{
+    cbD->passResTrackers.append(QRhiPassResourceTracker());
+    cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex = cbD->passResTrackers.count() - 1;
+    QGles2CommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+    cmd.cmd = QGles2CommandBuffer::Command::BarriersForPass;
+    cmd.args.barriersForPass.trackerIndex = cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex;
+    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+}
+
 void QRhiGles2::beginPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                           QRhiRenderTarget *rt,
                           const QColor &colorClearValue,
@@ -2497,12 +2529,7 @@ void QRhiGles2::beginPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
 
     // Get a new resource tracker. Then add a command that will generate
     // glMemoryBarrier() calls based on that tracker when submitted.
-    cbD->passResTrackers.append(QRhiPassResourceTracker());
-    cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex = cbD->passResTrackers.count() - 1;
-    QGles2CommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QGles2CommandBuffer::Command::BarriersForPass;
-    cmd.args.barriersForPass.trackerIndex = cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    enqueueBarriersForPass(cbD);
 
     bool wantsColorClear, wantsDsClear;
     QGles2RenderTargetData *rtD = enqueueBindFramebuffer(rt, cbD, &wantsColorClear, &wantsDsClear);
@@ -2578,12 +2605,7 @@ void QRhiGles2::beginComputePass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch
     if (resourceUpdates)
         enqueueResourceUpdates(cb, resourceUpdates);
 
-    cbD->passResTrackers.append(QRhiPassResourceTracker());
-    cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex = cbD->passResTrackers.count() - 1;
-    QGles2CommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QGles2CommandBuffer::Command::BarriersForPass;
-    cmd.args.barriersForPass.trackerIndex = cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    enqueueBarriersForPass(cbD);
 
     cbD->recordingPass = QGles2CommandBuffer::ComputePass;
 
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2_p_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2_p_p.h
index 462ce8032c..6da529be92 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2_p_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2_p_p.h
@@ -525,19 +525,16 @@ struct QGles2CommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
     }
     void resetCommands() {
         commands.clear();
-        // beginExternal() can lead to calling resetCommands() inside a pass,
-        // hence the condition
-        if (recordingPass == NoPass) {
-            passResTrackers.clear();
-            currentPassResTrackerIndex = -1;
-        }
         dataRetainPool.clear();
         imageRetainPool.clear();
+
+        passResTrackers.clear();
+        currentPassResTrackerIndex = -1;
     }
     void resetState() {
-        resetCommands();
         recordingPass = NoPass;
         currentTarget = nullptr;
+        resetCommands();
         resetCachedState();
     }
     void resetCachedState() {
@@ -605,8 +602,8 @@ public:
     QRhiSwapChain *createSwapChain() override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame() override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult finish() override;
 
     void resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates) override;
@@ -671,7 +668,6 @@ public:
 
     bool ensureContext(QSurface *surface = nullptr) const;
     void executeDeferredReleases();
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult flushCommandBuffer();
     void trackedBufferBarrier(QGles2CommandBuffer *cbD, QGles2Buffer *bufD, QGles2Buffer::Access access);
     void trackedImageBarrier(QGles2CommandBuffer *cbD, QGles2Texture *texD, QGles2Texture::Access access);
     void enqueueSubresUpload(QGles2Texture *texD, QGles2CommandBuffer *cbD,
@@ -692,6 +688,7 @@ public:
                              const uint *dynOfsPairs, int dynOfsCount);
     QGles2RenderTargetData *enqueueBindFramebuffer(QRhiRenderTarget *rt, QGles2CommandBuffer *cbD,
                                                    bool *wantsColorClear = nullptr, bool *wantsDsClear = nullptr);
+    void enqueueBarriersForPass(QGles2CommandBuffer *cbD);
     int effectiveSampleCount(int sampleCount) const;
     bool compileShader(GLuint program, const QRhiShaderStage &shaderStage,
                        QShaderDescription *desc, int *glslVersionUsed);
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal.mm b/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal.mm
index b7cc1da3fe..07753c985c 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal.mm
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal.mm
@@ -1243,8 +1243,10 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiMetal::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrame
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiMetal::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiMetal::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
+
     currentFrameSlot = (currentFrameSlot + 1) % QMTL_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
     if (swapchains.count() > 1) {
         for (QMetalSwapChain *sc : qAsConst(swapchains)) {
@@ -1268,8 +1270,9 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiMetal::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiMetal::endOffscreenFrame()
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiMetal::endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     Q_ASSERT(d->ofr.active);
     d->ofr.active = false;
 
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal_p_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal_p_p.h
index 8b0256991d..c448865f4d 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal_p_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal_p_p.h
@@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ public:
     QRhiSwapChain *createSwapChain() override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame() override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult finish() override;
 
     void resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates) override;
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhinull.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhinull.cpp
index 048dce0dde..dff6e05268 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhinull.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhinull.cpp
@@ -356,14 +356,16 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiNull::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameF
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiNull::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiNull::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     *cb = &offscreenCommandBuffer;
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiNull::endOffscreenFrame()
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiNull::endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhinull_p_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhinull_p_p.h
index b0227bc110..bdf0d59724 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhinull_p_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhinull_p_p.h
@@ -220,8 +220,8 @@ public:
     QRhiSwapChain *createSwapChain() override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame() override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult finish() override;
 
     void resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates) override;
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan.cpp
index 321fd92f88..dfc85fb853 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan.cpp
@@ -58,6 +58,28 @@ QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
   and a separate, host visible staging buffer is used to upload data to them.
   "Dynamic" buffers are in host visible memory and are duplicated (since there
   can be 2 frames in flight). This is handled transparently to the application.
+
+  Barriers are generated automatically for each render or compute pass, based
+  on the resources that are used in that pass (in QRhiShaderResourceBindings,
+  vertex inputs, etc.). This implies deferring the recording of the command
+  buffer since the barriers have to be placed at the right place (before the
+  pass), and that can only be done once we know all the things the pass does.
+
+  This in turn has implications for integrating external commands
+  (beginExternal() - direct Vulkan calls - endExternal()) because that is
+  incompatible with this approach by nature. Therefore we support another mode
+  of operation, where each render or compute pass uses one or more secondary
+  command buffers (recorded right away), with each beginExternal() leading to
+  closing the current secondary cb, creating a new secondary cb for the
+  external content, and then starting yet another one in endExternal() for
+  whatever comes afterwards in the pass. This way the primary command buffer
+  only has vkCmdExecuteCommand(s) within a renderpass instance
+  (Begin-EndRenderPass). (i.e. our only subpass is then
+  VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_SECONDARY_COMMAND_BUFFERS instead of
+  VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE)
+
+  The command buffer management mode is decided on a per frame basis,
+  controlled by the ExternalContentsInPass flag of beginFrame().
 */
 
 /*!
@@ -182,6 +204,13 @@ QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
     \l{QRhi::endOffsrceenFrame()}{endOffscreenFrame()} pair.
  */
 
+/*!
+    \class QRhiVulkanRenderPassNativeHandles
+    \internal
+    \inmodule QtGui
+    \brief Holds the Vulkan render pass object backing a QRhiRenderPassDescriptor.
+ */
+
 static inline VkDeviceSize aligned(VkDeviceSize v, VkDeviceSize byteAlign)
 {
     return (v + byteAlign - 1) & ~(byteAlign - 1);
@@ -1469,7 +1498,6 @@ static inline bool checkDeviceLost(VkResult err)
 
 QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
 {
-    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     QVkSwapChain *swapChainD = QRHI_RES(QVkSwapChain, swapChain);
     QVkSwapChain::FrameResources &frame(swapChainD->frameRes[swapChainD->currentFrameSlot]);
     QRhiProfilerPrivate *rhiP = profilerPrivateOrNull();
@@ -1518,7 +1546,8 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::Begin
     if (frame.timestampQueryIndex >= 0) {
         quint64 timestamp[2] = { 0, 0 };
         VkResult err = df->vkGetQueryPoolResults(dev, timestampQueryPool, frame.timestampQueryIndex, 2,
-                                                 2 * sizeof(quint64), timestamp, sizeof(quint64), VK_QUERY_RESULT_64_BIT);
+                                                 2 * sizeof(quint64), timestamp, sizeof(quint64),
+                                                 VK_QUERY_RESULT_64_BIT | VK_QUERY_RESULT_WAIT_BIT);
         timestampQueryPoolMap.clearBit(frame.timestampQueryIndex / 2);
         frame.timestampQueryIndex = -1;
         if (err == VK_SUCCESS) {
@@ -1540,7 +1569,7 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::Begin
     }
 
     // build new draw command buffer
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult cbres = startCommandBuffer(&frame.cmdBuf);
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult cbres = startPrimaryCommandBuffer(&frame.cmdBuf);
     if (cbres != QRhi::FrameOpSuccess)
         return cbres;
 
@@ -1564,6 +1593,8 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::Begin
     }
 
     swapChainD->cbWrapper.cb = frame.cmdBuf;
+    swapChainD->cbWrapper.useSecondaryCb = flags.testFlag(QRhi::ExternalContentsInPass);
+
     QVkSwapChain::ImageResources &image(swapChainD->imageRes[swapChainD->currentImageIndex]);
     swapChainD->rtWrapper.d.fb = image.fb;
 
@@ -1584,7 +1615,7 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFram
     QVkSwapChain *swapChainD = QRHI_RES(QVkSwapChain, swapChain);
     Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain == swapChainD);
 
-    recordCommandBuffer(&swapChainD->cbWrapper);
+    recordPrimaryCommandBuffer(&swapChainD->cbWrapper);
 
     QVkSwapChain::FrameResources &frame(swapChainD->frameRes[swapChainD->currentFrameSlot]);
     QVkSwapChain::ImageResources &image(swapChainD->imageRes[swapChainD->currentImageIndex]);
@@ -1628,10 +1659,10 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFram
     // stop recording and submit to the queue
     Q_ASSERT(!frame.cmdFenceWaitable);
     const bool needsPresent = !flags.testFlag(QRhi::SkipPresent);
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult submitres = endAndSubmitCommandBuffer(frame.cmdBuf,
-                                                              frame.cmdFence,
-                                                              frame.imageSemWaitable ? &frame.imageSem : nullptr,
-                                                              needsPresent ? &frame.drawSem : nullptr);
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult submitres = endAndSubmitPrimaryCommandBuffer(frame.cmdBuf,
+                                                                     frame.cmdFence,
+                                                                     frame.imageSemWaitable ? &frame.imageSem : nullptr,
+                                                                     needsPresent ? &frame.drawSem : nullptr);
     if (submitres != QRhi::FrameOpSuccess)
         return submitres;
 
@@ -1702,7 +1733,7 @@ void QRhiVulkan::prepareNewFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
     finishActiveReadbacks(); // last, in case the readback-completed callback issues rhi calls
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::startCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer *cb)
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::startPrimaryCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer *cb)
 {
     if (*cb) {
         df->vkFreeCommandBuffers(dev, cmdPool, 1, cb);
@@ -1741,8 +1772,8 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::startCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer *cb)
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::endAndSubmitCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cb, VkFence cmdFence,
-                                                          VkSemaphore *waitSem, VkSemaphore *signalSem)
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::endAndSubmitPrimaryCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cb, VkFence cmdFence,
+                                                                 VkSemaphore *waitSem, VkSemaphore *signalSem)
 {
     VkResult err = df->vkEndCommandBuffer(cb);
     if (err != VK_SUCCESS) {
@@ -1793,9 +1824,9 @@ void QRhiVulkan::waitCommandCompletion(int frameSlot)
     }
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
 {
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult cbres = startCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper.cb);
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult cbres = startPrimaryCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper.cb);
     if (cbres != QRhi::FrameOpSuccess)
         return cbres;
 
@@ -1812,6 +1843,8 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
     if (swapchains.count() > 1)
         waitCommandCompletion(currentFrameSlot);
 
+    ofr.cbWrapper.useSecondaryCb = flags.testFlag(QRhi::ExternalContentsInPass);
+
     prepareNewFrame(&ofr.cbWrapper);
     ofr.active = true;
 
@@ -1819,12 +1852,13 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb)
     return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 }
 
-QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::endOffscreenFrame()
+QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
 {
+    Q_UNUSED(flags);
     Q_ASSERT(ofr.active);
     ofr.active = false;
 
-    recordCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
+    recordPrimaryCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
 
     if (!ofr.cmdFence) {
         VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo;
@@ -1837,7 +1871,7 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::endOffscreenFrame()
         }
     }
 
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult submitres = endAndSubmitCommandBuffer(ofr.cbWrapper.cb, ofr.cmdFence, nullptr, nullptr);
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult submitres = endAndSubmitPrimaryCommandBuffer(ofr.cbWrapper.cb, ofr.cmdFence, nullptr, nullptr);
     if (submitres != QRhi::FrameOpSuccess)
         return submitres;
 
@@ -1861,15 +1895,19 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::finish()
         VkCommandBuffer cb;
         if (ofr.active) {
             Q_ASSERT(!currentSwapChain);
-            recordCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
+            Q_ASSERT(ofr.cbWrapper.recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass);
+            recordPrimaryCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
+            ofr.cbWrapper.resetCommands();
             cb = ofr.cbWrapper.cb;
         } else {
             Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain);
+            Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain->cbWrapper.recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass);
             swapChainD = currentSwapChain;
-            recordCommandBuffer(&swapChainD->cbWrapper);
+            recordPrimaryCommandBuffer(&swapChainD->cbWrapper);
+            swapChainD->cbWrapper.resetCommands();
             cb = swapChainD->cbWrapper.cb;
         }
-        QRhi::FrameOpResult submitres = endAndSubmitCommandBuffer(cb, VK_NULL_HANDLE, nullptr, nullptr);
+        QRhi::FrameOpResult submitres = endAndSubmitPrimaryCommandBuffer(cb, VK_NULL_HANDLE, nullptr, nullptr);
         if (submitres != QRhi::FrameOpSuccess)
             return submitres;
     }
@@ -1879,9 +1917,9 @@ QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiVulkan::finish()
     if (inFrame) {
         // Allocate and begin recording on a new command buffer.
         if (ofr.active)
-            startCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper.cb);
+            startPrimaryCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper.cb);
         else
-            startCommandBuffer(&swapChainD->frameRes[swapChainD->currentFrameSlot].cmdBuf);
+            startPrimaryCommandBuffer(&swapChainD->frameRes[swapChainD->currentFrameSlot].cmdBuf);
     }
 
     executeDeferredReleases(true);
@@ -1955,6 +1993,69 @@ void QRhiVulkan::resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *
     enqueueResourceUpdates(cbD, resourceUpdates);
 }
 
+VkCommandBuffer QRhiVulkan::startSecondaryCommandBuffer(QVkRenderTargetData *rtD)
+{
+    VkCommandBuffer secondaryCb;
+
+    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cmdBufInfo;
+    memset(&cmdBufInfo, 0, sizeof(cmdBufInfo));
+    cmdBufInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+    cmdBufInfo.commandPool = cmdPool;
+    cmdBufInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_SECONDARY;
+    cmdBufInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
+    VkResult err = df->vkAllocateCommandBuffers(dev, &cmdBufInfo, &secondaryCb);
+    if (err != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        qWarning("Failed to create secondary command buffer: %d", err);
+        return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
+    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufBeginInfo;
+    memset(&cmdBufBeginInfo, 0, sizeof(cmdBufBeginInfo));
+    cmdBufBeginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+    cmdBufBeginInfo.flags = rtD ? VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT : 0;
+    VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo cmdBufInheritInfo;
+    memset(&cmdBufInheritInfo, 0, sizeof(cmdBufInheritInfo));
+    cmdBufInheritInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_INHERITANCE_INFO;
+    cmdBufInheritInfo.subpass = 0;
+    if (rtD) {
+        cmdBufInheritInfo.renderPass = rtD->rp->rp;
+        cmdBufInheritInfo.framebuffer = rtD->fb;
+    }
+    cmdBufBeginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = &cmdBufInheritInfo;
+
+    err = df->vkBeginCommandBuffer(secondaryCb, &cmdBufBeginInfo);
+    if (err != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        qWarning("Failed to begin secondary command buffer: %d", err);
+        df->vkFreeCommandBuffers(dev, cmdPool, 1, &secondaryCb);
+        return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
+    return secondaryCb;
+}
+
+void QRhiVulkan::endAndEnqueueSecondaryCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cb, QVkCommandBuffer *cbD)
+{
+    VkResult err = df->vkEndCommandBuffer(cb);
+    if (err != VK_SUCCESS)
+        qWarning("Failed to end secondary command buffer: %d", err);
+
+    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::ExecuteSecondary;
+    cmd.args.executeSecondary.cb = cb;
+    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+
+    deferredReleaseSecondaryCommandBuffer(cb);
+}
+
+void QRhiVulkan::deferredReleaseSecondaryCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cb)
+{
+    QRhiVulkan::DeferredReleaseEntry e;
+    e.type = QRhiVulkan::DeferredReleaseEntry::CommandBuffer;
+    e.lastActiveFrameSlot = currentFrameSlot;
+    e.commandBuffer.cb = cb;
+    releaseQueue.append(e);
+}
+
 void QRhiVulkan::beginPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                            QRhiRenderTarget *rt,
                            const QColor &colorClearValue,
@@ -2034,6 +2135,9 @@ void QRhiVulkan::beginPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
     cmd.args.beginRenderPass.clearValueIndex = cbD->pools.clearValue.count();
     cbD->pools.clearValue.append(cvs.constData(), cvs.count());
     cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb)
+        cbD->secondaryCbs.append(startSecondaryCommandBuffer(rtD));
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::endPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
@@ -2041,6 +2145,13 @@ void QRhiVulkan::endPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourc
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        VkCommandBuffer secondaryCb = cbD->secondaryCbs.last();
+        cbD->secondaryCbs.removeLast();
+        endAndEnqueueSecondaryCommandBuffer(secondaryCb, cbD);
+        cbD->resetCachedState();
+    }
+
     QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
     cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::EndRenderPass;
     cbD->commands.append(cmd);
@@ -2063,6 +2174,9 @@ void QRhiVulkan::beginComputePass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch
     enqueueTransitionPassResources(cbD);
 
     cbD->recordingPass = QVkCommandBuffer::ComputePass;
+
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb)
+        cbD->secondaryCbs.append(startSecondaryCommandBuffer());
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::endComputePass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
@@ -2070,6 +2184,13 @@ void QRhiVulkan::endComputePass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::ComputePass);
 
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        VkCommandBuffer secondaryCb = cbD->secondaryCbs.last();
+        cbD->secondaryCbs.removeLast();
+        endAndEnqueueSecondaryCommandBuffer(secondaryCb, cbD);
+        cbD->resetCachedState();
+    }
+
     cbD->recordingPass = QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass;
 
     if (resourceUpdates)
@@ -2084,11 +2205,15 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setComputePipeline(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiComputePipeline *
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::ComputePass);
 
     if (cbD->currentComputePipeline != ps || cbD->currentPipelineGeneration != psD->generation) {
-        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindPipeline;
-        cmd.args.bindPipeline.bindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE;
-        cmd.args.bindPipeline.pipeline = psD->pipeline;
-        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+            df->vkCmdBindPipeline(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, psD->pipeline);
+        } else {
+            QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+            cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindPipeline;
+            cmd.args.bindPipeline.bindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE;
+            cmd.args.bindPipeline.pipeline = psD->pipeline;
+            cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        }
 
         cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline = nullptr;
         cbD->currentComputePipeline = ps;
@@ -2103,12 +2228,16 @@ void QRhiVulkan::dispatch(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, int x, int y, int z)
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::ComputePass);
 
-    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::Dispatch;
-    cmd.args.dispatch.x = x;
-    cmd.args.dispatch.y = y;
-    cmd.args.dispatch.z = z;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        df->vkCmdDispatch(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), x, y, z);
+    } else {
+        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::Dispatch;
+        cmd.args.dispatch.x = x;
+        cmd.args.dispatch.y = y;
+        cmd.args.dispatch.z = z;
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 VkShaderModule QRhiVulkan::createShader(const QByteArray &spirv)
@@ -3013,6 +3142,9 @@ void QRhiVulkan::executeDeferredReleases(bool forced)
             case QRhiVulkan::DeferredReleaseEntry::StagingBuffer:
                 vmaDestroyBuffer(toVmaAllocator(allocator), e.stagingBuffer.stagingBuffer, toVmaAllocation(e.stagingBuffer.stagingAllocation));
                 break;
+            case QRhiVulkan::DeferredReleaseEntry::CommandBuffer:
+                df->vkFreeCommandBuffers(dev, cmdPool, 1, &e.commandBuffer.cb);
+                break;
             default:
                 Q_UNREACHABLE();
                 break;
@@ -3113,14 +3245,15 @@ VkSampleCountFlagBits QRhiVulkan::effectiveSampleCount(int sampleCount)
 void QRhiVulkan::enqueueTransitionPassResources(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD)
 {
     cbD->passResTrackers.append(QRhiPassResourceTracker());
+    cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex = cbD->passResTrackers.count() - 1;
+
     QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
     cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::TransitionPassResources;
     cmd.args.transitionResources.trackerIndex = cbD->passResTrackers.count() - 1;
     cbD->commands.append(cmd);
-    cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex = cbD->passResTrackers.count() - 1;
 }
 
-void QRhiVulkan::recordCommandBuffer(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD)
+void QRhiVulkan::recordPrimaryCommandBuffer(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD)
 {
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass);
 
@@ -3165,7 +3298,8 @@ void QRhiVulkan::recordCommandBuffer(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD)
             break;
         case QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BeginRenderPass:
             cmd.args.beginRenderPass.desc.pClearValues = cbD->pools.clearValue.constData() + cmd.args.beginRenderPass.clearValueIndex;
-            df->vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cbD->cb, &cmd.args.beginRenderPass.desc, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+            df->vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cbD->cb, &cmd.args.beginRenderPass.desc,
+                                     cbD->useSecondaryCb ? VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_SECONDARY_COMMAND_BUFFERS : VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
             break;
         case QVkCommandBuffer::Command::EndRenderPass:
             df->vkCmdEndRenderPass(cbD->cb);
@@ -3218,13 +3352,15 @@ void QRhiVulkan::recordCommandBuffer(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD)
             break;
         case QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerBegin:
             cmd.args.debugMarkerBegin.marker.pMarkerName =
-                    cbD->pools.debugMarkerName[cmd.args.debugMarkerBegin.markerNameIndex].constData();
+                    cbD->pools.debugMarkerData[cmd.args.debugMarkerBegin.markerNameIndex].constData();
             vkCmdDebugMarkerBegin(cbD->cb, &cmd.args.debugMarkerBegin.marker);
             break;
         case QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerEnd:
             vkCmdDebugMarkerEnd(cbD->cb);
             break;
         case QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerInsert:
+            cmd.args.debugMarkerInsert.marker.pMarkerName =
+                    cbD->pools.debugMarkerData[cmd.args.debugMarkerInsert.markerNameIndex].constData();
             vkCmdDebugMarkerInsert(cbD->cb, &cmd.args.debugMarkerInsert.marker);
             break;
         case QVkCommandBuffer::Command::TransitionPassResources:
@@ -3233,12 +3369,13 @@ void QRhiVulkan::recordCommandBuffer(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD)
         case QVkCommandBuffer::Command::Dispatch:
             df->vkCmdDispatch(cbD->cb, cmd.args.dispatch.x, cmd.args.dispatch.y, cmd.args.dispatch.z);
             break;
+        case QVkCommandBuffer::Command::ExecuteSecondary:
+            df->vkCmdExecuteCommands(cbD->cb, 1, &cmd.args.executeSecondary.cb);
+            break;
         default:
             break;
         }
     }
-
-    cbD->resetCommands();
 }
 
 static inline VkAccessFlags toVkAccess(QRhiPassResourceTracker::BufferAccess access)
@@ -3655,11 +3792,15 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setGraphicsPipeline(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiGraphicsPipeline
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
     if (cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline != ps || cbD->currentPipelineGeneration != psD->generation) {
-        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindPipeline;
-        cmd.args.bindPipeline.bindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
-        cmd.args.bindPipeline.pipeline = psD->pipeline;
-        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+            df->vkCmdBindPipeline(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, psD->pipeline);
+        } else {
+            QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+            cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindPipeline;
+            cmd.args.bindPipeline.bindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+            cmd.args.bindPipeline.pipeline = psD->pipeline;
+            cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        }
 
         cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline = ps;
         cbD->currentComputePipeline = nullptr;
@@ -3857,16 +3998,25 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setShaderResources(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiShaderResourceBin
             }
         }
 
-        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindDescriptorSet;
-        cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.bindPoint = gfxPsD ? VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS
-                                                      : VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE;
-        cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.pipelineLayout = gfxPsD ? gfxPsD->layout : compPsD->layout;
-        cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.descSet = srbD->descSets[descSetIdx];
-        cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.dynamicOffsetCount = dynOfs.count();
-        cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.dynamicOffsetIndex = cbD->pools.dynamicOffset.count();
-        cbD->pools.dynamicOffset.append(dynOfs.constData(), dynOfs.count());
-        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+            df->vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(),
+                                        gfxPsD ? VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS : VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE,
+                                        gfxPsD ? gfxPsD->layout : compPsD->layout,
+                                        0, 1, &srbD->descSets[descSetIdx],
+                                        dynOfs.count(),
+                                        dynOfs.count() ? dynOfs.constData() : nullptr);
+        } else {
+            QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+            cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindDescriptorSet;
+            cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.bindPoint = gfxPsD ? VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS
+                                                          : VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE;
+            cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.pipelineLayout = gfxPsD ? gfxPsD->layout : compPsD->layout;
+            cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.descSet = srbD->descSets[descSetIdx];
+            cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.dynamicOffsetCount = dynOfs.count();
+            cmd.args.bindDescriptorSet.dynamicOffsetIndex = cbD->pools.dynamicOffset.count();
+            cbD->pools.dynamicOffset.append(dynOfs.constData(), dynOfs.count());
+            cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        }
 
         if (gfxPsD) {
             cbD->currentGraphicsSrb = srb;
@@ -3922,15 +4072,20 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setVertexInput(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                                   QRhiPassResourceTracker::BufVertexInputStage);
         }
 
-        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindVertexBuffer;
-        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffer.startBinding = startBinding;
-        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffer.count = bufs.count();
-        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffer.vertexBufferIndex = cbD->pools.vertexBuffer.count();
-        cbD->pools.vertexBuffer.append(bufs.constData(), bufs.count());
-        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffer.vertexBufferOffsetIndex = cbD->pools.vertexBufferOffset.count();
-        cbD->pools.vertexBufferOffset.append(ofs.constData(), ofs.count());
-        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+            df->vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), startBinding,
+                                       bufs.count(), bufs.constData(), ofs.constData());
+        } else {
+            QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+            cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindVertexBuffer;
+            cmd.args.bindVertexBuffer.startBinding = startBinding;
+            cmd.args.bindVertexBuffer.count = bufs.count();
+            cmd.args.bindVertexBuffer.vertexBufferIndex = cbD->pools.vertexBuffer.count();
+            cbD->pools.vertexBuffer.append(bufs.constData(), bufs.count());
+            cmd.args.bindVertexBuffer.vertexBufferOffsetIndex = cbD->pools.vertexBufferOffset.count();
+            cbD->pools.vertexBufferOffset.append(ofs.constData(), ofs.count());
+            cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        }
     }
 
     if (indexBuf) {
@@ -3953,12 +4108,16 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setVertexInput(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
             cbD->currentIndexOffset = indexOffset;
             cbD->currentIndexFormat = type;
 
-            QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-            cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindIndexBuffer;
-            cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.buf = vkindexbuf;
-            cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.ofs = indexOffset;
-            cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.type = type;
-            cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+            if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+                df->vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), vkindexbuf, indexOffset, type);
+            } else {
+                QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+                cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::BindIndexBuffer;
+                cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.buf = vkindexbuf;
+                cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.ofs = indexOffset;
+                cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.type = type;
+                cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+            }
 
             trackedRegisterBuffer(&passResTracker, ibufD, slot,
                                   QRhiPassResourceTracker::BufIndexRead,
@@ -3979,7 +4138,6 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setViewport(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QRhiViewport &viewport
         return;
 
     QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetViewport;
     VkViewport *vp = &cmd.args.setViewport.viewport;
     vp->x = x;
     vp->y = y;
@@ -3987,16 +4145,26 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setViewport(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QRhiViewport &viewport
     vp->height = h;
     vp->minDepth = viewport.minDepth();
     vp->maxDepth = viewport.maxDepth();
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        df->vkCmdSetViewport(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), 0, 1, vp);
+    } else {
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetViewport;
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 
     if (!QRHI_RES(QVkGraphicsPipeline, cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline)->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::UsesScissor)) {
-        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetScissor;
         VkRect2D *s = &cmd.args.setScissor.scissor;
         s->offset.x = x;
         s->offset.y = y;
         s->extent.width = w;
         s->extent.height = h;
-        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+            df->vkCmdSetScissor(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), 0, 1, s);
+        } else {
+            cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetScissor;
+            cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -4013,13 +4181,18 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setScissor(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QRhiScissor &scissor)
         return;
 
     QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetScissor;
     VkRect2D *s = &cmd.args.setScissor.scissor;
     s->offset.x = x;
     s->offset.y = y;
     s->extent.width = w;
     s->extent.height = h;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        df->vkCmdSetScissor(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), 0, 1, s);
+    } else {
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetScissor;
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::setBlendConstants(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QColor &c)
@@ -4027,13 +4200,18 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setBlendConstants(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QColor &c)
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
-    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetBlendConstants;
-    cmd.args.setBlendConstants.c[0] = c.redF();
-    cmd.args.setBlendConstants.c[1] = c.greenF();
-    cmd.args.setBlendConstants.c[2] = c.blueF();
-    cmd.args.setBlendConstants.c[3] = c.alphaF();
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        float constants[] = { float(c.redF()), float(c.greenF()), float(c.blueF()), float(c.alphaF()) };
+        df->vkCmdSetBlendConstants(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), constants);
+    } else {
+        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetBlendConstants;
+        cmd.args.setBlendConstants.c[0] = c.redF();
+        cmd.args.setBlendConstants.c[1] = c.greenF();
+        cmd.args.setBlendConstants.c[2] = c.blueF();
+        cmd.args.setBlendConstants.c[3] = c.alphaF();
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::setStencilRef(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 refValue)
@@ -4041,10 +4219,14 @@ void QRhiVulkan::setStencilRef(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 refValue)
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
-    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetStencilRef;
-    cmd.args.setStencilRef.ref = refValue;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        df->vkCmdSetStencilReference(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), VK_STENCIL_FRONT_AND_BACK, refValue);
+    } else {
+        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::SetStencilRef;
+        cmd.args.setStencilRef.ref = refValue;
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::draw(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 vertexCount,
@@ -4053,13 +4235,17 @@ void QRhiVulkan::draw(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 vertexCount,
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
-    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::Draw;
-    cmd.args.draw.vertexCount = vertexCount;
-    cmd.args.draw.instanceCount = instanceCount;
-    cmd.args.draw.firstVertex = firstVertex;
-    cmd.args.draw.firstInstance = firstInstance;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        df->vkCmdDraw(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
+    } else {
+        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::Draw;
+        cmd.args.draw.vertexCount = vertexCount;
+        cmd.args.draw.instanceCount = instanceCount;
+        cmd.args.draw.firstVertex = firstVertex;
+        cmd.args.draw.firstInstance = firstInstance;
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::drawIndexed(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 indexCount,
@@ -4068,14 +4254,19 @@ void QRhiVulkan::drawIndexed(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 indexCount,
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
     Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
-    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DrawIndexed;
-    cmd.args.drawIndexed.indexCount = indexCount;
-    cmd.args.drawIndexed.instanceCount = instanceCount;
-    cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstIndex = firstIndex;
-    cmd.args.drawIndexed.vertexOffset = vertexOffset;
-    cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstInstance = firstInstance;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    if (cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        df->vkCmdDrawIndexed(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), indexCount, instanceCount,
+                             firstIndex, vertexOffset, firstInstance);
+    } else {
+        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DrawIndexed;
+        cmd.args.drawIndexed.indexCount = indexCount;
+        cmd.args.drawIndexed.instanceCount = instanceCount;
+        cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstIndex = firstIndex;
+        cmd.args.drawIndexed.vertexOffset = vertexOffset;
+        cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstInstance = firstInstance;
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::debugMarkBegin(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QByteArray &name)
@@ -4088,12 +4279,17 @@ void QRhiVulkan::debugMarkBegin(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QByteArray &name)
     marker.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_MARKER_MARKER_INFO_EXT;
 
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
-    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerBegin;
-    cmd.args.debugMarkerBegin.marker = marker;
-    cmd.args.debugMarkerBegin.markerNameIndex = cbD->pools.debugMarkerName.count();
-    cbD->pools.debugMarkerName.append(name);
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    if (cbD->recordingPass != QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass && cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        marker.pMarkerName = name.constData();
+        vkCmdDebugMarkerBegin(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), &marker);
+    } else {
+        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerBegin;
+        cmd.args.debugMarkerBegin.marker = marker;
+        cmd.args.debugMarkerBegin.markerNameIndex = cbD->pools.debugMarkerData.count();
+        cbD->pools.debugMarkerData.append(name);
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::debugMarkEnd(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
@@ -4102,9 +4298,13 @@ void QRhiVulkan::debugMarkEnd(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
         return;
 
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
-    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerEnd;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    if (cbD->recordingPass != QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass && cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        vkCmdDebugMarkerEnd(cbD->secondaryCbs.last());
+    } else {
+        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerEnd;
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::debugMarkMsg(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QByteArray &msg)
@@ -4115,13 +4315,19 @@ void QRhiVulkan::debugMarkMsg(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QByteArray &msg)
     VkDebugMarkerMarkerInfoEXT marker;
     memset(&marker, 0, sizeof(marker));
     marker.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_MARKER_MARKER_INFO_EXT;
-    marker.pMarkerName = msg.constData();
 
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
-    QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
-    cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerInsert;
-    cmd.args.debugMarkerInsert.marker = marker;
-    cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    if (cbD->recordingPass != QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass && cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        marker.pMarkerName = msg.constData();
+        vkCmdDebugMarkerInsert(cbD->secondaryCbs.last(), &marker);
+    } else {
+        QVkCommandBuffer::Command cmd;
+        cmd.cmd = QVkCommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkerInsert;
+        cmd.args.debugMarkerInsert.marker = marker;
+        cmd.args.debugMarkerInsert.markerNameIndex = cbD->pools.debugMarkerData.count();
+        cbD->pools.debugMarkerData.append(msg);
+        cbD->commands.append(cmd);
+    }
 }
 
 const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiVulkan::nativeHandles(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
@@ -4129,14 +4335,76 @@ const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiVulkan::nativeHandles(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
     return QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb)->nativeHandles();
 }
 
+static inline QVkRenderTargetData *maybeRenderTargetData(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD)
+{
+    Q_ASSERT(cbD->currentTarget);
+    QVkRenderTargetData *rtD = nullptr;
+    if (cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::RenderPass) {
+        switch (cbD->currentTarget->resourceType()) {
+        case QRhiResource::RenderTarget:
+            rtD = &QRHI_RES(QVkReferenceRenderTarget, cbD->currentTarget)->d;
+            break;
+        case QRhiResource::TextureRenderTarget:
+            rtD = &QRHI_RES(QVkTextureRenderTarget, cbD->currentTarget)->d;
+            break;
+        default:
+            Q_UNREACHABLE();
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return rtD;
+}
+
 void QRhiVulkan::beginExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
 {
-    Q_UNUSED(cb);
+    QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
+
+    // When not in a pass, it is simple: record what we have (but do not
+    // submit), the cb can then be used to record more external commands.
+    if (cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass) {
+        recordPrimaryCommandBuffer(cbD);
+        cbD->resetCommands();
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise, inside a pass, have a secondary command buffer (with
+    // RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE). Using the main one is not acceptable since we
+    // cannot just record at this stage, that would mess up the resource
+    // tracking and commands like TransitionPassResources.
+
+    if (cbD->inExternal)
+        return;
+
+    if (!cbD->useSecondaryCb) {
+        qWarning("beginExternal() within a pass is only supported with secondary command buffers. "
+                 "This can be enabled by passing QRhi::ExternalContentsInPass to beginFrame().");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    VkCommandBuffer secondaryCb = cbD->secondaryCbs.last();
+    cbD->secondaryCbs.removeLast();
+    endAndEnqueueSecondaryCommandBuffer(secondaryCb, cbD);
+
+    VkCommandBuffer extCb = startSecondaryCommandBuffer(maybeRenderTargetData(cbD));
+    if (extCb) {
+        cbD->secondaryCbs.append(extCb);
+        cbD->inExternal = true;
+    }
 }
 
 void QRhiVulkan::endExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
 {
     QVkCommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QVkCommandBuffer, cb);
+
+    if (cbD->recordingPass == QVkCommandBuffer::NoPass) {
+        Q_ASSERT(cbD->commands.isEmpty() && cbD->currentPassResTrackerIndex == -1);
+    } else if (cbD->inExternal) {
+        VkCommandBuffer extCb = cbD->secondaryCbs.last();
+        cbD->secondaryCbs.removeLast();
+        endAndEnqueueSecondaryCommandBuffer(extCb, cbD);
+        cbD->secondaryCbs.append(startSecondaryCommandBuffer(maybeRenderTargetData(cbD)));
+    }
+
     cbD->resetCachedState();
 }
 
@@ -5098,6 +5366,12 @@ void QVkRenderPassDescriptor::release()
     rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
 }
 
+const QRhiNativeHandles *QVkRenderPassDescriptor::nativeHandles()
+{
+    nativeHandlesStruct.renderPass = rp;
+    return &nativeHandlesStruct;
+}
+
 QVkReferenceRenderTarget::QVkReferenceRenderTarget(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
     : QRhiRenderTarget(rhi)
 {
@@ -5786,6 +6060,22 @@ void QVkCommandBuffer::release()
     // nothing to do here, cb is not owned by us
 }
 
+const QRhiNativeHandles *QVkCommandBuffer::nativeHandles()
+{
+    // Ok this is messy but no other way has been devised yet. Outside
+    // begin(Compute)Pass - end(Compute)Pass it is simple - just return the
+    // primary VkCommandBuffer. Inside, however, we need to provide the current
+    // secondary command buffer (typically the one started by beginExternal(),
+    // in case we are between beginExternal - endExternal inside a pass).
+
+    if (useSecondaryCb && !secondaryCbs.isEmpty())
+        nativeHandlesStruct.commandBuffer = secondaryCbs.last();
+    else
+        nativeHandlesStruct.commandBuffer = cb;
+
+    return &nativeHandlesStruct;
+}
+
 QVkSwapChain::QVkSwapChain(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
     : QRhiSwapChain(rhi),
       rtWrapper(rhi),
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan_p.h
index 545ef5ad72..ff19c7a54e 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan_p.h
@@ -80,6 +80,11 @@ struct Q_GUI_EXPORT QRhiVulkanCommandBufferNativeHandles : public QRhiNativeHand
     VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 };
 
+struct Q_GUI_EXPORT QRhiVulkanRenderPassNativeHandles : public QRhiNativeHandles
+{
+    VkRenderPass renderPass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+};
+
 QT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan_p_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan_p_p.h
index 31e0eaa585..962a1b8eb7 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan_p_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan_p_p.h
@@ -171,9 +171,11 @@ struct QVkRenderPassDescriptor : public QRhiRenderPassDescriptor
     QVkRenderPassDescriptor(QRhiImplementation *rhi);
     ~QVkRenderPassDescriptor();
     void release() override;
+    const QRhiNativeHandles *nativeHandles() override;
 
     VkRenderPass rp = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     bool ownsRp = false;
+    QRhiVulkanRenderPassNativeHandles nativeHandlesStruct;
     int lastActiveFrameSlot = -1;
 };
 
@@ -307,13 +309,11 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
     ~QVkCommandBuffer();
     void release() override;
 
-    VkCommandBuffer cb = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    QRhiVulkanCommandBufferNativeHandles nativeHandlesStruct;
+    const QRhiNativeHandles *nativeHandles();
 
-    const QRhiNativeHandles *nativeHandles() {
-        nativeHandlesStruct.commandBuffer = cb;
-        return &nativeHandlesStruct;
-    }
+    VkCommandBuffer cb = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // primary
+    bool useSecondaryCb = false;
+    QRhiVulkanCommandBufferNativeHandles nativeHandlesStruct;
 
     enum PassType {
         NoPass,
@@ -322,9 +322,12 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
     };
 
     void resetState() {
-        resetCommands();
         recordingPass = NoPass;
         currentTarget = nullptr;
+
+        secondaryCbs.clear();
+
+        resetCommands();
         resetCachedState();
     }
 
@@ -341,6 +344,7 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
         currentIndexFormat = VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16;
         memset(currentVertexBuffers, 0, sizeof(currentVertexBuffers));
         memset(currentVertexOffsets, 0, sizeof(currentVertexOffsets));
+        inExternal = false;
     }
 
     PassType recordingPass;
@@ -358,6 +362,8 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
     static const int VERTEX_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT = 32;
     VkBuffer currentVertexBuffers[VERTEX_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT];
     quint32 currentVertexOffsets[VERTEX_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT];
+    QVarLengthArray<VkCommandBuffer, 4> secondaryCbs;
+    bool inExternal;
 
     struct Command {
         enum Cmd {
@@ -384,7 +390,8 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
             DebugMarkerEnd,
             DebugMarkerInsert,
             TransitionPassResources,
-            Dispatch
+            Dispatch,
+            ExecuteSecondary
         };
         Cmd cmd;
 
@@ -493,6 +500,7 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
             } debugMarkerEnd;
             struct {
                 VkDebugMarkerMarkerInfoEXT marker;
+                int markerNameIndex;
             } debugMarkerInsert;
             struct {
                 int trackerIndex;
@@ -500,6 +508,9 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
             struct {
                 int x, y, z;
             } dispatch;
+            struct {
+                VkCommandBuffer cb;
+            } executeSecondary;
         } args;
     };
     QVector<Command> commands;
@@ -508,9 +519,10 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
 
     void resetCommands() {
         commands.clear();
+        resetPools();
+
         passResTrackers.clear();
         currentPassResTrackerIndex = -1;
-        resetPools();
     }
 
     void resetPools() {
@@ -519,7 +531,7 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
         pools.dynamicOffset.clear();
         pools.vertexBuffer.clear();
         pools.vertexBufferOffset.clear();
-        pools.debugMarkerName.clear();
+        pools.debugMarkerData.clear();
     }
 
     struct {
@@ -528,7 +540,7 @@ struct QVkCommandBuffer : public QRhiCommandBuffer
         QVarLengthArray<uint32_t, 4> dynamicOffset;
         QVarLengthArray<VkBuffer, 4> vertexBuffer;
         QVarLengthArray<VkDeviceSize, 4> vertexBufferOffset;
-        QVarLengthArray<QByteArray, 4> debugMarkerName;
+        QVarLengthArray<QByteArray, 4> debugMarkerData;
     } pools;
 
     friend class QRhiVulkan;
@@ -592,7 +604,7 @@ struct QVkSwapChain : public QRhiSwapChain
         bool imageAcquired = false;
         bool imageSemWaitable = false;
         quint32 imageIndex = 0;
-        VkCommandBuffer cmdBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkCommandBuffer cmdBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // primary
         VkFence cmdFence = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         bool cmdFenceWaitable = false;
         int timestampQueryIndex = -1;
@@ -637,8 +649,8 @@ public:
     QRhiSwapChain *createSwapChain() override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb) override;
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame() override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags) override;
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags) override;
     QRhi::FrameOpResult finish() override;
 
     void resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates) override;
@@ -727,9 +739,12 @@ public:
     VkShaderModule createShader(const QByteArray &spirv);
 
     void prepareNewFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb);
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult startCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer *cb);
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult endAndSubmitCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cb, VkFence cmdFence,
-                                                  VkSemaphore *waitSem, VkSemaphore *signalSem);
+    VkCommandBuffer startSecondaryCommandBuffer(QVkRenderTargetData *rtD = nullptr);
+    void endAndEnqueueSecondaryCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cb, QVkCommandBuffer *cbD);
+    void deferredReleaseSecondaryCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cb);
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult startPrimaryCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer *cb);
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult endAndSubmitPrimaryCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cb, VkFence cmdFence,
+                                                         VkSemaphore *waitSem, VkSemaphore *signalSem);
     void waitCommandCompletion(int frameSlot);
     VkDeviceSize subresUploadByteSize(const QRhiTextureSubresourceUploadDescription &subresDesc) const;
     using BufferImageCopyList = QVarLengthArray<VkBufferImageCopy, 16>;
@@ -740,7 +755,7 @@ public:
     void enqueueResourceUpdates(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates);
     void executeBufferHostWritesForCurrentFrame(QVkBuffer *bufD);
     void enqueueTransitionPassResources(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD);
-    void recordCommandBuffer(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD);
+    void recordPrimaryCommandBuffer(QVkCommandBuffer *cbD);
     void trackedRegisterBuffer(QRhiPassResourceTracker *passResTracker,
                                QVkBuffer *bufD,
                                int slot,
@@ -856,7 +871,8 @@ public:
             Sampler,
             TextureRenderTarget,
             RenderPass,
-            StagingBuffer
+            StagingBuffer,
+            CommandBuffer
         };
         Type type;
         int lastActiveFrameSlot; // -1 if not used otherwise 0..FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT-1
@@ -903,6 +919,9 @@ public:
                 VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
                 QVkAlloc stagingAllocation;
             } stagingBuffer;
+            struct {
+                VkCommandBuffer cb;
+            } commandBuffer;
         };
     };
     QVector<DeferredReleaseEntry> releaseQueue;
diff --git a/src/network/access/qnetworkaccessmanager.cpp b/src/network/access/qnetworkaccessmanager.cpp
index fdc3cd3b3a..76b95b5823 100644
--- a/src/network/access/qnetworkaccessmanager.cpp
+++ b/src/network/access/qnetworkaccessmanager.cpp
@@ -1689,7 +1689,7 @@ void QNetworkAccessManager::clearConnectionCache()
     \sa setAutoDeleteReplies,
     QNetworkRequest::AutoDeleteReplyOnFinishAttribute
 */
-bool QNetworkAccessManager::autoDeleteReplies()
+bool QNetworkAccessManager::autoDeleteReplies() const
 {
     return d_func()->autoDeleteReplies;
 }
diff --git a/src/network/access/qnetworkaccessmanager.h b/src/network/access/qnetworkaccessmanager.h
index 601d0420ff..98498d07d2 100644
--- a/src/network/access/qnetworkaccessmanager.h
+++ b/src/network/access/qnetworkaccessmanager.h
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ public:
     void setRedirectPolicy(QNetworkRequest::RedirectPolicy policy);
     QNetworkRequest::RedirectPolicy redirectPolicy() const;
 
-    bool autoDeleteReplies();
+    bool autoDeleteReplies() const;
     void setAutoDeleteReplies(bool autoDelete);
 
 Q_SIGNALS:
diff --git a/src/widgets/itemviews/qabstractitemview.cpp b/src/widgets/itemviews/qabstractitemview.cpp
index 2ed5df46b8..089f398e71 100644
--- a/src/widgets/itemviews/qabstractitemview.cpp
+++ b/src/widgets/itemviews/qabstractitemview.cpp
@@ -1966,6 +1966,7 @@ void QAbstractItemView::mouseDoubleClickEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
     if ((event->button() == Qt::LeftButton) && !edit(persistent, DoubleClicked, event)
         && !style()->styleHint(QStyle::SH_ItemView_ActivateItemOnSingleClick, 0, this))
         emit activated(persistent);
+    d->pressedIndex = QModelIndex();
 }
 
 #if QT_CONFIG(draganddrop)
diff --git a/src/widgets/itemviews/qtreeview.cpp b/src/widgets/itemviews/qtreeview.cpp
index 823be1ca08..413cc2a9cd 100644
--- a/src/widgets/itemviews/qtreeview.cpp
+++ b/src/widgets/itemviews/qtreeview.cpp
@@ -1943,6 +1943,7 @@ void QTreeView::mouseDoubleClickEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
         if (!style()->styleHint(QStyle::SH_ItemView_ActivateItemOnSingleClick, 0, this))
             emit activated(persistent);
 
+        d->pressedIndex = QModelIndex();
         d->executePostedLayout(); // we need to make sure viewItems is updated
         if (d->itemsExpandable
             && d->expandsOnDoubleClick
diff --git a/tests/auto/gui/kernel/noqteventloop/tst_noqteventloop.cpp b/tests/auto/gui/kernel/noqteventloop/tst_noqteventloop.cpp
index 19c5c8a4a0..3d1876f00f 100644
--- a/tests/auto/gui/kernel/noqteventloop/tst_noqteventloop.cpp
+++ b/tests/auto/gui/kernel/noqteventloop/tst_noqteventloop.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <QtNetwork/qtcpserver.h>
 #include <QtNetwork/qtcpsocket.h>
 #include <QtCore/qelapsedtimer.h>
+#include <QtCore/qtimer.h>
 
 #include <QtCore/qt_windows.h>
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ class tst_NoQtEventLoop : public QObject
 private slots:
     void consumeMouseEvents();
     void consumeSocketEvents();
-
+    void deliverEventsInLivelock();
 };
 
 class Window : public QRasterWindow
@@ -312,6 +313,34 @@ void tst_NoQtEventLoop::consumeSocketEvents()
     QVERIFY(server.hasPendingConnections());
 }
 
+void tst_NoQtEventLoop::deliverEventsInLivelock()
+{
+    int argc = 1;
+    char *argv[] = { const_cast<char *>("test"), 0 };
+    QGuiApplication app(argc, argv);
+
+    QTimer livelockTimer;
+    livelockTimer.start(0);
+    QTimer::singleShot(100, Qt::CoarseTimer, &livelockTimer, &QTimer::stop);
+
+    QElapsedTimer elapsedTimer;
+    elapsedTimer.start();
+
+    // Exec own message loop
+    MSG msg;
+    forever {
+        if (elapsedTimer.hasExpired(3000) || !livelockTimer.isActive())
+            break;
+
+        if (::PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
+            ::TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            ::DispatchMessage(&msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    QVERIFY(!livelockTimer.isActive());
+}
+
 #include <tst_noqteventloop.moc>
 
 QTEST_APPLESS_MAIN(tst_NoQtEventLoop)
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/shared/examplefw.h b/tests/manual/rhi/shared/examplefw.h
index 450aa172c2..1a29ef5f7e 100644
--- a/tests/manual/rhi/shared/examplefw.h
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/shared/examplefw.h
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ QString graphicsApiName()
 QRhi::Flags rhiFlags = QRhi::EnableDebugMarkers;
 int sampleCount = 1;
 QRhiSwapChain::Flags scFlags = 0;
+QRhi::BeginFrameFlags beginFrameFlags = 0;
 QRhi::EndFrameFlags endFrameFlags = 0;
 
 class Window : public QWindow
@@ -375,7 +376,7 @@ void Window::render()
     // GPU/present, and that's what throttles the thread to the refresh rate.
     // (except for OpenGL where it happens either in endFrame or somewhere else
     // depending on the GL implementation)
-    QRhi::FrameOpResult r = m_r->beginFrame(m_sc);
+    QRhi::FrameOpResult r = m_r->beginFrame(m_sc, beginFrameFlags);
     if (r == QRhi::FrameOpSwapChainOutOfDate) {
         resizeSwapChain();
         if (!m_hasSwapChain)
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/triquadcube/triquadcube.cpp b/tests/manual/rhi/triquadcube/triquadcube.cpp
index 4165e96127..76dbe558ab 100644
--- a/tests/manual/rhi/triquadcube/triquadcube.cpp
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/triquadcube/triquadcube.cpp
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@
 //#define READBACK_SWAPCHAIN
 //#define NO_VSYNC
 //#define USE_MIN_SWAPCHAIN_BUFFERS
+//#define DECLARE_EXT_CONTENTS
 
 struct {
     TriangleRenderer triRenderer;
@@ -118,6 +119,10 @@ void preInit()
     scFlags |= QRhiSwapChain::MinimalBufferCount;
 #endif
 
+#ifdef DECLARE_EXT_CONTENTS
+    beginFrameFlags |= QRhi::ExternalContentsInPass;
+#endif
+
     // For OpenGL some of these are incorporated into the QSurfaceFormat by
     // examplefw.h after returning from here as that is out of the RHI's control.
 }