Version: 2005-June-06
Copyright © 1997-2005 International Business Machines Corporation and
others. All Rights Reserved.
Today's software market is a global one in which it is desirable to develop and maintain one application (single source/single binary) that supports a wide variety of languages. The International Components for Unicode (ICU) libraries provide robust and full-featured Unicode services on a wide variety of platforms to help this design goal. The ICU libraries provide support for:
ICU has a sister project ICU4J that extends the internationalization capabilities of Java to a level similar to ICU. The ICU C/C++ project is also called ICU4C when a distinction is necessary.
This document describes how to build and install ICU on your machine.
For other information about ICU please see the following table of
links.
The ICU homepage also links to related information about writing
internationalized software.
| ICU, ICU4C, ICU4J & ICU4JNI Official Homepage | http://www.ibm.com/software/globalization/icu/index.jsp |
| ICU, ICU4C, ICU4J & ICU4JNI Unofficial Homepage | http://icu.sourceforge.net/ |
| FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about ICU | http://icu.sourceforge.net/userguide/icufaq.html |
| ICU User's Guide | http://icu.sourceforge.net/userguide/ |
| Download ICU Releases | http://www.ibm.com/software/globalization/icu/downloads.jsp |
| API Documentation Online | http://icu.sourceforge.net/apiref/index.html |
| Online ICU Demos | http://www.ibm.com/software/globalization/icu/chartsdemostools.jsp |
| Contacts and Bug Reports/Feature Requests | http://icu.sourceforge.net/contacts.html |
Important: Please make sure you understand the Copyright and License Information.
The following list concentrates on changes that affect existing applications migrating from previous ICU releases. For more news about this release, see the ICU 3.4 download page.
Starting in ICU 3.2, the unicode/utypes.h and unicode/putil.h headers are no longer circularly dependent on each other. This means that if you use any of the functions from unicode/putil.h and only included unicode/utypes.h, you will now have to include unicode/putil.h too. No stable API functions have been removed from these headers, but some internal function declarations (marked with @internal) have been moved to internal headers.
This change was announced on the icu mailing list, and it was done to fix some header dependency issues that appeared while trying to make some changes to the utf.h header macros.
There are two ways to download ICU releases:
In the descriptions below, <ICU> is the
full path name of the ICU directory (the top level directory from the
distribution archives) in your file system. You can also view the ICU Architectural
Design section of the User's Guide to see which libraries you need for
your software product. You need at least the data ([lib]icudt)
and the common ([lib]icuuc) libraries in order to use ICU.
| File | Description |
|---|---|
| readme.html | Describes the International Components for Unicode (this file) |
| license.html | Contains the text of the ICU license |
| Directory | Description |
|---|---|
| <ICU>/source/common/ | The core Unicode and support functionality, such as resource bundles, character properties, locales, codepage conversion, normalization, Unicode properties, Locale, and UnicodeString. |
| <ICU>/source/i18n/ | Modules in i18n are generally the more data-driven, that is to say resource bundle driven, components. These deal with higher-level internationalization issues such as formatting, collation, text break analysis, and transliteration. |
| <ICU>/source/data/ |
This directory contains the source data in text format, which is compiled into binary form during the ICU build process. It contains several subdirectories, in which the data files are grouped by function. Note that the build process must be run again after any changes are made to this directory.
If you are creating a special ICU build, you can set the ICU_DATA environment variable to the out/ or the out/build/ directories, but this is generally discouraged because most people set it incorrectly. You can view the ICU Data Management section of the ICU User's Guide for details. |
| <ICU>/source/test/intltest/ | A test suite including all C++ APIs. For information about running the test suite, see the users' guide. |
| <ICU>/source/test/cintltst/ | A test suite written in C, including all C APIs. For information about running the test suite, see the users' guide. |
| <ICU>/source/test/testdata/ | Source text files for data, which are read by the tests. It contains the subdirectories out/build/ which is used for intermediate files, and out/ which contains testdata.dat. |
| <ICU>/source/tools/ | Tools for generating the data files. Data files are generated by invoking <ICU>/source/data/build/makedata.bat on Win32 or <ICU>/source/make on UNIX. |
| <ICU>/source/samples/ | Various sample programs that use ICU |
| <ICU>/source/extra/ | Non-supported API additions. Currently, it contains the 'ustdio' file i/o library |
| <ICU>/source/layout/ | Contains the ICU layout engine (not a rasterizer). |
| <ICU>/packaging/ <ICU>/debian/ |
These directories contain scripts and tools for packaging the final ICU build for various release platforms. |
| <ICU>/source/config/ | Contains helper makefiles for platform specific build commands. Used by 'configure'. |
| <ICU>/source/allinone/ | Contains top-level ICU workspace and project files, for instance to build all of ICU under one MSVC project. |
| <ICU>/include/ | Contains the headers needed for developing software that uses ICU on Windows. |
| <ICU>/lib/ | Contains the import libraries for linking ICU into your Windows application. |
| <ICU>/bin/ | Contains the libraries and executables for using ICU on Windows. |
| Operating system | Compiler | Testing frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Windows 2000 with Cygwin | Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 | Reference platform |
| Windows XP | Microsoft Visual C++ .NET 2003 (7.1) | Reference platform |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 4 | gcc 3.2.3 | Reference platform |
| AIX 5.2 | Visual Age C++ 6.0 | Reference platform |
| Solaris 9 (SunOS 5.9) | Sun Studio 8 (Sun C++ 5.5) | Reference platform |
| HP-UX 11.11 | aCC A.03.50 cc B.11.11.08 |
Reference platform |
| Windows XP with Cygwin | Microsoft Visual C++ .NET 2002 (7.0) | Regularly tested |
| Windows 2000/XP | Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 | Regularly tested |
| Red Hat Linux 7.2 | gcc 2.96 | Regularly tested |
| Red Hat Linux 9.0 | gcc 3.2.2 | Regularly tested |
| Mac OS X (10.2) | gcc 3.1 (Developer Tools, July 2002) |
Regularly tested |
| Solaris 7 (SunOS 5.7) | Workshop Pro (Forte) CC 6.0 | Regularly tested |
| Solaris 2.6 (SunOS 5.6) | gcc 2.95.2 | Regularly tested |
| FreeBSD 4.8 | gcc 2.95.4 | Regularly tested |
| AIX 5.1.0 L | Visual Age C++ 5.0 | Regularly tested |
| z/OS 1.3 | cxx 1.3 | Regularly tested |
| i5/OS (OS/400 iSeries) V5R3 | iCC | Regularly tested |
| Cygwin | gcc 2.95.3 | Rarely tested |
| SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 SP1 | Intel C++ Compiler 8.1 | Rarely tested |
| SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 (PowerPC) | Visual Age 7.0 | Rarely tested |
| Windows 98 | Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 | Rarely tested |
| QNX | gcc | Rarely tested |
| NetBSD, OpenBSD | gcc | Rarely tested |
| BeOS | gcc | Rarely tested |
| SGI/IRIX | MIPSpro CC | Rarely tested |
| Tru64 (OSF) | Compaq's cxx compiler | Rarely tested |
| MP-RAS | NCR MP-RAS C/C++ Compiler | Rarely tested |
Building International Components for Unicode requires:
The steps are:
Using MSDEV At The Command Line Note: You can build ICU from the command line. Assuming that you have properly installed Microsoft Visual C++ to support command line execution, you can run the following command, 'devenv.com <ICU>\source\allinone\allinone.sln /build Release'. You can also use Cygwin with this compiler to build ICU, and you can refer to the How To Build And Install On Windows with Cygwin section for more details.
Setting Active Configuration Note: To set the active configuration, two different possibilities are:
Batch Configuration Note: If you want to build the Debug and Release configurations at the same time, choose "Build" menu, and select "Batch Build...". Click the "Select All" button, and then click the "Rebuild" button.
Building International Components for Unicode with this configuration requires:
There are two ways you can build ICU with Cygwin. You can build with gcc or Microsoft Visual C++. If you use gcc, the resulting libraries and tools will depend on the Cygwin environment. If you use Microsoft Visual C++, the resulting libraries and tools do not depend on Cygwin and can be more easily distributed to other Windows computers (the generated man pages and shell scripts still need Cygwin). To build with gcc, please follow the "How To Build And Install On UNIX" instructions, while you are inside a Cygwin bash shell. To build with Microsoft Visual C++, please use the following instructions:
Configuring ICU on Windows NOTE: In addition to the Unix configuration note the following configure options currently do not work on Windows with Microsoft's compiler. Some options can work by manually editing icu/source/common/unicode/pwin32.h, but manually editing the files is not recommended.
Building International Components for Unicode on UNIX requires:
Here are the steps to build ICU:
Configuring ICU NOTE: Type "./runConfigureICU --help" for help on how to run it and a list of supported platforms. You may also want to type "./configure --help" to print the available configure options that you may want to give runConfigureICU. If you are not using the runConfigureICU script, or your platform is not supported by the script, you may need to set your CC, CXX, CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS environment variables, and type "./configure". Some of the more frequently used options to configure are --disable-64bit-libs to create 32-bit libraries, and --srcdir to do out of source builds (build the libraries in the current location). HP-UX user's, please see this note regarding HP-UX multithreaded build issues with newer compilers. Solaris user's, please see this note regarding Solaris multithreaded build issues.
Running The Tests From The Command Line NOTE: You may have to set certain variables if you with to run test programs individually, that is apart from "gmake check". The environment variable ICU_DATA can be set to the full pathname of the data directory to indicate where the locale data files and conversion mapping tables are when you are not using the shared library (e.g. by using the .dat archive or the individual data files). The trailing "/" is required after the directory name (e.g. "$Root/source/data/out/" will work, but the value "$Root/source/data/out" is not acceptable). You do not need to set ICU_DATA if the complete shared data library is in your library path.
Installing ICU NOTE: Some platforms use package management tools to control the installation and uninstallation of files on the system, as well as the integrity of the system configuration. You may want to check if ICU can be packaged for your package management tools by looking into the "packaging" directory. (Please note that if you are using a snapshot of ICU from CVS, it is probable that the packaging scripts or related files are not up to date with the contents of ICU at this time, so use them with caution).
You can install ICU on z/OS or OS/390 (the previous name of z/OS), but IBM tests only the z/OS installation. These platforms commonly are called "MVS". You install ICU in a z/OS UNIX system services file system such as HFS or zFS. On this platform, it is important that you understand a few details:
z/OS introduced the concept of Extra Performance Linkage (XPLINK) to
bring performance improvement opportunities to call-intensive C and C++
applications such as ICU. XPLINK is enabled on a DLL-by-DLL basis, so
if you are considering using XPLINK in your application that uses ICU,
you should consider building the XPLINK-enabled version of ICU. You
need to set ICU's environment variable OS390_XPLINK=1
prior to invoking the make process to produce binaries that are enabled
for XPLINK.
Note: XPLINK, which is enabled for z/OS 1.2 and later, requires the PTF PQ69418 to build XPLINK enabled binaries.
--with-iostream=old configure
option when using runConfigureICU. This will prevent applications that
use the icuio library from crashing.When you build ICU on a system such as z/OS 1.2, the binaries that result can run on that level of the operating system and later, such as z/OS 1.3 and z/OS 1.4. It's possible that you may have a z/OS 1.4 system, but you may need to deliver binaries on z/OS 1.2 and above. z/OS gives you this ability by targeting the complier and linker to run at the older level, thereby producing the desired binaries.
To set the compiler and LE environment to OS/390 2.10, specify the
following, "./runConfigureICU OS390V2R10"
To set the compiler and LE environment to z/OS 1.2 specify the
following, "./runConfigureICU zOSV1R2"
By default, ICU builds its libraries into the UNIX file system (HFS). In addition, there is a z/OS specific environment variable (OS390BATCH) to build some libraries into the z/OS native file system. This is useful, for example, when your application is externalized via Job Control Language (JCL).
The OS390BATCH environment variable enables non-UNIX support including the batch environment. When OS390BATCH is set, the libicuucXX.dll, libicudtXXe.dll, and libicudtXXe_stub.dll binaries are built into data sets (the native file system). Turning on OS390BATCH does not turn off the normal z/OS UNIX build. This means that the z/OS UNIX (HFS) DLLs will always be created.
Two additional environment variables indicate the names of the z/OS data sets to use. The LOADMOD environment variable identifies the name of the data set that contains the dynamic link libraries (DLLs) and the LOADEXP environment variable identifies the name of the data set that contains the side decks, which are normally the files with the .x suffix in the UNIX file system.
A data set is roughly equivalent to a UNIX or Windows file. For most kinds of data sets the operating system maintains record boundaries. UNIX and Windows files are byte streams. Two kinds of data sets are PDS and PDSE. Each data set of these two types contains a directory. It is like a UNIX directory. Each "file" is called a "member". Each member name is limited to eight bytes, normally EBCDIC.
Here is an example of some environment variables that you can set prior to building ICU:
OS390BATCH=1 LOADMOD=USER.ICU.LOAD LOADEXP=USER.ICU.EXP
The PDS member names for the DLL file names are as follows:
IXMIXXIN --> libicui18nXX.dll IXMIXXUC --> libicuucXX.dll IXMIXXDA --> libicudtXXe.dll IXMIXXD1 --> libicudtXXe_stub.dll (Only when OS390_STUBDATA=1)
You should point the LOADMOD environment variable at a partitioned data set extended (PDSE) and point the LOADEXP environment variable at a partitioned data set (PDS). The PDSE can be allocated with the following attributes:
Data Set Name . . . : USER.ICU.LOAD Management class. . : **None** Storage class . . . : BASE Volume serial . . . : TSO007 Device type . . . . : 3390 Data class. . . . . : LOAD Organization . . . : PO Record format . . . : U Record length . . . : 0 Block size . . . . : 32760 1st extent cylinders: 1 Secondary cylinders : 5 Data set name type : LIBRARY
The PDS can be allocated with the following attributes:
Data Set Name . . . : USER.ICU.EXP Management class. . : **None** Storage class . . . : BASE Volume serial . . . : TSO007 Device type . . . . : 3390 Data class. . . . . : **None** Organization . . . : PO Record format . . . : FB Record length . . . : 80 Block size . . . . : 3200 1st extent cylinders: 3 Secondary cylinders : 3 Data set name type : PDS
Before you start building ICU, ICU requires the following:
The following describes how to setup and build ICU. For background information, you should look at the UNIX build instructions.
CRTLIB LIB(libraryname)
ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(CC) VALUE('/usr/bin/icc')
ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(CXX) VALUE('/usr/bin/icc')
ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(MAKE) VALUE('/usr/bin/gmake')
ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(OUTPUTDIR) VALUE('libraryname')
There are many ways that a person can package ICU with their software products. Usually only the libraries need to be considered for packaging.
On UNIX, you should have used "gmake install" to make it easier to develop and package ICU. The bin, lib and include directories are needed to develop applications that use ICU. These directories will be created relative to the "--prefix=dir" configure option (See the UNIX build instructions). When ICU is built on Windows, a similar directory structure is built.
When changes have been made to the standard ICU distribution, it is recommended that at least one of the following guidelines be followed for special packaging.
Following these guidelines prevents other applications that use a standard ICU distribution from conflicting with any libraries that you need. On operating systems that do not have a standard C++ ABI (name mangling) for compilers, it is recommended to do this special packaging anyway. More details on customizing ICU are available in the User's Guide. The ICU Source Code Organization section of this readme.html gives a more complete description of the libraries.
| Library Name | Windows Filename | Linux Filename | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data Library | icudtXYl.dll | libicudata.so.XY.Z | Data required by the Common and I18n libraries. There are many ways to package and customize this data, but by default this is all you need. |
| Common Library | icuucXY.dll | libicuuc.so.XY.Z | Base library required by all other ICU libraries. |
| Internationalization (i18n) Library | icuinXY.dll | libicui18n.so.XY.Z | A library that contains many locale based internationalization (i18n) functions. |
| Layout Engine | iculeXY.dll | libicule.so.XY.Z | An optional engine for doing font layout. |
| Layout Extensions Engine | iculxXY.dll | libiculx.so.XY.Z | An optional engine for doing font layout that uses parts of ICU. |
| ICU I/O (Unicode stdio) Library | icuioXY.dll | libicuio.so.XY.Z | An optional library that provides a stdio like API with Unicode support. |
| Tool Utility Library | icutuXY.dll | libicutu.so.XY.Z | An internal library that contains internal APIs that are only used by ICU's tools. If you do not use ICU's tools, you do not need this library. |
Normally only the above ICU libraries need to be considered for packaging. The versionless symbolic links to these libraries are only needed for easier development. The X, Y and Z parts of the name are the version numbers of ICU. For example, ICU 2.0.2 would have the name libicuuc.so.20.2 for the common library. The exact format of the library names can vary between platforms due to how each platform can handles library versioning.
Some versions of ICU require calling the u_init() function
from uclean.h to ensure that ICU is initialized properly. In
those ICU versions, u_init() must be called before ICU is used
from multiple threads. There is no harm in calling u_init() in
a single-threaded application, on a single-CPU machine, or in other cases
where u_init() is not required.
In addition to ensuring thread safety, u_init() also
attempts to load at least one ICU data file. Assuming that all data files
are packaged together (or are in the same folder in files mode), a failure
code from u_init() usually means that the data cannot be
found. In this case, the data may not be installed properly, or the
application may have failed to call udata_setCommonData() or
u_setDataDirectory() which specify to ICU where it can find
its data.
Since u_init() will load only one or two data files, it
cannot guarantee that all of the data that an application needs is
available. It cannot check for all data files because the set of files is
customizable, and some ICU services work without loading any data at all.
An application should always check for error codes when opening ICU service
objects (using ucnv_open(), ucol_open(), C++
constructors, etc.).
ICU 3.4 self-initializes properly for multi-threaded use. It achieves this without performance penalty by hardcoding the core Unicode properties data, at the cost of some flexibility. (For details see Jitterbug 4497.)
u_init() can be used to check for data loading. It tries to
load the converter alias table (cnvalias.icu).
These ICU versions require a call to u_init() before
multi-threaded use. The services that are directly affected are those that
don't have a service object and need to be fast: normalization and
character properties.
u_init() loads and initializes the data files for
normalization and character properties (unorm.icu and
uprops.icu) and can therefore also be used to check for data
loading.
ICU 2.4 and earlier versions were not prepared for multithreaded use on
multi-CPU platforms where the CPUs implement weak memory coherency. These
CPUs include: Power4, Power5, Alpha, Itanium. u_init() was not
defined yet.
If you are building ICU with a newer aCC compiler and you are planning on using the older <iostream.h> instead of the newer <iostream>, you will need to use a special configure flag before building ICU. By default, the aCC -AA flag is used on HP-UX when the compiler supports that option in order to make ICU thread safe with RogueWave and other libraries using the 2.0 Standard C++ library. Your applications that use ICU will also need to use the -AA compiler flag. To turn off this behavior in ICU, you will need to use the --with-iostream= old configure option when you first use runConfigureICU.
ICU's tests use usleep(), which is multithread unsafe on
versions of Solaris before version 9. This does not mean that ICU is not
thread safe because only ICU's test code uses usleep(). The
sleep() and nanosleep() functions could be used
in ICU's multithreaded tests, but sleep() and
nanosleep() are not a stable API between versions of Solaris.
Solaris 9 fixes usleep so that it is multithread safe.
This hanging behavior tends to appear on multi-CPU machines. Single CPU Solaris 8 machines do not seem to show this behavior.
In a future version of ICU, we hope to find a portable solution to this problem that will work between the modern versions of Solaris.
Solaris 8, and earlier, has outstanding thread deadlocking issues that may be problematic for applications using either native, or POSIX, threading on these platforms. Sun states that Solaris 9 does not have the deadlock problems. Deadlocks may occur either during initialization of the Solaris threading library, or at any other time.
Sun Microsystems has provided a Sun Alert Notification regarding the issue. Users should consider applying the latest OS patches to their Solaris installations in order to help avoid deadlock. Further information regarding the issue, and links to applicable patches, may be found at:
[1] "Applications Linked to libthread May Hang", Sun Alert
Notification, Sun Microsystems, Inc., 04-Sep-2002
http://sunsolve.sun.com/pub-cgi/retrieve.pl?doc=fsalert%2F46867&zone_32=4663077
Sun is not providing patches for Solaris 6 (2.6), or earlier.
Sun states that by applying the patch users will avoid the deadlock issues. However, with all applicable patches applied, deadlock may still be seen, as demonstrated by the ICU Mutex unit tests. The unit test will hang indefinitely. No bug exists in ICU. However, a latent bug still exists in Solaris, which Sun Microsystems has yet to resolve. In order to avoid this, users are suggested to modify their LD_LIBRARY_PATH according to the guidelines specified by Sun Microsystems in the Sun Alert Notification.
In order to avoid synchronization and threading issues, developers are suggested to strictly follow the compiling and linking guidelines for multithreaded applications, specified in the following document from Sun Microsystems. Most notably, pay strict attention to the following statements from Sun:
To use libthread, specify -lthread before -lc on the ld command line, or last on the cc command line.
To use libpthread, specify -lpthread before -lc on the ld command line, or last on the cc command line.
Failure to do this may cause spurious lock conflicts, recursive mutex failure, and deadlock.
[2] "Solaris Multithreaded Programming Guide, Compiling and
Debugging", Sun Microsystems, Inc., Apr 2004
http://docs.sun.com/db/doc/806-6867/6jfpgdcob?a=view
If you are building on the Win32 platform, it is important that you understand a few of the following build details.
As delivered, the International Components for Unicode build as several DLLs, which are placed in the "<ICU>\bin" directory. You must add this directory to the PATH environment variable in your system, or any executables you build will not be able to access International Components for Unicode libraries. Alternatively, you can copy the DLL files into a directory already in your PATH, but we do not recommend this. You can wind up with multiple copies of the DLL and wind up using the wrong one.
Note: When packaging a Windows application for distribution and installation on user systems, copies of the ICU DLLs should be included with the application, and installed for exclusive use by the application. This is the only way to insure that your application is running with the same version of ICU, built with exactly the same options, that you developed and tested with. Refer to Microsoft's guidelines on the usage of DLLs, or search for the phrase "DLL hell" on msdn.microsoft.com.
If you are building on a UNIX platform, and if you are installing ICU in a non-standard location, you may need to add the location of your ICU libraries to your LD_LIBRARY_PATH or LIBPATH environment variable (or the equivalent runtime library path environment variable for your system). The ICU libraries may not link or load properly without doing this.
Note that if you do not want to have to set this variable, you may instead use the --enable-rpath option at configuration time. This option will instruct the linker to always look for the libraries where they are installed. You will need to use the appropriate linker options when linking your own applications and libraries against ICU, too. Please refer to your system's linker manual for information about runtime paths. The use of rpath also means that when building a new version of ICU you should not have an older version installed in the same place as the new version's installation directory, as the older libraries will used during the build, instead of the new ones, likely leading to an incorrectly build ICU. (This is the proper behavior of rpath.)
If you are using ICU's Makefiles to build ICU on a new platform, there are a few places where you will need to add or modify some files. If you need more help, you can always ask the icu-support mailing list. Once you have finished porting ICU to a new platform, it is recommended that you contribute your changes back to ICU via the icu-support mailing list. This will make it easier for everyone to benefit from your work.
For some people, it may not be necessary for completely build ICU. Most of the makefiles and build targets are for tools that are used for building ICU's data, and an application's data (when an application uses ICU resource bundles for its data).
Data files can be built on a different platform when both platforms share the same endianness and the same charset family. This assertion does not include platform dependent DLLs/shared/static libraries. For details see the User Guide ICU Data chapter.
ICU 2.8 removes the requirement that ICU be completely built in the native operating environment. It adds the icuswap tool which can be run on any platform to turn binary ICU data files from any one of the three formats into any one of the other data formats. This allows a application to use ICU data built anywhere to be used for any other target platform.
WARNING! Building ICU without running the tests is not recommended. The tests verify that ICU is safe to use. It is recommended that you try to completely port and test ICU before using the libraries for your own application.
Try to follow the build steps from the UNIX build instructions. If the configure script
fails, then you will need to modify some files. Here are the usual steps
for porting to a new platform:
The platform dependencies have been mostly isolated into the following files in the common library. This information can be useful if you are porting ICU to a new platform.
It is possible to build each library individually without our Makefiles.
They must be built in the following order:
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