scuffed-code/icu4c/source/i18n/uniset.cpp

/*
**********************************************************************
*   Copyright (C) 1999, International Business Machines
*   Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
**********************************************************************
*   Date        Name        Description
*   10/20/99    alan        Creation.
**********************************************************************
*/

#include "unicode/uniset.h"
#include "unicode/parsepos.h"
#include "symtable.h"
#include "cmemory.h"

#ifndef HPUX
const UChar32 UnicodeSet::HIGH= 0x0110000; // HIGH_VALUE > all valid values. 110000 for codepoints
#else
# define HIGH (0x0110000)
#endif
const UChar32 UnicodeSet::LOW = 0x000000; // LOW <= all valid values. ZERO for codepoints


/**
 * Minimum value that can be stored in a UnicodeSet.
 */
const UChar32 UnicodeSet::MIN_VALUE = UnicodeSet::LOW;

/**
 * Maximum value that can be stored in a UnicodeSet.
 */
const UChar32 UnicodeSet::MAX_VALUE = HIGH - 1;

const int32_t UnicodeSet::START_EXTRA = 16; // initial storage. Must be >= 0
const int32_t UnicodeSet::GROW_EXTRA = START_EXTRA; // extra amount for growth. Must be >= 0

// N.B.: This mapping is different in ICU and Java
const UnicodeString UnicodeSet::CATEGORY_NAMES(
    "CnLuLlLtLmLoMnMeMcNdNlNoZsZlZpCcCfCoCsPdPsPePcPoSmScSkSoPiPf", "");

/**
 * A cache mapping character category integers, as returned by
 * Unicode::getType(), to pairs strings.  Entries are initially
 * zero length and are filled in on demand.
 */
UnicodeSet* UnicodeSet::CATEGORY_CACHE =
     new UnicodeSet[Unicode::GENERAL_TYPES_COUNT];

/**
 * Delimiter string used in patterns to close a category reference:
 * ":]".  Example: "[:Lu:]".
 */
const UnicodeString UnicodeSet::CATEGORY_CLOSE = UNICODE_STRING(":]", 2);

// Define UChar constants using hex for EBCDIC compatibility
const UChar UnicodeSet::SET_OPEN     = 0x005B; /*[*/
const UChar UnicodeSet::SET_CLOSE    = 0x005D; /*]*/
const UChar UnicodeSet::HYPHEN       = 0x002D; /*-*/
const UChar UnicodeSet::COMPLEMENT   = 0x005E; /*^*/
const UChar UnicodeSet::COLON        = 0x003A; /*:*/
const UChar UnicodeSet::BACKSLASH    = 0x005C; /*\*/
const UChar UnicodeSet::INTERSECTION = 0x0026; /*&*/
const UChar UnicodeSet::UPPER_U      = 0x0055; /*U*/

//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructors &c
//----------------------------------------------------------------

/**
 * Constructs an empty set.
 */
UnicodeSet::UnicodeSet() :
    len(1), capacity(1 + START_EXTRA), bufferCapacity(0),
    buffer(0) {

    list = new UChar32[capacity];
    list[0] = HIGH;
}

/**
 * Constructs a set containing the given range. If <code>end >
 * start</code> then an empty set is created.
 *
 * @param start first character, inclusive, of range
 * @param end last character, inclusive, of range
 */
UnicodeSet::UnicodeSet(UChar32 start, UChar32 end) :
    len(1), capacity(1 + START_EXTRA), bufferCapacity(0),
    buffer(0) {

    list = new UChar32[capacity];
    list[0] = HIGH;
    complement(start, end);
}

/**
 * Constructs a set from the given pattern, optionally ignoring
 * white space.  See the class description for the syntax of the
 * pattern language.
 * @param pattern a string specifying what characters are in the set
 */
UnicodeSet::UnicodeSet(const UnicodeString& pattern,
                       UErrorCode& status) :
    len(0), capacity(START_EXTRA), bufferCapacity(0),
    buffer(0) {

    list = new UChar32[capacity];
    applyPattern(pattern, status);
}

// For internal use by RuleBasedTransliterator
UnicodeSet::UnicodeSet(const UnicodeString& pattern, ParsePosition& pos,
                       const SymbolTable& symbols,
                       UErrorCode& status) :
    len(0), capacity(START_EXTRA), bufferCapacity(0),
    buffer(0) {

    list = new UChar32[capacity];
    applyPattern(pattern, pos, &symbols, status);
}

/**
 * Constructs a set from the given Unicode character category.
 * @param category an integer indicating the character category as
 * returned by <code>Unicode::getType()</code>.
 */
UnicodeSet::UnicodeSet(int8_t category, UErrorCode& status) :
    len(0), capacity(START_EXTRA), list(0), bufferCapacity(0),
    buffer(0) {

    if (U_SUCCESS(status)) {
        if (category < 0 || category >= Unicode::GENERAL_TYPES_COUNT) {
            status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        } else {
            list = new UChar32[capacity];
            *this = getCategorySet(category);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Constructs a set that is identical to the given UnicodeSet.
 */
UnicodeSet::UnicodeSet(const UnicodeSet& o) :
    list(0), capacity(o.len + GROW_EXTRA), bufferCapacity(0),
    buffer(0) {

    list = new UChar32[capacity];
    *this = o;
}

/**
 * Destructs the set.
 */
UnicodeSet::~UnicodeSet() {
    delete[] list;
    delete[] buffer;
}

/**
 * Assigns this object to be a copy of another.
 */
UnicodeSet& UnicodeSet::operator=(const UnicodeSet& o) {
    ensureCapacity(o.len);
    len = o.len;
    uprv_memcpy(list, o.list, len*sizeof(UChar32));
    return *this;
}

/**
 * Compares the specified object with this set for equality.  Returns
 * <tt>true</tt> if the two sets
 * have the same size, and every member of the specified set is
 * contained in this set (or equivalently, every member of this set is
 * contained in the specified set).
 *
 * @param o set to be compared for equality with this set.
 * @return <tt>true</tt> if the specified set is equal to this set.
 */
UBool UnicodeSet::operator==(const UnicodeSet& o) const {
    if (len != o.len) return FALSE;
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
        if (list[i] != o.list[i]) return FALSE;
    }
    return TRUE;
}

/**
 * Returns a copy of this object.  All UnicodeFilter objects have
 * to support cloning in order to allow classes using
 * UnicodeFilters, such as Transliterator, to implement cloning.
 */
UnicodeFilter* UnicodeSet::clone() const {
    return new UnicodeSet(*this);
}

/**
 * Returns the hash code value for this set.
 *
 * @return the hash code value for this set.
 * @see Object#hashCode()
 */
int32_t UnicodeSet::hashCode(void) const {
    int32_t result = len;
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
        result *= 1000003;
        result += list[i];
    }
    return result;
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Public API
//----------------------------------------------------------------

/**
 * Make this object represent the range <code>start - end</code>.
 * If <code>end > start</code> then this object is set to an
 * an empty range.
 *
 * @param start first character in the set, inclusive
 * @rparam end last character in the set, inclusive
 */
void UnicodeSet::set(UChar32 start, UChar32 end) {
    clear();
    complement(start, end);
}

/**
 * Modifies this set to represent the set specified by the given
 * pattern, optionally ignoring white space.  See the class
 * description for the syntax of the pattern language.
 * @param pattern a string specifying what characters are in the set
 * @param ignoreSpaces if <code>true</code>, all spaces in the
 * pattern are ignored.  Spaces are those characters for which
 * <code>Character.isSpaceChar()</code> is <code>true</code>.
 * Characters preceded by '\\' are escaped, losing any special
 * meaning they otherwise have.  Spaces may be included by
 * escaping them.
 * @exception <code>IllegalArgumentException</code> if the pattern
 * contains a syntax error.
 */
void UnicodeSet::applyPattern(const UnicodeString& pattern,
                              UErrorCode& status) {
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
        return;
    }

    ParsePosition pos(0);
    applyPattern(pattern, pos, NULL, status);
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) return;

    // Skip over trailing whitespace
    int32_t i = pos.getIndex();
    int32_t n = pattern.length();
    while (i<n && Unicode::isWhitespace(pattern.charAt(i))) {
        ++i;
    }

    if (i != n) {
        status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
    }
}

const UChar UnicodeSet::HEX[16] = {48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,  // 0-7
                                   56,57,65,66,67,68,69,70}; // 8-9 A-F

/**
 * Append the <code>toPattern()</code> representation of a
 * character to the given <code>StringBuffer</code>.
 */
void UnicodeSet::_toPat(UnicodeString& buf, UChar32 c) {
    if (c & ~0xFFFF) {
        // Escape anything above U+FFFF
        buf.append(BACKSLASH);
        buf.append(UPPER_U);
        buf.append(HEX[0xF&(c>>20)]);
        buf.append(HEX[0xF&(c>>16)]);
        buf.append(HEX[0xF&(c>>12)]);
        buf.append(HEX[0xF&(c>>8)]);
        buf.append(HEX[0xF&(c>>4)]);
        buf.append(HEX[0xF&c]);
        return;
    }
    // Okay to let ':' pass through
    switch (c) {
    case SET_OPEN:
    case SET_CLOSE:
    case HYPHEN:
    case COMPLEMENT:
    case INTERSECTION:
    case BACKSLASH:
        buf.append(BACKSLASH);
    }
    buf.append((UChar) c);
}

/**
 * Returns a string representation of this set.  If the result of
 * calling this function is passed to a UnicodeSet constructor, it
 * will produce another set that is equal to this one.
 */
UnicodeString& UnicodeSet::toPattern(UnicodeString& result) const {
    result.remove().append(SET_OPEN);
    
    int32_t count = getRangeCount();
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        UChar32 start = getRangeStart(i);
        UChar32 end = getRangeEnd(i);
        _toPat(result, start);
        if (start != end) {
            result.append(HYPHEN);
            _toPat(result, end);
        }
    }
    
    return result.append(SET_CLOSE);
}

/**
 * Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality),
 * <em>n</em>, where <code>0 <= </code><em>n</em><code> <= 65536</code>.
 *
 * @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
 */
int32_t UnicodeSet::size(void) const {
    int32_t n = 0;
    int32_t count = getRangeCount();
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        n += getRangeEnd(i) - getRangeStart(i) + 1;
    }
    return n;
}

/**
 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
 *
 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
 */
UBool UnicodeSet::isEmpty(void) const {
    return len == 1;
}

/**
 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains every character
 * in the specified range of chars.
 * If <code>end > start</code> then the results of this method
 * are undefined.
 *
 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified range
 * of chars.
 */
UBool UnicodeSet::contains(UChar32 start, UChar32 end) const {
    int32_t i = -1;
    for (;;) {
        if (start < list[++i]) break;
    }
    return ((i & 1) != 0 && end < list[i]);
}

/**
 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified char.
 *
 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified char.
 */
UBool UnicodeSet::contains(UChar32 c) const {
    // Set i to the index of the start item greater than ch
    // We know we will terminate without length test!
    // LATER: for large sets, add binary search
    int32_t i = -1;
    for (;;) {
        if (c < list[++i]) break;
    }
    return ((i & 1) != 0); // return true if odd
}

/**
 * Implement UnicodeFilter:
 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified char.
 *
 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified char.
 * @draft
 */
UBool UnicodeSet::contains(UChar c) const {
    return contains((UChar32) c);
}

/**
 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains any character whose low byte
 * is the given value.  This is used by <tt>RuleBasedTransliterator</tt> for
 * indexing.
 */
UBool UnicodeSet::containsIndexValue(uint8_t v) const {
    /* The index value v, in the range [0,255], is contained in this set if
     * it is contained in any pair of this set.  Pairs either have the high
     * bytes equal, or unequal.  If the high bytes are equal, then we have
     * aaxx..aayy, where aa is the high byte.  Then v is contained if xx <=
     * v <= yy.  If the high bytes are unequal we have aaxx..bbyy, bb>aa.
     * Then v is contained if xx <= v || v <= yy.  (This is identical to the
     * time zone month containment logic.)
     */
    for (int32_t i=0; i<getRangeCount(); ++i) {
        UChar32 low = getRangeStart(i);
        UChar32 high = getRangeEnd(i);
        if ((low & ~0xFF) == (high & ~0xFF)) {
            if ((low & 0xFF) <= v && v <= (high & 0xFF)) {
                return TRUE;
            }
        } else if ((low & 0xFF) <= v || v <= (high & 0xFF)) {
            return TRUE;
        }
    }
    return FALSE;
}

/**
 * Adds the specified range to this set if it is not already
 * present.  If this set already contains the specified range,
 * the call leaves this set unchanged.  If <code>end > start</code>
 * then an empty range is added, leaving the set unchanged.
 *
 * @param start first character, inclusive, of range to be added
 * to this set.
 * @param end last character, inclusive, of range to be added
 * to this set.
 */
void UnicodeSet::add(UChar32 start, UChar32 end) {
    if (start <= end) {
        UChar32 range[3] = { start, end+1, HIGH };
        add(range, 2, 0);
    }
}

/**
 * Adds the specified character to this set if it is not already
 * present.  If this set already contains the specified character,
 * the call leaves this set unchanged.
 */
void UnicodeSet::add(UChar32 c) {
    add(c, c);
}

/**
 * Retain only the elements in this set that are contained in the
 * specified range.  If <code>end > start</code> then an empty range is
 * retained, leaving the set empty.
 *
 * @param start first character, inclusive, of range to be retained
 * to this set.
 * @param end last character, inclusive, of range to be retained
 * to this set.
 */
void UnicodeSet::retain(UChar32 start, UChar32 end) {
    if (start <= end) {
        UChar32 range[3] = { start, end+1, HIGH };
        retain(range, 2, 0);
    } else {
        clear();
    }
}

void UnicodeSet::retain(UChar32 c) {
    retain(c, c);
}

/**
 * Removes the specified range from this set if it is present.
 * The set will not contain the specified range once the call
 * returns.  If <code>end > start</code> then an empty range is
 * removed, leaving the set unchanged.
 * 
 * @param start first character, inclusive, of range to be removed
 * from this set.
 * @param end last character, inclusive, of range to be removed
 * from this set.
 */
void UnicodeSet::remove(UChar32 start, UChar32 end) {
    if (start <= end) {
        UChar32 range[3] = { start, end+1, HIGH };
        retain(range, 2, 2);
    }
}

/**
 * Removes the specified character from this set if it is present.
 * The set will not contain the specified range once the call
 * returns.
 */
void UnicodeSet::remove(UChar32 c) {
    remove(c, c);
}

/**
 * Complements the specified range in this set.  Any character in
 * the range will be removed if it is in this set, or will be
 * added if it is not in this set.  If <code>end > start</code>
 * then an empty range is xor'ed, leaving the set unchanged.
 *
 * @param start first character, inclusive, of range to be removed
 * from this set.
 * @param end last character, inclusive, of range to be removed
 * from this set.
 */
void UnicodeSet::complement(UChar32 start, UChar32 end) {
    if (start <= end) {
        UChar32 range[3] = { start, end+1, HIGH };
        exclusiveOr(range, 2, 0);
    }
}

void UnicodeSet::complement(UChar32 c) {
    complement(c, c);
}

/**
 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if the specified set is a <i>subset</i>
 * of this set.
 *
 * @param c set to be checked for containment in this set.
 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains all of the elements of the
 * 	       specified set.
 */
UBool UnicodeSet::containsAll(const UnicodeSet& c) const {
    // The specified set is a subset if all of its pairs are contained in
    // this set.  It's possible to code this more efficiently in terms of
    // direct manipulation of the inversion lists if the need arises.
    int32_t n = c.getRangeCount();
    for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
        if (!contains(c.getRangeStart(i), c.getRangeEnd(i))) {
            return FALSE;
        }
    }
    return TRUE;
}

/**
 * Adds all of the elements in the specified set to this set if
 * they're not already present.  This operation effectively
 * modifies this set so that its value is the <i>union</i> of the two
 * sets.  The behavior of this operation is unspecified if the specified
 * collection is modified while the operation is in progress.
 *
 * @param c set whose elements are to be added to this set.
 * @see #add(char, char)
 */
void UnicodeSet::addAll(const UnicodeSet& c) {
    add(c.list, c.len, 0);
}

/**
 * Retains only the elements in this set that are contained in the
 * specified set.  In other words, removes from this set all of
 * its elements that are not contained in the specified set.  This
 * operation effectively modifies this set so that its value is
 * the <i>intersection</i> of the two sets.
 *
 * @param c set that defines which elements this set will retain.
 */
void UnicodeSet::retainAll(const UnicodeSet& c) {
    retain(c.list, c.len, 0);
}

/**
 * Removes from this set all of its elements that are contained in the
 * specified set.  This operation effectively modifies this
 * set so that its value is the <i>asymmetric set difference</i> of
 * the two sets.
 *
 * @param c set that defines which elements will be removed from
 *          this set.
 */
void UnicodeSet::removeAll(const UnicodeSet& c) {
    retain(c.list, c.len, 2);
}

/**
 * Complements in this set all elements contained in the specified
 * set.  Any character in the other set will be removed if it is
 * in this set, or will be added if it is not in this set.
 *
 * @param c set that defines which elements will be xor'ed from
 *          this set.
 */
void UnicodeSet::complementAll(const UnicodeSet& c) {
    exclusiveOr(c.list, c.len, 0);
}

/**
 * Inverts this set.  This operation modifies this set so that its
 * value is its complement.  This is equivalent to the pseudo
 * code: <code>this = new UnicodeSet(UnicodeSet.MIN_VALUE,
 * UnicodeSet.MAX_VALUE).removeAll(this)</code>.
 */
void UnicodeSet::complement(void) {
    if (list[0] == LOW) { 
        ensureBufferCapacity(len-1);
        uprv_memcpy(buffer, list + 1, (len-1)*sizeof(UChar32));
        --len;
    } else {
        ensureBufferCapacity(len+1);
        uprv_memcpy(buffer + 1, list, len*sizeof(UChar32));
        buffer[0] = LOW;
        ++len;
    }
    swapBuffers();
}

/**
 * Removes all of the elements from this set.  This set will be
 * empty after this call returns.
 */
void UnicodeSet::clear(void) {
    list[0] = HIGH;
    len = 1;
}

/**
 * Iteration method that returns the number of ranges contained in
 * this set.
 * @see #getRangeStart
 * @see #getRangeEnd
 */
int32_t UnicodeSet::getRangeCount() const {
    return len/2;
}

/**
 * Iteration method that returns the first character in the
 * specified range of this set.
 * @see #getRangeCount
 * @see #getRangeEnd
 */
UChar32 UnicodeSet::getRangeStart(int32_t index) const {
    return list[index*2];
}

/**
 * Iteration method that returns the last character in the
 * specified range of this set.
 * @see #getRangeStart
 * @see #getRangeEnd
 */
UChar32 UnicodeSet::getRangeEnd(int32_t index) const {
    return list[index*2 + 1] - 1;
}

/**
 * Reallocate this objects internal structures to take up the least
 * possible space, without changing this object's value.
 */
void UnicodeSet::compact() {
    if (len != capacity) {
        capacity = len;
        UChar32* temp = new UChar32[capacity];
        uprv_memcpy(temp, list, len*sizeof(UChar32));
        delete[] list;
        list = temp;
    }
    delete[] buffer;
    buffer = NULL;
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Implementation: Pattern parsing
//----------------------------------------------------------------

/**
 * Parses the given pattern, starting at the given position.  The
 * character at pattern.charAt(pos.getIndex()) must be '[', or the
 * parse fails.  Parsing continues until the corresponding closing
 * ']'.  If a syntax error is encountered between the opening and
 * closing brace, the parse fails.  Upon return from a U_SUCCESSful
 * parse, the ParsePosition is updated to point to the character
 * following the closing ']', and a StringBuffer containing a
 * pairs list for the parsed pattern is returned.  This method calls
 * itself recursively to parse embedded subpatterns.
 *
 * @param pattern the string containing the pattern to be parsed.
 * The portion of the string from pos.getIndex(), which must be a
 * '[', to the corresponding closing ']', is parsed.
 * @param pos upon entry, the position at which to being parsing.
 * The character at pattern.charAt(pos.getIndex()) must be a '['.
 * Upon return from a U_SUCCESSful parse, pos.getIndex() is either
 * the character after the closing ']' of the parsed pattern, or
 * pattern.length() if the closing ']' is the last character of
 * the pattern string.
 * @return a StringBuffer containing a pairs list for the parsed
 * substring of <code>pattern</code>
 * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the parse fails.
 */
void UnicodeSet::applyPattern(const UnicodeString& pattern,
                              ParsePosition& pos,
                              const SymbolTable* symbols,
                              UErrorCode& status) {
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
        return;
    }

    UBool invert = FALSE;
    clear();

    int32_t lastChar = -1; // This is either a char (0..FFFF) or -1
    UChar lastOp = 0;

    /* This loop iterates over the characters in the pattern.  We start at
     * the position specified by pos.  We exit the loop when either a
     * matching closing ']' is seen, or we read all characters of the
     * pattern.  In the latter case an error will be thrown.
     */

    /* Pattern syntax:
     *  pat := '[' '^'? elem* ']'
     *  elem := a | a '-' a | set | set op set
     *  set := pat | (a set variable)
     *  op := '&' | '-'
     *  a := (a character, possibly defined by a var)
     */

    // mode 0: No chars parsed yet; next must be '['
    // mode 1: '[' seen; if next is '^' or ':' then special
    // mode 2: '[' '^'? seen; parse pattern and close with ']'
    // mode 3: '[:' seen; parse category and close with ':]'
    int8_t mode = 0;
    int32_t openPos = 0; // offset to opening '['
    int32_t i = pos.getIndex();
    int32_t limit = pattern.length();
    UnicodeSet nestedAux;
    const UnicodeSet* nestedSet; // never owned
    UnicodeString scratch;
    /* In the case of an embedded SymbolTable variable, we look it up and
     * then take characters from the resultant char[] array.  These chars
     * are subjected to an extra level of lookup in the SymbolTable in case
     * they are stand-ins for a nested UnicodeSet.  */
    const UnicodeString* varValueBuffer = NULL;
    int32_t ivarValueBuffer = 0;
    for (; i<limit; i+=((varValueBuffer==NULL)?1:0)) {
        /* If the next element is a single character, c will be set to it,
         * and nestedSet will be null.  In this case isLiteral indicates
         * whether the character should assume special meaning if it has
         * one.  If the next element is a nested set, either via a variable
         * reference, or via an embedded "[..]"  or "[:..:]" pattern, then
         * nestedSet will be set to the pairs list for the nested set, and
         * c's value should be ignored.
         */
        nestedSet = NULL;
        UBool isLiteral = FALSE;
        UChar c;
        if (varValueBuffer != NULL) {
            if (ivarValueBuffer < varValueBuffer->length()) {
                c = varValueBuffer->charAt(ivarValueBuffer++);
                nestedSet = symbols->lookupSet(c); // may be NULL
            } else {
                varValueBuffer = NULL;
                c = pattern.charAt(i);
            }
        } else {
            c = pattern.charAt(i);
        }

        // Ignore whitespace.  This is not Unicode whitespace, but Java
        // whitespace, a subset of Unicode whitespace.
        if (Unicode::isWhitespace(c)) {
            continue;
        }

        // Parse the opening '[' and optional following '^'
        switch (mode) {
        case 0:
            if (c == SET_OPEN) {
                mode = 1; // Next look for '^'
                openPos = i;
                continue;
            } else {
                // throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing opening '['");
                status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                return;
            }
        case 1:
            mode = 2;
            switch (c) {
            case COMPLEMENT:
                invert = TRUE;
                continue; // Back to top to fetch next character
            case COLON:
                if (i == openPos+1) {
                    // '[:' cannot have whitespace in it
                    --i;
                    c = SET_OPEN;
                    mode = 3;
                    // Fall through and parse category normally
                }
                break; // Fall through
            case HYPHEN:
                isLiteral = TRUE; // Treat leading '-' as a literal
                break; // Fall through
            }
            // else fall through and parse this character normally
        }

        // After opening matter is parsed ("[", "[^", or "[:"), the mode
        // will be 2 if we want a closing ']', or 3 if we should parse a
        // category and close with ":]".

        // Only process escapes, variable references, and nested sets
        // if we are _not_ retrieving characters from the variable
        // buffer.  Characters in the variable buffer have already
        // benn through escape and variable reference processing.
        if (varValueBuffer == NULL) {
            /* Handle escapes.  If a character is escaped, then it assumes its
             * literal value.  This is true for all characters, both special
             * characters and characters with no special meaning.  We also
             * interpret '\\uxxxx' Unicode escapes here (as literals).
             */
            if (c == BACKSLASH) {
                ++i;
                if (i < pattern.length()) {
                    c = pattern.charAt(i);
                    isLiteral = TRUE;
                    if (c == 0x0075 /*u*/) {
                        if ((i+4) >= pattern.length()) {
                            status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                            return;
                        }
                        c = (UChar)0x0000;
                        for (int32_t j=(++i)+4; i<j; ++i) { // [sic]
                            int32_t digit = Unicode::digit(pattern.charAt(i), 16);
                            if (digit<0) {
                                status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                                return;
                            }
                            c = (UChar) ((c << 4) | digit);
                        }
                        --i; // Move i back to last parsed character
                    }
                } else {
                    status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                    return;
                }
            }

            /* Parse variable references.  These are treated as literals.  If a
             * variable refers to a UnicodeSet, its stand in character is
             * returned in the UChar[] buffer.
             * Variable names are only parsed if varNameToChar is not null.
             * Set variables are only looked up if varCharToSet is not null.
             */
            else if (symbols != NULL && !isLiteral && c == SymbolTable::SYMBOL_REF) {
                pos.setIndex(++i);
                UnicodeString name = symbols->parseReference(pattern, pos, limit);
                if (name.length() == 0) {
                    status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                    return;
                }
                varValueBuffer = symbols->lookup(name);
                if (varValueBuffer == NULL) {
                    //throw new IllegalArgumentException("Undefined variable: "
                    //                                   + name);
                    status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                    return;
                }
                ivarValueBuffer = 0;
                i = pos.getIndex(); // Make i point PAST last char of var name
                continue; // Back to the top to get varValueBuffer[0]
            }

            /* An opening bracket indicates the first bracket of a nested
             * subpattern, either a normal pattern or a category pattern.  We
             * recognize these here and set nestedSet accordingly.
             */
            else if (!isLiteral && c == SET_OPEN) {
                // Handle "[:...:]", representing a character category
                UChar d = charAfter(pattern, i);
                if (d == COLON) {
                    i += 2;
                    int32_t j = pattern.indexOf(CATEGORY_CLOSE, i);
                    if (j < 0) {
                        // throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing \":]\"");
                        status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                        return;
                    }
                    scratch.truncate(0);
                    pattern.extractBetween(i, j, scratch);
                    nestedAux.applyCategory(scratch, status);
                    nestedSet = &nestedAux;
                    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
                        return;
                    }
                    i = j+1; // Make i point to ']' in ":]"
                    if (mode == 3) {
                        // Entire pattern is a category; leave parse loop
                        *this = *nestedSet;
                        break;
                    }
                } else {
                    // Recurse to get the pairs for this nested set.
                    pos.setIndex(i);
                    nestedAux.applyPattern(pattern, pos, symbols, status);
                    nestedSet = &nestedAux;
                    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
                        return;
                    }
                    i = pos.getIndex() - 1; // - 1 to point at ']'
                }
            }
        }

        /* At this point we have either a character c, or a nested set.  If
         * we have encountered a nested set, either embedded in the pattern,
         * or as a variable, we have a non-null nestedSet, and c should be
         * ignored.  Otherwise c is the current character, and isLiteral
         * indicates whether it is an escaped literal (or variable) or a
         * normal unescaped character.  Unescaped characters '-', '&', and
         * ']' have special meanings.
         */
        if (nestedSet != NULL) {
            if (lastChar >= 0) {
                if (lastOp != 0) {
                    // throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal rhs for " + lastChar + lastOp);
                    status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                    return;
                }
                add(lastChar, lastChar);
                lastChar = -1;
            }
            switch (lastOp) {
            case HYPHEN:
                removeAll(*nestedSet);
                break;
            case INTERSECTION:
                retainAll(*nestedSet);
                break;
            case 0:
                addAll(*nestedSet);
                break;
            }
            lastOp = 0;
        } else if (!isLiteral && c == SET_CLOSE) {
            // Final closing delimiter.  This is the only way we leave this
            // loop if the pattern is well-formed.
            break;
        } else if (lastOp == 0 && !isLiteral && (c == HYPHEN || c == INTERSECTION)) {
            lastOp = c;
        } else if (lastOp == HYPHEN) {
            if (lastChar >= c) {
                // Don't allow redundant (a-a) or empty (b-a) ranges;
                // these are most likely typos.
                //throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid range " + lastChar +
                //                                       '-' + c);
                status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
                return;
            }
            add(lastChar, c);
            lastOp = 0;
            lastChar = -1;
        } else if (lastOp != 0) {
            // We have <set>&<char> or <char>&<char>
            // throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unquoted " + lastOp);
            status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
            return;
        } else {
            if (lastChar >= 0) {
                // We have <char><char>
                add(lastChar, lastChar);
            }
            lastChar = c;
        }
    }

    // Handle unprocessed stuff preceding the closing ']'
    if (lastOp == HYPHEN) {
        // Trailing '-' is treated as literal
        add(lastOp, lastOp);
    } else if (lastOp == INTERSECTION) {
        // throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unquoted trailing " + lastOp);
        status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return;
    }
    if (lastChar >= 0) {
        add(lastChar, lastChar);
    }

    /**
     * If we saw a '^' after the initial '[' of this pattern, then perform
     * the complement.  (Inversion after '[:' is handled elsewhere.)
     */
    if (invert) {
        complement();
    }

    /**
     * i indexes the last character we parsed or is pattern.length().  In
     * the latter case, we have run off the end without finding a closing
     * ']'.  Otherwise, we know i < pattern.length(), and we set the
     * ParsePosition to the next character to be parsed.
     */
    if (i == limit) {
        // throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing ']'");
        status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return;
    }

    pos.setIndex(i+1);
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Implementation: Generation of pairs for Unicode categories
//----------------------------------------------------------------

/**
 * Sets this object to the given category, given its name.
 * The category name must be either a two-letter name, such as
 * "Lu", or a one letter name, such as "L".  One-letter names
 * indicate the logical union of all two-letter names that start
 * with that letter.  Case is significant.  If the name starts
 * with the character '^' then the complement of the given
 * character set is returned.
 *
 * Although individual categories such as "Lu" are cached, we do
 * not currently cache single-letter categories such as "L" or
 * complements such as "^Lu" or "^L".  It would be easy to cache
 * these as well in a hashtable should the need arise.
 */
void UnicodeSet::applyCategory(const UnicodeString& catName,
                               UErrorCode& status) {
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
        return;
    }

	UnicodeString cat(catName);
    UBool invert = (catName.length() > 1 &&
                     catName.charAt(0) == COMPLEMENT);
    if (invert) {
        cat.remove(0, 1);
    }

    UBool match = FALSE;

    // if we have two characters, search the category map for that
    // code and either construct and return a UnicodeSet from the
    // data in the category map or throw an exception
    if (cat.length() == 2) {
        int32_t i = CATEGORY_NAMES.indexOf(cat);
        if (i>=0 && i%2==0) {
            i /= 2;
            *this = getCategorySet((int8_t)i);
            match = TRUE;
        }
    } else if (cat.length() == 1) {
        // if we have one character, search the category map for
        // codes beginning with that letter, and union together
        // all of the matching sets that we find (or throw an
        // exception if there are no matches)
        clear();
        for (int32_t i=0; i<Unicode::GENERAL_TYPES_COUNT; ++i) {
            if (CATEGORY_NAMES.charAt(2*i) == cat.charAt(0)) {
                addAll(getCategorySet((int8_t)i));
                match = TRUE;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!match) {
        status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return;
    }

    if (invert) {
        complement();
    }
}

/**
 * Returns a pairs string for the given category.  This string is
 * cached and returned again if this method is called again with
 * the same parameter.
 */
const UnicodeSet& UnicodeSet::getCategorySet(int8_t cat) {
    // In order to tell what cache entries are empty, we assume
    // every category specifies at least one character.  Thus
    // sets in the cache that are empty are uninitialized.
    if (CATEGORY_CACHE[cat].isEmpty()) {
        // Walk through all Unicode characters, noting the start
        // and end of each range for which Character.getType(c)
        // returns the given category integer.  Since we are
        // iterating in order, we can simply append the resulting
        // ranges to the pairs string.
        UnicodeSet& set = CATEGORY_CACHE[cat];
        int32_t start = -1;
        int32_t end = -2;
        // N.B.: Change upper limit to 0x10FFFF when there is
        // actually something up there.
        for (int32_t i=0; i<=0xFFFF; ++i) {
            if (Unicode::getType((UChar)i) == cat) {
                if ((end+1) == i) {
                    end = i;
                } else {
                    if (start >= 0) {
                        set.add((UChar32)start, (UChar32)end);
                    }
                    start = end = i;
                }
            }
        }
        if (start >= 0) {
            set.add((UChar32)start, (UChar32)end);
        }
    }
    return CATEGORY_CACHE[cat];
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Implementation: Utility methods
//----------------------------------------------------------------

/**
 * Returns the character after the given position, or '\uFFFF' if
 * there is none.
 */
UChar UnicodeSet::charAfter(const UnicodeString& str, int32_t i) {
    return ((++i) < str.length()) ? str.charAt(i) : (UChar)0xFFFF;
}

void UnicodeSet::ensureCapacity(int32_t newLen) {
    if (newLen <= capacity) return;
    capacity = newLen + GROW_EXTRA;
    UChar32* temp = new UChar32[capacity];
    uprv_memcpy(temp, list, len*sizeof(UChar32));
    delete[] list;
    list = temp;
}

void UnicodeSet::ensureBufferCapacity(int32_t newLen) {
    if (buffer != NULL && newLen <= bufferCapacity) return;
    delete[] buffer;
    bufferCapacity = newLen + GROW_EXTRA;
    buffer = new UChar32[bufferCapacity];
}

/**
 * Swap list and buffer.
 */
void UnicodeSet::swapBuffers(void) {
    // swap list and buffer
    UChar32* temp = list;
    list = buffer;
    buffer = temp;

    int32_t c = capacity;
    capacity = bufferCapacity;
    bufferCapacity = c;
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Implementation: Fundamental operators
//----------------------------------------------------------------

inline UChar32 max(UChar32 a, UChar32 b) {
    return (a > b) ? a : b;
}

// polarity = 0, 3 is normal: x xor y
// polarity = 1, 2: x xor ~y == x === y

void UnicodeSet::exclusiveOr(const UChar32* other, int32_t otherLen, int8_t polarity) {
    ensureBufferCapacity(len + otherLen);
    int32_t i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
    UChar32 a = list[i++];
    UChar32 b;
    if (polarity == 1 || polarity == 2) {
        b = LOW;
        if (other[j] == LOW) { // skip base if already LOW
            ++j;
            b = other[j];
        }
    } else {
        b = other[j++];
    }
    // simplest of all the routines
    // sort the values, discarding identicals!
    for (;;) {
        if (a < b) {
            buffer[k++] = a;
            a = list[i++];
        } else if (b < a) {
            buffer[k++] = b;
            b = other[j++];
        } else if (a != HIGH) { // at this point, a == b
            // discard both values!
            a = list[i++];
            b = other[j++];
        } else { // DONE!
            buffer[k++] = HIGH;
            len = k;
            break;
        }
    }
    swapBuffers();
}

// polarity = 0 is normal: x union y
// polarity = 2: x union ~y
// polarity = 1: ~x union y
// polarity = 3: ~x union ~y

void UnicodeSet::add(const UChar32* other, int32_t otherLen, int8_t polarity) {
    ensureBufferCapacity(len + otherLen);
    int32_t i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
    UChar32 a = list[i++];
    UChar32 b = other[j++];
    // change from xor is that we have to check overlapping pairs
    // polarity bit 1 means a is second, bit 2 means b is.
    for (;;) {
        switch (polarity) {
          case 0: // both first; take lower if unequal
            if (a < b) { // take a
                // Back up over overlapping ranges in buffer[]
                if (k > 0 && a <= buffer[k-1]) {
                    // Pick latter end value in buffer[] vs. list[]
                    a = max(list[i], buffer[--k]);
                } else {
                    // No overlap
                    buffer[k++] = a;
                    a = list[i];
                }
                i++; // Common if/else code factored out
                polarity ^= 1;
            } else if (b < a) { // take b
                if (k > 0 && b <= buffer[k-1]) {
                    b = max(other[j], buffer[--k]);
                } else {
                    buffer[k++] = b;
                    b = other[j];
                }
                j++;
                polarity ^= 2;
            } else { // a == b, take a, drop b
                if (a == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                // This is symmetrical; it doesn't matter if
                // we backtrack with a or b. - liu
                if (k > 0 && a <= buffer[k-1]) {
                    a = max(list[i], buffer[--k]);
                } else {
                    // No overlap
                    buffer[k++] = a;
                    a = list[i];
                }
                i++;
                polarity ^= 1;
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            }
            break;
          case 3: // both second; take higher if unequal, and drop other
            if (b <= a) { // take a
                if (a == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                buffer[k++] = a;
            } else { // take b
                if (b == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                buffer[k++] = b;
            }
            a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;   // factored common code
            b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            break;
          case 1: // a second, b first; if b < a, overlap
            if (a < b) { // no overlap, take a
                buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
            } else if (b < a) { // OVERLAP, drop b
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            } else { // a == b, drop both!
                if (a == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            }
            break;
          case 2: // a first, b second; if a < b, overlap
            if (b < a) { // no overlap, take b
                buffer[k++] = b; b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            } else  if (a < b) { // OVERLAP, drop a
                a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
            } else { // a == b, drop both!
                if (a == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
 loop_end:
    buffer[k++] = HIGH;    // terminate
    len = k;
    swapBuffers();
}

// polarity = 0 is normal: x intersect y
// polarity = 2: x intersect ~y == set-minus
// polarity = 1: ~x intersect y
// polarity = 3: ~x intersect ~y

void UnicodeSet::retain(const UChar32* other, int32_t otherLen, int8_t polarity) {
    ensureBufferCapacity(len + otherLen);
    int32_t i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
    UChar32 a = list[i++];
    UChar32 b = other[j++];
    // change from xor is that we have to check overlapping pairs
    // polarity bit 1 means a is second, bit 2 means b is.
    for (;;) {
        switch (polarity) {
          case 0: // both first; drop the smaller
            if (a < b) { // drop a
                a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
            } else if (b < a) { // drop b
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            } else { // a == b, take one, drop other
                if (a == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            }
            break;
          case 3: // both second; take lower if unequal
            if (a < b) { // take a
                buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
            } else if (b < a) { // take b
                buffer[k++] = b; b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            } else { // a == b, take one, drop other
                if (a == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            }
            break;
          case 1: // a second, b first;
            if (a < b) { // NO OVERLAP, drop a
                a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
            } else if (b < a) { // OVERLAP, take b
                buffer[k++] = b; b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            } else { // a == b, drop both!
                if (a == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            }
            break;
          case 2: // a first, b second; if a < b, overlap
            if (b < a) { // no overlap, drop b
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            } else  if (a < b) { // OVERLAP, take a
                buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
            } else { // a == b, drop both!
                if (a == HIGH) goto loop_end;
                a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
 loop_end:
    buffer[k++] = HIGH;    // terminate
    len = k;
    swapBuffers();
}