/*
**********************************************************************
*   Copyright (C) 1999-2001, International Business Machines
*   Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
**********************************************************************
*   Date        Name        Description
*   11/17/99    aliu        Creation.
**********************************************************************
*/
#include "cmemory.h"
#include "cstring.h"
#include "hash.h"
#include "mutex.h"
#include "rbt_data.h"
#include "rbt_pars.h"
#include "unicode/cpdtrans.h"
#include "unicode/hangjamo.h"
#include "unicode/hextouni.h"
#include "unicode/jamohang.h"
#include "unicode/locid.h"
#include "unicode/msgfmt.h"
#include "unicode/name2uni.h"
#include "unicode/nultrans.h"
#include "unicode/putil.h"
#include "unicode/rep.h"
#include "unicode/remtrans.h"
#include "unicode/resbund.h"
#include "unicode/titletrn.h"
#include "unicode/tolowtrn.h"
#include "unicode/toupptrn.h"
#include "unicode/translit.h"
#include "unicode/uni2name.h"
#include "unicode/unicode.h"
#include "unicode/unifilt.h"
#include "unicode/uniset.h"
#include "unicode/unitohex.h"

const UChar Transliterator::ID_SEP   = 0x002D; /*-*/
const UChar Transliterator::ID_DELIM = 0x003B; /*;*/

static Hashtable _cache(TRUE); // TRUE = keys are case insensitive
static Hashtable _internalCache(TRUE); // TRUE = keys are case insensitive

/**
 * Cache of public system transliterators.  Keys are UnicodeString
 * names, values are CacheEntry objects.
 */
Hashtable* Transliterator::cache = &_cache;

/**
 * Like 'cache', but IDs are not public.  Internal transliterators are
 * combined together and aliased to public IDs.
 */
Hashtable* Transliterator::internalCache = &_internalCache;

/**
 * The mutex controlling access to the cache.
 */
UMTX Transliterator::cacheMutex = NULL;

/**
 * When set to TRUE, the cache has been initialized.  Any code must
 * check this boolean before accessing the cache, and if the boolean
 * is FALSE, it must call initializeCache().  We do this form of lazy
 * evaluation for two reasons: (1) so we don't initialize if we don't
 * have to (i.e., if no one is using Transliterator, but has included
 * the code as part of a shared library, and (2) to avoid static
 * intialization problems.
 */
UBool Transliterator::cacheInitialized = FALSE;

/**
 * Prefix for resource bundle key for the display name for a
 * transliterator.  The ID is appended to this to form the key.
 * The resource bundle value should be a String.
 */
const char* Transliterator::RB_DISPLAY_NAME_PREFIX = "%Translit%%";

/**
 * Prefix for resource bundle key for the display name for a
 * transliterator SCRIPT.  The ID is appended to this to form the key.
 * The resource bundle value should be a String.
 */
const char* Transliterator::RB_SCRIPT_DISPLAY_NAME_PREFIX = "%Translit%";

/**
 * Resource bundle key for display name pattern.
 * The resource bundle value should be a String forming a
 * MessageFormat pattern, e.g.:
 * "{0,choice,0#|1#{1} Transliterator|2#{1} to {2} Transliterator}".
 */
const char* Transliterator::RB_DISPLAY_NAME_PATTERN =
    "TransliteratorNamePattern";

/**
 * Resource bundle key for the list of RuleBasedTransliterator IDs.
 * The resource bundle value should be a String[] with each element
 * being a valid ID.  The ID will be appended to RB_RULE_BASED_PREFIX
 * to obtain the class name in which the RB_RULE key will be sought.
 */
const char* Transliterator::RB_RULE_BASED_IDS =
    "RuleBasedTransliteratorIDs";

/**
 * Resource bundle key for the RuleBasedTransliterator rule.
 */
const char* Transliterator::RB_RULE = "Rule";

/**
 * Class identifier for subclasses of Transliterator that do not
 * define their class (anonymous subclasses).
 */
char Transliterator::fgClassID = 0; // Value is irrelevant

/**
 * Default constructor.
 * @param theID the string identifier for this transliterator
 * @param theFilter the filter.  Any character for which
 * <tt>filter.contains()</tt> returns <tt>FALSE</tt> will not be
 * altered by this transliterator.  If <tt>filter</tt> is
 * <tt>null</tt> then no filtering is applied.
 */
Transliterator::Transliterator(const UnicodeString& theID,
                               UnicodeFilter* adoptedFilter) :
    ID(theID), filter(adoptedFilter),
    maximumContextLength(0) {}

/**
 * Destructor.
 */
Transliterator::~Transliterator() {
    delete filter;
}

/**
 * Copy constructor.
 */
Transliterator::Transliterator(const Transliterator& other) :
    ID(other.ID), filter(0),
    maximumContextLength(other.maximumContextLength) {
    if (other.filter != 0) {
        // We own the filter, so we must have our own copy
        filter = other.filter->clone();
    }
}

/**
 * Assignment operator.
 */
Transliterator& Transliterator::operator=(const Transliterator& other) {
    ID = other.ID;
    maximumContextLength = other.maximumContextLength;
    // MUST go through adoptFilter in case latter is overridden
    adoptFilter((other.filter == 0) ? 0 : other.filter->clone());
    return *this;
}

/**
 * Transliterates a segment of a string.  <code>Transliterator</code> API.
 * @param text the string to be transliterated
 * @param start the beginning index, inclusive; <code>0 <= start
 * <= limit</code>.
 * @param limit the ending index, exclusive; <code>start <= limit
 * <= text.length()</code>.
 * @return the new limit index
 */
int32_t Transliterator::transliterate(Replaceable& text,
                                      int32_t start, int32_t limit) const {

    UTransPosition offsets;
    offsets.contextStart= start;
    offsets.contextLimit = limit;
    offsets.start = start;
    offsets.limit = limit;
    handleTransliterate(text, offsets, FALSE);
    return offsets.limit;
}

/**
 * Transliterates an entire string in place. Convenience method.
 * @param text the string to be transliterated
 */
void Transliterator::transliterate(Replaceable& text) const {
    transliterate(text, 0, text.length());
}

/**
 * Transliterates the portion of the text buffer that can be
 * transliterated unambiguosly after new text has been inserted,
 * typically as a result of a keyboard event.  The new text in
 * <code>insertion</code> will be inserted into <code>text</code>
 * at <code>index.contextLimit</code>, advancing
 * <code>index.contextLimit</code> by <code>insertion.length()</code>.
 * Then the transliterator will try to transliterate characters of
 * <code>text</code> between <code>index.start</code> and
 * <code>index.contextLimit</code>.  Characters before
 * <code>index.start</code> will not be changed.
 *
 * <p>Upon return, values in <code>index</code> will be updated.
 * <code>index.contextStart</code> will be advanced to the first
 * character that future calls to this method will read.
 * <code>index.start</code> and <code>index.contextLimit</code> will
 * be adjusted to delimit the range of text that future calls to
 * this method may change.
 *
 * <p>Typical usage of this method begins with an initial call
 * with <code>index.contextStart</code> and <code>index.contextLimit</code>
 * set to indicate the portion of <code>text</code> to be
 * transliterated, and <code>index.start == index.contextStart</code>.
 * Thereafter, <code>index</code> can be used without
 * modification in future calls, provided that all changes to
 * <code>text</code> are made via this method.
 *
 * <p>This method assumes that future calls may be made that will
 * insert new text into the buffer.  As a result, it only performs
 * unambiguous transliterations.  After the last call to this
 * method, there may be untransliterated text that is waiting for
 * more input to resolve an ambiguity.  In order to perform these
 * pending transliterations, clients should call {@link
 * #finishKeyboardTransliteration} after the last call to this
 * method has been made.
 * 
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and untransliterated text
 * @param index an array of three integers.
 *
 * <ul><li><code>index.contextStart</code>: the beginning index,
 * inclusive; <code>0 <= index.contextStart <= index.contextLimit</code>.
 *
 * <li><code>index.contextLimit</code>: the ending index, exclusive;
 * <code>index.contextStart <= index.contextLimit <= text.length()</code>.
 * <code>insertion</code> is inserted at
 * <code>index.contextLimit</code>.
 *
 * <li><code>index.start</code>: the next character to be
 * considered for transliteration; <code>index.contextStart <=
 * index.start <= index.contextLimit</code>.  Characters before
 * <code>index.start</code> will not be changed by future calls
 * to this method.</ul>
 *
 * @param insertion text to be inserted and possibly
 * transliterated into the translation buffer at
 * <code>index.contextLimit</code>.  If <code>null</code> then no text
 * is inserted.
 * @see #START
 * @see #LIMIT
 * @see #CURSOR
 * @see #handleTransliterate
 * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>index</code>
 * is invalid
 */
void Transliterator::transliterate(Replaceable& text,
                                   UTransPosition& index,
                                   const UnicodeString& insertion,
                                   UErrorCode &status) const {
    _transliterate(text, index, &insertion, status);
}

/**
 * Transliterates the portion of the text buffer that can be
 * transliterated unambiguosly after a new character has been
 * inserted, typically as a result of a keyboard event.  This is a
 * convenience method; see {@link
 * #transliterate(Replaceable, int[], String)} for details.
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and
 * untransliterated text
 * @param index an array of three integers.  See {@link
 * #transliterate(Replaceable, int[], String)}.
 * @param insertion text to be inserted and possibly
 * transliterated into the translation buffer at
 * <code>index.contextLimit</code>.
 * @see #transliterate(Replaceable, int[], String)
 */
void Transliterator::transliterate(Replaceable& text,
                                   UTransPosition& index,
                                   UChar insertion,
                                   UErrorCode& status) const {
    UnicodeString str(insertion);
    _transliterate(text, index, &str, status);
}

/**
 * Transliterates the portion of the text buffer that can be
 * transliterated unambiguosly.  This is a convenience method; see
 * {@link #transliterate(Replaceable, int[], String)} for
 * details.
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and
 * untransliterated text
 * @param index an array of three integers.  See {@link
 * #transliterate(Replaceable, int[], String)}.
 * @see #transliterate(Replaceable, int[], String)
 */
void Transliterator::transliterate(Replaceable& text,
                                   UTransPosition& index,
                                   UErrorCode& status) const {
    _transliterate(text, index, 0, status);
}

/**
 * Finishes any pending transliterations that were waiting for
 * more characters.  Clients should call this method as the last
 * call after a sequence of one or more calls to
 * <code>transliterate()</code>.
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and
 * untransliterated text.
 * @param index the array of indices previously passed to {@link
 * #transliterate}
 */
void Transliterator::finishTransliteration(Replaceable& text,
                                           UTransPosition& index) const {
    handleTransliterate(text, index, FALSE);
}

/**
 * This internal method does keyboard transliteration.  If the
 * 'insertion' is non-null then we append it to 'text' before
 * proceeding.  This method calls through to the pure virtual
 * framework method handleTransliterate() to do the actual
 * work.
 */
void Transliterator::_transliterate(Replaceable& text,
                                    UTransPosition& index,
                                    const UnicodeString* insertion,
                                    UErrorCode &status) const {
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
        return;
    }

    if (index.contextStart < 0 ||
        index.contextLimit > text.length() ||
        index.start < index.contextStart ||
        index.start > index.contextLimit) {
        status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return;
    }

    int32_t originalStart = index.contextStart;
    if (insertion != 0) {
        text.handleReplaceBetween(index.limit, index.limit, *insertion);
        index.limit += insertion->length();
        index.contextLimit += insertion->length();
    }

    handleTransliterate(text, index, TRUE);

    index.contextStart = uprv_max(index.start - getMaximumContextLength(),
                           originalStart);
}

/**
 * Method for subclasses to use to set the maximum context length.
 * @see #getMaximumContextLength
 */
void Transliterator::setMaximumContextLength(int32_t maxContextLength) {
    maximumContextLength = maxContextLength;
}

/**
 * Returns a programmatic identifier for this transliterator.
 * If this identifier is passed to <code>getInstance()</code>, it
 * will return this object, if it has been registered.
 * @see #registerInstance
 * @see #getAvailableIDs
 */
const UnicodeString& Transliterator::getID(void) const {
    return ID;
}

/**
 * Returns a name for this transliterator that is appropriate for
 * display to the user in the default locale.  See {@link
 * #getDisplayName(Locale)} for details.
 */
UnicodeString& Transliterator::getDisplayName(const UnicodeString& ID,
                                              UnicodeString& result) {
    return getDisplayName(ID, Locale::getDefault(), result);
}

/**
 * Returns a name for this transliterator that is appropriate for
 * display to the user in the given locale.  This name is taken
 * from the locale resource data in the standard manner of the
 * <code>java.text</code> package.
 *
 * <p>If no localized names exist in the system resource bundles,
 * a name is synthesized using a localized
 * <code>MessageFormat</code> pattern from the resource data.  The
 * arguments to this pattern are an integer followed by one or two
 * strings.  The integer is the number of strings, either 1 or 2.
 * The strings are formed by splitting the ID for this
 * transliterator at the first ID_SEP.  If there is no ID_SEP, then the
 * entire ID forms the only string.
 * @param inLocale the Locale in which the display name should be
 * localized.
 * @see java.text.MessageFormat
 */
UnicodeString& Transliterator::getDisplayName(const UnicodeString& ID,
                                              const Locale& inLocale,
                                              UnicodeString& result) {
    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;

    ResourceBundle bundle(u_getDataDirectory(), inLocale, status);

    // Suspend checking status until later...

    // build the char* key
    char key[100];
    uprv_strcpy(key, RB_DISPLAY_NAME_PREFIX);
    int32_t length=(int32_t)uprv_strlen(RB_DISPLAY_NAME_PREFIX);
    key[length + ID.extract(0, (int32_t)(sizeof(key)-length-1), key+length, "")]=0;

    // Try to retrieve a UnicodeString* from the bundle.  The result,
    // if any, should NOT be deleted.
    /*const UnicodeString* resString = bundle.getString(key, status);*/
    UnicodeString resString = bundle.getStringEx(key, status);

    /*if (U_SUCCESS(status) && resString != 0) {*/
    if (U_SUCCESS(status) && resString.length() != 0) {
        /*return result = *resString; // [sic] assign & return*/
        return result = resString; // [sic] assign & return
    }

    // We have failed to get a name from the locale data.  This is
    // typical, since most transliterators will not have localized
    // name data.  The next step is to retrieve the MessageFormat
    // pattern from the locale data and to use it to synthesize the
    // name from the ID.

    status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
    /*resString = bundle.getString(RB_DISPLAY_NAME_PATTERN, status);*/
    resString = bundle.getStringEx(RB_DISPLAY_NAME_PATTERN, status);

    /*if (U_SUCCESS(status) && resString != 0) {*/
    if (U_SUCCESS(status) && resString.length() != 0) {
        /*MessageFormat msg(*resString, inLocale, status);*/
        MessageFormat msg(resString, inLocale, status);
        // Suspend checking status until later...

        // We pass either 2 or 3 Formattable objects to msg.
        Formattable args[3];
        int32_t i = ID.indexOf(ID_SEP);
        int32_t nargs;
        if (i < 0) {
            args[0].setLong(1); // # of args to follow
            args[1].setString(ID);
            nargs = 2;
        } else {
            UnicodeString left, right;
            ID.extractBetween(0, i, left);
            ID.extractBetween(i+1, ID.length(), right);
            args[0].setLong(2); // # of args to follow
            args[1].setString(left);
            args[2].setString(right);
            nargs = 3;
        }

        // Use display names for the scripts, if they exist
        UnicodeString s;
        length=(int32_t)uprv_strlen(RB_SCRIPT_DISPLAY_NAME_PREFIX);
        for (int j=1; j<=((i<0)?1:2); ++j) {
            status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
            uprv_strcpy(key, RB_SCRIPT_DISPLAY_NAME_PREFIX);
            args[j].getString(s);
            key[length + s.extract(0, sizeof(key)-length-1, key+length, "")]=0;

            /*resString = bundle.getString(key, status);*/
            resString = bundle.getStringEx(key, status);

            if (U_SUCCESS(status)) {
                /*args[j] = *resString;*/
                args[j] = resString;
            }
        }
        
        status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
        FieldPosition pos; // ignored by msg
        msg.format(args, nargs, result, pos, status);
        if (U_SUCCESS(status)) {
            return result;
        }
    }

    // We should not reach this point unless there is something
    // wrong with the build or the RB_DISPLAY_NAME_PATTERN has
    // been deleted from the root RB_LOCALE_ELEMENTS resource.
    result = ID;
    return result;
}

/**
 * Returns the filter used by this transliterator, or <tt>null</tt>
 * if this transliterator uses no filter.  Caller musn't delete
 * the result!
 */
const UnicodeFilter* Transliterator::getFilter(void) const {
    return filter;
}

/**
 * Returns the filter used by this transliterator, or
 * <tt>NULL</tt> if this transliterator uses no filter.  The
 * caller must eventually delete the result.  After this call,
 * this transliterator's filter is set to <tt>NULL</tt>.
 */
UnicodeFilter* Transliterator::orphanFilter(void) {
    UnicodeFilter *result = filter;
    // MUST go through adoptFilter in case latter is overridden
    adoptFilter(0);
    return result;
}

/**
 * Changes the filter used by this transliterator.  If the filter
 * is set to <tt>null</tt> then no filtering will occur.
 *
 * <p>Callers must take care if a transliterator is in use by
 * multiple threads.  The filter should not be changed by one
 * thread while another thread may be transliterating.
 */
void Transliterator::adoptFilter(UnicodeFilter* filterToAdopt) {
    delete filter;
    filter = filterToAdopt;
}

/**
 * Returns this transliterator's inverse.  See the class
 * documentation for details.  This implementation simply inverts
 * the two entities in the ID and attempts to retrieve the
 * resulting transliterator.  That is, if <code>getID()</code>
 * returns "A-B", then this method will return the result of
 * <code>getInstance("B-A")</code>, or <code>null</code> if that
 * call fails.
 *
 * <p>This method does not take filtering into account.  The
 * returned transliterator will have no filter.
 *
 * <p>Subclasses with knowledge of their inverse may wish to
 * override this method.
 *
 * @return a transliterator that is an inverse, not necessarily
 * exact, of this transliterator, or <code>null</code> if no such
 * transliterator is registered.
 * @see #registerInstance
 */
Transliterator* Transliterator::createInverse(void) const {
    return Transliterator::createInstance(ID, UTRANS_REVERSE);
}

/**
 * Returns a <code>Transliterator</code> object given its ID.
 * The ID must be either a system transliterator ID or a ID registered
 * using <code>registerInstance()</code>.
 *
 * @param ID a valid ID, as enumerated by <code>getAvailableIDs()</code>
 * @return A <code>Transliterator</code> object with the given ID
 * @see #registerInstance
 * @see #getAvailableIDs
 * @see #getID
 */
Transliterator* Transliterator::createInstance(const UnicodeString& ID,
                                               UTransDirection dir,
                                               UParseError* parseError) {
    Transliterator* t = 0;
    if (ID.indexOf(ID_DELIM) >= 0) {
        UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
        t = new CompoundTransliterator(ID, dir, 0, status);
        if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
            delete t;
            t = 0;
        }
    } else {
        // 'id' is the ID with the filter pattern removed and with
        // whitespace deleted.
        UnicodeString id(ID);

        // Look for embedded filter pattern
        UnicodeSet *filter = 0;
        int32_t bracket = id.indexOf((UChar)0x005B /*[*/);
        if (bracket >= 0) {
            UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
            ParsePosition pos(bracket);
            filter = new UnicodeSet();
            filter->applyPattern(id, pos, 0, status);
            if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
                // There was a parse failure in the filter pattern
                delete filter;
                return 0;
            }
            id.removeBetween(bracket, pos.getIndex());
        }

        // Delete whitespace
        int32_t i;
        for (i=0; i<id.length(); ++i) {
            if (Unicode::isWhitespace(id.charAt(i))) {
                id.remove(i, 1);
                --i;
            }
        }

        // The 'facadeID' is the ID to be applied to an alias
        // transliterator like Hangul-Latin, which is really
        // Hangul-Jamo;Jamo-Latin, but which should have a getID()
        // result of "Hangul-Latin".  The 'facadeID' is only used in
        // that way for alias transliterators.  The 'alias' parameter
        // is non-empty if _createInstance() finds that the given ID
        // refers to an alias.  The reason _createInstance() doesn't
        // call createInstance() (this method) directly is to avoid
        // deadlock.  There are other ways to do this but this is one
        // of the more efficient ways.
        UnicodeString alias, facadeID;
        if (dir == UTRANS_REVERSE) {
            i = id.indexOf(ID_SEP);
            if (i >= 0) {
                UnicodeString right;
                id.extractBetween(i+1, id.length(), facadeID);
                id.extractBetween(0, i, right);
                facadeID.append(ID_SEP).append(right);
            } else if (id == NullTransliterator::ID ||
                       id == RemoveTransliterator::ID) {
                facadeID = id;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        } else {
            facadeID = id;
        }
        t = _createInstance(facadeID, alias, parseError);

        UBool fixID = FALSE;

        if (alias.length() > 0) { // assert(t==0)
            t = createInstance(alias);
            fixID = (t != 0);
        }

        if (t != 0 && filter != 0) {
            t->adoptFilter(filter);
            fixID = TRUE;
            facadeID.append(ID, bracket, INT32_MAX);
        }

        if (fixID) {
            t->setID(facadeID);
        }
    }
    return t;
}

/**
 * Returns a transliterator object given its ID.  Unlike getInstance(),
 * this method returns null if it cannot make use of the given ID.
 * @param aliasReturn if ID is an alias transliterator this is set
 * the the parameter to be passed to createInstance() and 0 is
 * returned; otherwise, this is unchanged
 */
Transliterator* Transliterator::_createInstance(const UnicodeString& ID,
                                                UnicodeString& aliasReturn,
                                                UParseError* parseError) {
    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;

    if (!cacheInitialized) {
        initializeCache();
    }

    Mutex lock(&cacheMutex);

    CacheEntry* entry = (CacheEntry*) cache->get(ID);
    if (entry == 0) {
        entry = (CacheEntry*) internalCache->get(ID);
    }

    TransliterationRuleData* data = 0;

    if (entry == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    if (entry->entryType == CacheEntry::RBT_DATA) {
        data = entry->u.data;
        // Fall through to construct transliterator from cached Data object.
    } else if (entry->entryType == CacheEntry::PROTOTYPE) {
        return entry->u.prototype->clone();
    } else if (entry->entryType == CacheEntry::ALIAS) {
        // We can't call createInstance() here because of deadlock.
        aliasReturn = entry->stringArg;
        return 0;
    } else {
        // At this point entry type must be either RULES_FORWARD
        // or RULES_REVERSE
        UBool isReverse = (entry->entryType == CacheEntry::RULES_REVERSE);
        
        // We use the file name, taken from another resource bundle
        // 2-d array at static init time, as a locale language.  We're
        // just using the locale mechanism to map through to a file
        // name; this in no way represents an actual locale.

        char *ch;
        ch = new char[entry->stringArg.length() + 1];
        ch[entry->stringArg.extract(0, 0x7fffffff, ch, "")] = 0;
        Locale fakeLocale(ch);
        delete [] ch;

        ResourceBundle bundle((char *)0,
                              fakeLocale, status);
        
        // Call RBT to parse the rules from the resource bundle

        UnicodeString rules = bundle.getStringEx(RB_RULE, status);

        // If the status indicates a failure, then we don't have any
        // rules -- there is probably an installation error.  The list
        // in the root locale should correspond to all the installed
        // transliterators; if it lists something that's not
        // installed, we'll get an error from ResourceBundle.
        if (U_SUCCESS(status)) {

            data = TransliterationRuleParser::parse(rules, isReverse
                                    ? UTRANS_REVERSE
                                    : UTRANS_FORWARD,
                                    parseError);

            // Double check to see if someone has modified the entry
            // since we last looked at it.
            if (entry->entryType != CacheEntry::RBT_DATA) {
                entry->entryType = CacheEntry::RBT_DATA;
                entry->u.data = data;
            } else {
                // Oops!  Another thread has updated this cache entry
                // already to point to a data object.  Discard the
                // one we just created and use the one in the cache
                // instead.
                delete data;
                data = entry->u.data;
            }
        }
    }

    if (data != 0) {
        return new RuleBasedTransliterator(ID, data);
    } else {
        // We have a failure of some kind.  Remove the ID from the
        // cache so we don't keep trying.  NOTE: This will throw off
        // anyone who is, at the moment, trying to iterate over the
        // available IDs.  That's acceptable since we should never
        // really get here except under installation, configuration,
        // or unrecoverable run time memory failures.
        _unregister(ID);
    }

    return 0;
}

/**
 * Registers a instance <tt>obj</tt> of a subclass of
 * <code>Transliterator</code> with the system.  This object must
 * implement the <tt>clone()</tt> method.  When
 * <tt>getInstance()</tt> is called with an ID string that is
 * equal to <tt>obj.getID()</tt>, then <tt>obj.clone()</tt> is
 * returned.
 *
 * @param obj an instance of subclass of
 * <code>Transliterator</code> that defines <tt>clone()</tt>
 * @see #getInstance
 * @see #unregister
 */
void Transliterator::registerInstance(Transliterator* adoptedPrototype,
                                      UErrorCode &status) {    
    if (!cacheInitialized) {
        initializeCache();
    }

    Mutex lock(&cacheMutex);
    _registerInstance(adoptedPrototype, status);
}

/**
 * This internal method registers a prototype instance in the cache.
 * The CALLER MUST MUTEX using cacheMutex before calling this method.
 */
void Transliterator::_registerInstance(Transliterator* adoptedPrototype,
                                       UErrorCode &status) {
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
        return;
    }

    /*int32_t hashCode = hash(adoptedPrototype->getID());*/

    // This needs explaining: The string reference that getID returns
    // is to the ID data member of Transliterator.  As long as the
    // Transliterator object exists, this reference is valid, and in
    // fact we can take its address and store it in IDS.  No problem
    // there.  The only thing we have to be sure of is that before we
    // remove the prototype (via unregister()), we remove the ID
    // entry.
    cacheIDs.addElement((void*) &adoptedPrototype->getID());

    CacheEntry* entry = (CacheEntry*) cache->get(adoptedPrototype->getID());
    if (entry == 0) {
        entry = new CacheEntry();
    }

    entry->adoptPrototype(adoptedPrototype);

    //uhash_putKey(cache, hashCode, entry, &status);
    cache->put(adoptedPrototype->getID(), entry, status);
}

/**
 * Unregisters a transliterator or class.  This may be either
 * a system transliterator or a user transliterator or class.
 * 
 * @param ID the ID of the transliterator or class
 * @see #registerInstance
 */
void Transliterator::unregister(const UnicodeString& ID) {
    if (!cacheInitialized) {
        initializeCache();
    }
    Mutex lock(&cacheMutex);
    _unregister(ID);
}

/**
 * Unregisters a transliterator or class.  Internal method.
 * Prerequisites: The cache must be initialized, and the
 * caller must own the cacheMutex.
 */
void Transliterator::_unregister(const UnicodeString& ID) {
    cacheIDs.removeElement((void*) &ID);
    //int32_t hc = hash(ID);
    CacheEntry* entry = (CacheEntry*) cache->get(ID);
    if (entry != 0) {
        cache->remove(ID);
        delete entry;
    }
}

/**
 * Vector of registered IDs.
 */
UVector Transliterator::cacheIDs;

/**
 * Return the number of IDs currently registered with the system.
 * To retrieve the actual IDs, call getAvailableID(i) with
 * i from 0 to countAvailableIDs() - 1.
 */
int32_t Transliterator::countAvailableIDs(void) {
    if (!cacheInitialized) {
        initializeCache();
    }
    Mutex lock(&cacheMutex);
    return cacheIDs.size();
}

/**
 * Return the index-th available ID.  index must be between 0
 * and countAvailableIDs() - 1, inclusive.  If index is out of
 * range, the result of getAvailableID(0) is returned.
 */
const UnicodeString& Transliterator::getAvailableID(int32_t index) {
    if (index < 0 || index >= cacheIDs.size()) {
        index = 0;
    }
    if (!cacheInitialized) {
        initializeCache();
    }
    Mutex lock(&cacheMutex);
    return *(const UnicodeString*) cacheIDs[index];
}

/**
 * Method for subclasses to use to obtain a character in the given
 * string, with filtering.
 */
UChar Transliterator::filteredCharAt(const Replaceable& text, int32_t i) const {
    UChar c;
    const UnicodeFilter* localFilter = getFilter();
    return (localFilter == 0) ? text.charAt(i) :
        (localFilter->contains(c = text.charAt(i)) ? c : (UChar)0xFFFE);
}

/**
 * Comparison function for UVector.  Compares two UnicodeString
 * objects given void* pointers to them.
 */
UBool Transliterator::compareIDs(void* a, void* b) {
    const UnicodeString* aa = (const UnicodeString*) a;
    const UnicodeString* bb = (const UnicodeString*) b;
    return *aa == *bb;
}

void Transliterator::initializeCache(void) {
    // Lock first, check init boolean second
    Mutex lock(&cacheMutex);
    if (cacheInitialized) {
        return;
    }
        
    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;

    // Before looking for the resource, construct our cache.
    // That way if the resource is absent, we will at least
    // have a valid cache object.
    cacheIDs.setComparer(compareIDs);

    /* The following code parses the index table located in
     * icu/data/translit_index.txt.  The index is an n x 4 table
     * that follows this format:
     *
     *   <id>:file:<resource>:<direction>
     *   <id>:internal:<resource>:<direction>
     *   <id>:alias:<getInstanceArg>:
     *  
     * <id> is the ID of the system transliterator being defined.  These
     * are public IDs enumerated by Transliterator.getAvailableIDs(),
     * unless the second field is "internal".
     * 
     * <resource> is a ResourceReader resource name.  Currently these refer
     * to file names under com/ibm/text/resources.  This string is passed
     * directly to ResourceReader, together with <encoding>.
     * 
     * <direction> is either "FORWARD" or "REVERSE".
     * 
     * <getInstanceArg> is a string to be passed directly to
     * Transliterator.getInstance().  The returned Transliterator object
     * then has its ID changed to <id> and is returned.
     *
     * The extra blank field on "alias" lines is to make the array square.
     */

    Locale indexLoc("translit_index");

    ResourceBundle bundle((char *)0,
                          indexLoc, status);
    ResourceBundle transIDs(bundle.get(RB_RULE_BASED_IDS, status));

    int32_t row, maxRows;
    if (U_SUCCESS(status)) {
        maxRows = transIDs.getSize();
        for (row = 0; row < maxRows; row++) {
            ResourceBundle colBund(transIDs.get(row, status));

            if (U_SUCCESS(status) && colBund.getSize() == 4) {
                UnicodeString id(colBund.getStringEx((int32_t)0, status));
                UChar type = colBund.getStringEx(1, status).charAt(0);
                UnicodeString resource(colBund.getStringEx(2, status));

                if (U_SUCCESS(status)) {
                    CacheEntry* entry = new CacheEntry();
                    UBool isInternal = FALSE;
                    if (type == 0x0066 || type == 0x0069) { // 'f', 'i'
                        // 'file' or 'internal'; row[2]=resource, row[3]=direction
                        isInternal = (type == 0x0069/*i*/);
                        if ((colBund.getStringEx(3, status).charAt(0)) == 0x0052) {// 'R'
                            entry->entryType = CacheEntry::RULES_REVERSE;
                        } else {
                            entry->entryType = CacheEntry::RULES_FORWARD;
                        }
                    } else { // assert(type == 0x0061 /*a*/)
                        // 'alias'; row[2]=createInstance argument
                        entry->entryType = CacheEntry::ALIAS;
                    }
                    entry->stringArg = resource;

                    // Use internalCache for 'internal' entries
                    Hashtable* c = isInternal ? internalCache : cache;
                    c->put(id, entry, status);

                    // cacheIDs owns & should delete the following string
                    if (!isInternal) {
                        cacheIDs.addElement((void*) new UnicodeString(id));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // Manually add prototypes that the system knows about to the
    // cache.  This is how new non-rule-based transliterators are
    // added to the system.

    status = U_ZERO_ERROR; // Reset status for following calls
    _registerInstance(new HexToUnicodeTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new UnicodeToHexTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new JamoHangulTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new HangulJamoTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new NullTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new RemoveTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new LowercaseTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new UppercaseTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new TitlecaseTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new UnicodeNameTransliterator(), status);
    _registerInstance(new NameUnicodeTransliterator(), status);

    cacheInitialized = TRUE;
}

Transliterator::CacheEntry::CacheEntry() {
    u.prototype = 0;
    entryType = NONE;
}

Transliterator::CacheEntry::~CacheEntry() {
    if (entryType == PROTOTYPE) {
        delete u.prototype;
    }
}

void Transliterator::CacheEntry::adoptPrototype(Transliterator* adopted) {
    if (entryType == PROTOTYPE) {
        delete u.prototype;
    }
    entryType = PROTOTYPE;
    u.prototype = adopted;
}