1700 lines
65 KiB
HTML
1700 lines
65 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<meta name="COPYRIGHT" value=
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"Copyright (c) IBM Corporation and others. All Rights Reserved.">
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<meta name="KEYWORDS" content=
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"ICU; International Components for Unicode; what's new; readme; read me; introduction; downloads; downloading; building; installation;">
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<meta name="DESCRIPTION" content=
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"The introduction to the International Components for Unicode with instructions on building, installation, usage and other bits of information about ICU.">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>ReadMe for ICU</title>
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<style type="text/css">
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H1 {border-width: 1; border: solid; text-align: center}
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H2 {text-decoration: underline}
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H3 {text-decoration: underline}
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H4 {text-decoration: underline}
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H5 {text-decoration: underline}
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HR {height: 2; width: "100%"; text-align: center}
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PRE {margin-left: .5in; margin-bottom: .5in}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body lang="en-US">
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<h1>International Components for Unicode<br>
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ReadMe</h1>
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<p>Version: May 30, 2000<br>
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Copyright © 1997-2000 International Business Machines Corporation
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and others. All Rights Reserved.</p>
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<hr>
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<p><br>
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<br>
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</p>
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<h2>Contents</h2>
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<ul type="disc">
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<li><a href="#news">Late Breaking News And What Is New?</a></li>
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<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
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<li><a href="#WhatContain">What the International Components for
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Unicode Contain</a></li>
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<li><a href="#API">API Overview</a></li>
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<li><a href="#PlatformDependencies">Platform Dependencies</a></li>
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<li><a href="#ImportantNotes">Important Installation Notes</a></li>
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<li><a href="#HowToInstall">How to Build And Install ICU</a></li>
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<li><a href="#dataHandling">How ICU Handles Data</a></li>
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<li><a href="#CharsetConvert">Character Set Conversion
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Information</a></li>
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<li><a href="#VersionNumbers">Version Numbers In ICU</a></li>
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<li><a href="#ProgrammingNotes">Programming Notes</a></li>
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<li><a href="#WhereToFindMore">Where To Find More Information</a></li>
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<li><a href="#SubmittingComments">Submitting Comments, Requesting
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Features and Reporting Bugs</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h2><a name="#news">Late Breaking News And What Is New?</a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#sharedLibNote">Using Shared Data Libraries</a></li>
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<li><a href="#ErrcodeChanges">Important Change Of Error Codes From
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Streaming Conversion Functions</a></li>
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</ul>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
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<p>Today's software market is a global one in which it is desirable to
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develop and maintain one application that supports a wide variety of
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national languages. International Components for Unicode provides the
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following tools to help you write language independent applications:</p>
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<ul type="disc">
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<li>UnicodeString supporting the Unicode 3.0 standard</li>
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<li>Resource bundles for storing and accessing localized
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information</li>
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<li>Number formatters for converting binary numbers into text strings
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for meaningful display</li>
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<li>Date and time formatters for converting internal time data into
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text strings for meaningful display</li>
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<li>Message formatters for putting together sequences of strings,
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numbers dates and other format to create messages</li>
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<li>Text collation supporting language sensitive comparison of
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strings</li>
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<li>Text boundary analysis for finding characters, word and sentence
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boundaries</li>
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<li>Changing simple data files rather than modifying program code
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easily localizes applications written using these tools</li>
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<li>Over 150 locales supported. Visit the <a href=
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"http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/icu/localeexplorer">
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LocaleExplorer
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(http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/icu/localeexplorer)</a>
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site for a demonstration and a full list of supported locales or <a
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href="docs/supp_loc.html">click here for a table of supported
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locales</a>.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>It is possible to support additional locales by adding more locale
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data files, with no code changes.</p>
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<p>Please refer to POSIX programmer's Guide for details on what the ISO
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locale ID means.</p>
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<p>Your comments are important to making this release successful. We are
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committed to fixing any bugs, and will also use your feedback to help
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plan future releases.</p>
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<p><strong><u>IMPORTANT</u>: Please make sure you understand the <a href=
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"license.html">Copyright and License information</a>.</strong></p>
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<p><br>
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</p>
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<h2><a name="WhatContain">What the International Components for Unicode
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Contain</a></h2>
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<p>There are two ways to download the ICU releases,</p>
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<ul type="disc">
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<li><strong>Official Release Snapshot:</strong><br>
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If you want to use ICU (as opposed to developing it), your best bet is
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to download an official, packaged ICU version of the ICU source code.
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These versions are tested more thoroughly than day-to-day development
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builds of the system, and they are packaged in zip and tar files for
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convenient download. These packaged files can be found at <a href=
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"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/index.html">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/index.html</a>.<br>
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If packaged snapshot is named <strong>ICUXXXXXX.zip</strong> , XXXXXX
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is the release version number.<br>
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Please unzip this file. It will re-construct the source
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directory.</li>
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<li><strong>CVS Source Repository:</strong><br>
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If you are interested in developing features, patches, or bug fixes
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for ICU, you should probably be working with the latest version of the
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ICU source code. You will need to check the code out of our CVS
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repository to ensure that you have the most recent version of all of
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the files. There are several ways to do this:</li>
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<li style="list-style: none">
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<ul type="circle">
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<li>WebCVS:<br>
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If you want to browse the code and only make occasional downloads,
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you may want to use WebCVS. It provides a convenient, web-based
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interface for browsing and downloading the latest version of the
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ICU source code and documentation. You can also view each file's
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revision history, display the differences between individual
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revisions, determine which revisions were part of which official
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release, and so on.</li>
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<li>
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WinCVS:<br>
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If you will be doing serious work on ICU, you should probably
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install a CVS client on your own machine so that you can do batch
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operations without going through the WebCVS interface. On
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Windows, we suggest the WinCVS client. The following is the
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example instruction on how to download ICU via WinCVS:
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<ol>
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<li>Install the WinCVS client, which you can download from the
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WinCVS home page.</li>
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<li>In the WinCVS preferences, specify your CVSRoot to be
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":pserver:anoncvs@oss.software.ibm.com:/usr/cvs/icu"<br>
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with the password "anoncvs". To enter the CVSRoot value,
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select "Preferences" from the "Cvs Admin" pull-down menu.
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Authentication should be set to "'passwd' file on the cvs
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server".</li>
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<li>To "extract" the most recent version of ICU, select
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"Checkout module" from the "Cvs Admin" menu. Specify "icu" for
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the module name.</li>
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</ol>
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</li>
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<li>CVS command line:<br>
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You can also check out the repository anonymously on UNIX using
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the following commands, after first setting your CVSROOT to point
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to the ICU repository:<br>
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<br>
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<i>export
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CVSROOT=:pserver:anoncvs@oss.software.ibm.com:/usr/cvs/icu<br>
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cvs login CVS password: anoncvs<br>
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cvs checkout icu<br>
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cvs logout</i></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>For more details on how to download ICU directly from the web site,
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please also see <a href=
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"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/index.html">http:/oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/index.html</a></p>
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<p>Below, <strong>$Root</strong> is the placement of the icu directory in
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your file system, like "drive:\...\icu" in your environment. "drive:\..."
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stands for any drive and any directory on that drive that you chose to
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install icu into.</p>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<caption align="left">
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<strong>The following files describe the code drop</strong>
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</caption>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>readme.html</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>Describes the International Components for Unicode (this
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file)</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>license.html</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>Contains IBM's public license</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/docs</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>API documentation for the International Components for
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Unicode</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p><br>
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</p>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<caption align="left">
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<strong>The following directories contain source code and data
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files</strong>
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</caption>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/source/common/</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>The utility classes, such as ResourceBundle, Unicode, Locale,
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UnicodeString. The codepage conversion library API,
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UnicodeConverter.</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/source/i18n/</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>The collation source files, Collator, RuleBasedCollator and
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CollationKey.<br>
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The text boundary API, which locates character, word, sentence,
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and<br>
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line breaks.<br>
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The format API, which formats and parses data in numeric or date
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format to and from text.</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/source/test/intltest/</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>A test suite including all C++ APIs. For information about
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running the test suite, see <a href=
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"docs/intltest.html">docs/intltest.html</a>.</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/source/test/cintltst/</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>A test suite including all C APIs. For information about running
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the test suite, see <a href=
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"docs/cintltst.html">docs/cintltst.html.</a></p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/data/</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>The Unicode 3.0 data file. Please see <a href=
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"http://www.unicode.org/">http://www.unicode.org/</a> for more
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information.<br>
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This directory also contains the resource files for all
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international objects. These files are of three types:</p>
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<ul type="disc">
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<li>TXT files contain general locale data.</li>
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<li>RES files contain non-portable locale data files which are
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generated by the <strong>genrb</strong> tool.</li>
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<li>COL files are non-portable packed binary collation data files
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which are created by the <strong>gencol</strong> tool.</li>
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<li>UCM files which contain mapping tables {from,to} Unicode in
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text format</li>
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<li>CNV files are non-portable packed binary conversion data
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generated by the <strong>makeconv</strong> tool.</li>
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<li>icudata.dll file contains data files in a dynamic loadable
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library format. At this moment, this file contains CNV files,
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converter aliases, timezone data and Unicode character names.
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Please read <a href="docs/udata.html">udata.html</a> for more
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information.</li>
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<li>icudata.dat file contains data files in a memory mapped file
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format. At this moment, this file contains CNV files, converter
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aliases, timezone data and Unicode character names. Please read
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<a href="docs/udata.html">udata.html</a> for more
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information.</li>
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</ul>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/source/tools</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>Tools for generating the data files. Data files are generated by
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invoking $Root/source/tools/makedata.bat on Win32 or
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$Root/source/make install on Unix.</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/source/samples</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>Various sample programs that use ICU</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p><br>
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</p>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<caption align="left">
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<strong>The following directories are populated when you've built the
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framework</strong><br>
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(on Unix, replace $Root with the value given to the "configure"
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script)
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</caption>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$Root/include/</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>contains all the public header files.</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%">
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<p>$output</p>
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</td>
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<td width="80%">
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<p>contains the libraries for static/dynamic linking or executable
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programs.</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p><strong>The following shows the main directory structure of the
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International Components for Unicode</strong></p>
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<ul style='list-style-type: disc'>
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<li>
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output
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<ul style='list-style-type: circle'>
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<li>libraries (built)</li>
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<li>programs (built)</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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icu-NNNN
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<ul style='list-style-type: circle'>
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<li>
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icu
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<ul style='list-style-type: square'>
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<li>readme.html</li>
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<li>license.html</li>
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<li>include (built)</li>
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<li>data</li>
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<li>docs</li>
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<li>
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source
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<ul style='list-style-type: disc'>
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<li>common</li>
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<li>
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extra
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<ul style='list-style-type: circle'>
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<li>ustdio</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>i18n</li>
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<li>samples</li>
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<li>
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test
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<ul style='list-style-type: circle'>
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<li>cintltst</li>
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<li>intltest</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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tools
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<ul style='list-style-type: circle'>
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<li>ctestfw</li>
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<li>genrb</li>
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<li>pkgdata</li>
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<li>makeconv</li>
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<li>...</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2><a name="API">API Overview</a></h2>
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<p>In the International Components for Unicode, there are two
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categories:</p>
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<ul type="disc">
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<li>
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Low-level Unicode/Resource Attributes: (<strong>icuuc</strong>
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library)
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<ul type="circle">
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<li><a href="docs/utilCL.html">Utility Classes</a></li>
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<li><a href="docs/conversion_interface.htm">Conversion
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Interface</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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High-level Unicode Internationalization: (<strong>icui18n</strong>
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library)
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<ul type="circle">
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<li><a href="docs/boundCL.html">Text Boundary Classes</a></li>
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<li><a href="docs/collateCL.html">Collation Classes</a></li>
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<li><a href="docs/formatCL.html">Formatting Classes</a></li>
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<li>Transliterator Classes</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>See <a href=
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"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/develop/codestds.html">International
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Components for Unicode Coding Guidelines</a> for a discussion of code
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conventions common to all library classes.</p>
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<p>See also <a href="../icuhtml/aindex.html">../icuhtml/aindex.html</a>
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for an alphabetical index, and <a href=
|
|
"../icuhtml/HIER.html">../icuhtml/HIER.html</a> for a hierarchical index
|
|
to detailed API documentation.<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="PlatformDependencies">Platform Dependencies</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>The platform dependencies have been isolated into the following 4
|
|
files:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul type="disc">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<u>platform.h.in:</u> Platform-dependent typedefs and defines:<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul type="circle">
|
|
<li>XP_CPLUSPLUS for C++ only.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>TRUE and FALSE, bool_t, int8_t, int16_t etc.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>U_EXPORT and U_IMPORT for specifying dynamic library import and
|
|
export</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<ul type="disc">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<u>putil.c:</u> platform-dependent implementations of various
|
|
functions that are platform dependent: (declared in putil.h)<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul type="circle">
|
|
<li>icu_isNaN, icu_isInfinite(double), icu_getNaN();
|
|
icu_getInfinity for handling special floating point values.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu_tzset, icu_timezone, icu_tzname and time for reading
|
|
platform specific time and timezone information.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu_getDefaultDataDirectory, icu_getDefaultLocaleID for reading
|
|
the locale setting and data directory.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu_isBigEndian for finding the endianess of the platform.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu_nextDouble is used specifically by the ChoiceFormat
|
|
API.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<ul type="disc">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<u>mutex.h and mutex.cpp</u>: Code for doing synchronization in
|
|
multithreaded applications. If you wish to use International
|
|
Components for Unicode in a multithreaded application, you must
|
|
provide a synchronization primitive that the classes can use to
|
|
protect their global data against simultaneous modifications. See <a
|
|
href="docs/mutex.html">docs/mutex.html</a> for more information.<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul type="circle">
|
|
<li>We supply sample implementations for WinNT, Win95, Win98,
|
|
Sun/Solaris, RedHat/Linux, HP-UX and for AIX on an RS/6000.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>If you are changing the platform-dependent files, ptypes.h and
|
|
putil.h may also be interesting, but shouldn't have to be changed.
|
|
If you think any other files than the ones mentioned above have
|
|
platform dependencies, please contact us.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>For the Intltest test suite, intltest.cpp in
|
|
"icu/source/test/intltest/" contains the method pathnameInContext,
|
|
which must also be adapted to any new platform.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<ul type="disc">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<u>udata.h</u>: The data-accessing interface in ICU is implemented
|
|
such that there is a lot of flexibility for reading a data file. Each
|
|
platform can tune the performance of file accessing for its
|
|
environment by choosing to implement one of the following
|
|
options:<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul type="circle">
|
|
<li>DLL</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Memory map</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Plain text</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="ImportantNotes">Important Installation Notes</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="ImportantNotesWin32">Win32 Platform</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you are building on the Win32 platform, it is important that you
|
|
understand a few build details:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><u>DLL directories and the PATH setting:</u> As delivered, the
|
|
International Components for Unicode build as several DLLs. These DLLs
|
|
are placed in the directories "icu\bin\Debug" and "icu\bin\Release". You
|
|
must add either of these directories to the PATH environment variable in
|
|
your system, or any executables you build will not be able to access
|
|
International Components for Unicode libraries. Alternatively, you can
|
|
copy the DLL files into a directory already in your PATH, but we do not
|
|
recommend this. You can wind up with multiple copies of the DLL and wind
|
|
up using the wrong one.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><u>To change your PATH:</u> When you are not using the debug version,
|
|
you will want to change the "Debug" part of the path to "Release" instead
|
|
(the $Root is the root ICU installation directory e.g.
|
|
drive:\installation-directory\icu).</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul type="disk">
|
|
<li><strong>Windows 2000</strong>: Use the System Icon in the Control
|
|
Panel. Pick the "Advanced" tab. Select the "Environment Variables..."
|
|
button. Select the variable PATH in the lower box, and select the lower
|
|
"Edit..." button. In the "Variable Value" box, append the string
|
|
";$Root\bin\Debug" to the end of the path string. If there is nothing
|
|
there, just type in "$Root\bin\Debug". Click the Set button, then the
|
|
OK button.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li><strong>Windows NT</strong>: Use the System Icon in the Control
|
|
Panel. Pick the "Environment" tab, and select the variable PATH in the
|
|
lower box. In the "value" box, append the string ";$Root\bin\Debug" at
|
|
the end of the path string. If there is nothing there, just type in
|
|
"drive:\...\icu\bin\Debug". Click the Set button, then the Ok
|
|
button.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li><strong>Windows 95/98/ME</strong>: Edit the autoexec.bat, and add
|
|
the following line to the end of file, "SET
|
|
PATH=%PATH%;$Root\bin\Debug"</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p><u>Link with Runtime libraries:</u> All the DLLs link with the C
|
|
runtime library "Debug Multithreaded DLL" or "Multithreaded DLL." (This
|
|
is changed through the Project Settings dialog, on the C/C++ tab, under
|
|
Code Generation.) It is important that any executable or other DLL you
|
|
build which uses the International Components for Unicode DLLs links with
|
|
these runtime libraries as well. If you do not do this, you will
|
|
seemingly get memory errors when you run the executable.<br>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="ImportantNotesOS390">OS/390 Platform</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you are building on the OS/390 UNIX System Services platform, it is
|
|
important that you understand a few details:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>The gnu utilities gmake and gzip/gunzip are needed and can be
|
|
obtained for OS/390 from <a href=
|
|
"http://www.mks.com/">http://www.mks.com/</a>. Search for OS/390,
|
|
register, and follow download directions.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
Encoding considerations: The source code assumes that it is compiled
|
|
with codepage 1047 (to be exact, the UNIX System Services variant of
|
|
it). The pax command converts all of the source code files from ASCII
|
|
to codepage 1047 (USS) EBCDIC. However, some files are binary files
|
|
and must not be converted, or must be converted back to their
|
|
original state. Those files are:
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>All the .brk files located in the icu/data directory
|
|
(icu/data/*.brk)</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu/source/test/testdata/uni-text.txt</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu/source/test/testdata/th18057.txt</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
Such a conversion can be done using iconv:<br>
|
|
<code>iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1 uni-text.txt >
|
|
uni-text.txt</code>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
DLL directories and the LIBPATH setting: Building and testing ICU
|
|
needs the ICU libraries on the LIBPATH. In other words, the LIBPATH
|
|
should contain (each path prepended with the root directory that
|
|
contains the icu directory):
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>icu/source/common</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu/source/i18n</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu/source/tools/ctestfw</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu/source/tools/toolutil</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>icu/source/extra/ustdio</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>OS/390 supports both native S/390 hexadecimal floating point and,
|
|
with Version 2.6 and later, IEEE binary floating point. This is a
|
|
compile time option. Applications built with IEEE should use ICU dlls
|
|
that are built with IEEE (and vice versa). The environment variable
|
|
IEEE390=1 will cause the OS/390 version of ICU to be built with IEEE
|
|
floating point. The default is native hexadecimal floating point.<br>
|
|
<em>Important:</em> Currently (ICU 1.4.2), native floating point
|
|
support is sufficient for codepage conversion, resource bundle and
|
|
UnicodeString operations, but the Format APIs, especially
|
|
ChoiceFormat, require IEEE binary floating point.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Examples for configuring ICU:<br>
|
|
Debug build: <code>IEEE390=1 ./configure</code><br>
|
|
Release build: <code>CFLAGS=-2 IEEE390=1 ./configure</code></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Since the default make on OS/390 is not gmake, pkgdata tool
|
|
requires that the environment variable MAKE be set to path to
|
|
gmake.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The makedep executable that is used with the OS/390 ICU build
|
|
process is not shipped with ICU. It is available at the <a href=
|
|
"http://www.s390.ibm.com/products/oe/bpxa1ty2.html">OS/390 UNIX - Tools
|
|
and Toys</a> site. The PATH environment variable should be updated to
|
|
contain the location of this executable prior to build. Alternatively,
|
|
makedep may be moved into an existing PATH directory.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>When running the test suite, the TZ environment variable should be
|
|
set to export TZ="PST8PDT" so that time zone comparisons are
|
|
correct.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="ImportantNotesOS400">OS/400 Platform</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>ICU Reference Release 1.4.0 contains partial support for the 400
|
|
platform, but additional work by the user is currently needed to get it
|
|
to build completely. A future release of the ICU should work
|
|
out-of-the-box under OS/400.</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Requirements:
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>QSHELL interpreter installed (install base option 30, operating
|
|
system)</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>QShell Utilities, PRPQ 5799-XEH</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>ILE C++ for AS/400, PRPQ 5799-GDW</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>GNU facilities (the gnu facilities are currently available by
|
|
request only. Send e-mail to <a href=
|
|
"mailto:rchasgo400@us.ibm.com">rchasgo400@us.ibm.com</a> )</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<!-- end requirements -->
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
Build environment setup:
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Create AS400 target library. This library will be the target
|
|
for the resulting modules, programs and service programs. You will
|
|
specify this library on the OUTPUTDIR environment variable in step
|
|
2.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
Set up the following environment variables in your build process
|
|
(use ADDENVVAR or WRKENVVAR CL commands)
|
|
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em">
|
|
CC - '/usr/bin/icc'<br>
|
|
CXX - ' /usr/bin/icc'<br>
|
|
MAKE - '/usr/bin/gmake'<br>
|
|
OUTPUTDIR - <i>identifies target as400 library for *module,
|
|
*pgm and *srvpgm objects</i>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Add QCXXN, to your build process library list. This results in
|
|
the resolution of CRTCPPMOD used by the icc compiler</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
Configure the Makefiles (see configure below)
|
|
<strong>Note:</strong> Verify that the mh-os400 configure file is
|
|
used.
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Run 'configure --host=as400-os400'</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The 'clean' and 'install' targets will not work without
|
|
changes because of symbolic links. To delete the target module,
|
|
program, or service programs replace <tt>rm -rf</tt> with
|
|
<strong>$(RMV)</strong>, and in the library installation
|
|
targets (install-library) change <tt>$(INSTALL)</tt> to
|
|
<strong><tt>$(INSTALL-S)</tt></strong>.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>gmake -e (-e to pickup the compilers)</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<!-- end build environment -->
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<strong>Note:</strong> About the NULL pointer checks
|
|
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em">
|
|
In common/ucnv.c and common/unistr.c (search for U_MAX_PTR), there are
|
|
additional checks for NULL pointers. This is because pointer comparison
|
|
works differently on the AS/400 architecture.
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="HowToInstall">How To Build And Install ICU</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="HowToInstallWindows">How To Build And Install On
|
|
Windows</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Building International Components for Unicode requires:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul type="disc">
|
|
<li>Microsoft NT 3.51 or above</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (Service Pack 2 is required to work with
|
|
the release build of max speed optimization).</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>The steps are:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol start="1" type="1">
|
|
<li>Unzip the icu-XXXX.zip file, type "unzip -a icu-XXXX.zip -d
|
|
drive:\directory" under command prompt or use WinZip.
|
|
drive:\directory\icu is the root ($Root) directory (you may but don't
|
|
need to place "icu" into another directory). If you change the root,
|
|
you will change the project settings accordingly in EACH makefile in
|
|
the project, updating the "include" and "library" paths.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Set the environment variable <strong>ICU_DATA</strong> to the full
|
|
pathname of the data directory. The trailing "\" is required after the
|
|
directory name (e.g. "$Root\data\" will work, but the value
|
|
"$Root\data" is not acceptable). This environment variable indicates
|
|
where the locale data files and conversion mapping tables are
|
|
located.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Be sure that the ICU binary directory, $Root\bin\[Release|Debug],
|
|
is included in the <strong>PATH</strong> environment variable. The
|
|
tests may not work without the DLL files in the path.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Set the <strong>TZ</strong> environment variable to
|
|
<strong>PST8PDT</strong>. The tests will not work in any other
|
|
timezone.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Use Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 to open the
|
|
"$Root\source\allinone\allinone.dsw" workspace (This workspace includes
|
|
all the International Components for Unicode libraries, necessary ICU
|
|
building tools, and the intltest and cintltest test suite
|
|
projects).</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Set the active Project to the "all" project. To do this: Choose
|
|
"Project" menu, and select "Set active project". In the submenu, select
|
|
the "all" workspace.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Set the active configuration to "Win32 Debug" or "Win32 Release"
|
|
(See note below).</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Choose the "Build" menu and select "Rebuild All". If you want to
|
|
build the Debug and Release configurations at the same time, choose
|
|
"Build" menu and select "Batch Build..." instead (and mark all
|
|
configurations as checked), then click the button named "Rebuild All".
|
|
The "all" workspace will build all the test programs as well as the
|
|
tools for generating binary locale data files. The "makedata" project
|
|
will be run automatically to convert the locale data files from text
|
|
format into icudata.dll.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Run the C++ test suite, "intltest". To do this: set the active
|
|
project to "intltest", and press F5 to run it.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Run the C test suite, "cintltst". To do this: set the active
|
|
project to "cintltst", and press F5 to run it.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Make sure that both "cintltst" and "intltest" passed without any
|
|
errors. The return codes are non-zero when they do not pass. Visual C++
|
|
will display the return codes in the debug tag of the output window.
|
|
When "intltest" and "cintltest" return 0, it means that everything is
|
|
installed correctly.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Reset the <strong>TZ</strong> environment variable to its original
|
|
value, unless you plan on testing ICU any further.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>You are now able to develop applications with ICU.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Note:</strong> To set the active configuration, two different
|
|
possibilities are:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul type="disc">
|
|
<li>Choose "Build" menu, select "Set Active Configuration", and select
|
|
"Win32 Release" or "Win32 Debug".</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Another way is to select "Customize" in the "Tools" menu, select
|
|
the "Toolbars" tab, enable "Build" instead of "Build Minibar", and
|
|
click on "Close". This will bring up a toolbar which you can move aside
|
|
the other permanent toolbars at the top of the MSVC window. The
|
|
advantage is that you now have an easy-to-reach pop-up menu that will
|
|
always show the currently selected active configuration. Or, you can
|
|
drag the project and configuration selections and drop them on the menu
|
|
bar for later selection.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>It is also possible to build each library individually, using the
|
|
workspaces in each respective directory. They have to be built in the
|
|
following order:<br>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol start="1" type="1">
|
|
<li>common</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>i18n</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>makedata (which invokes makeconv, genrb, gencol, genccode
|
|
etc.)</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>ctestfw</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>intltest and cintltst, if you want to run the test suite.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
Regarding the test suite, please read the directions in <a href=
|
|
"docs/intltest.html">docs/intltest.html</a> and <a href=
|
|
"docs/cintltst.html">docs/cintltst.html</a><br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="HowToInstallUnix">How To Build And Install On Unix</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>There is a set of Makefiles for Unix that supports Linux w/gcc,
|
|
Solaris w/gcc and Workshop CC, AIX w/xlc and OS/390 with C++.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Building International Components for Unicode on Unix requires:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A UNIX C++ compiler, (gcc, cc, xlc_r, etc...) installed on the target
|
|
machine. A recent version of GNU make (3.7+). OS/390 gnu utilities for
|
|
both make (gmake) and zip (gzip/gunzip) can be found at the MKS web site
|
|
at <a href="http://www.mks.com">http://www.mks.com</a>. Please do a
|
|
search on "os/390".</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The steps are:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol start="1" type="1">
|
|
<li>Decompress the icuXXXX.tar (or icuXXXX.tgz) file.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Before running the test programs or samples, please set the
|
|
environment variable <strong>ICU_DATA</strong>, the full pathname of
|
|
the data directory, to indicate where the locale data files and
|
|
conversion mapping tables are. If this variable is not set, the default
|
|
user data directory will be used. The trailing "/" is required after
|
|
the directory name (e.g. "$Root\data\" will work, but the value
|
|
"$Root\data" is not acceptable). The <strong>TZ</strong> environment
|
|
variable does not need to be set.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Change directory to the "icu/source".</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>If it is not already set, please set the executable flag for the
|
|
following files (by executing 'chmod +x' command): runConfigureICU,
|
|
configure, install.sh and config.*,</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>You also need to set other environment variables for different
|
|
build systems. Use this <a href="docs/build_env.htm">table</a> or the
|
|
provided <a href="source/runConfigureICU">script</a>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Type "./configure" or type "./configure --help" to print the
|
|
available options.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Type "make" to compile the libraries and all the data files. On
|
|
OS/390, both IEEE binary floating point and native S/390 hexadecimal
|
|
floating point calculations are supported. The default is to build with
|
|
native floating-point support. Please set the environment variable
|
|
IEEE390=1 if you would like to make the ICU DLLs with IEEE floating
|
|
point support.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Optionally, type "make check" to verify the test suite.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Type "Make install" to install.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>Regarding the test suite, please read the directions in <a href=
|
|
"docs/intltest.html">docs/intltest.html</a> and <a href=
|
|
"docs/cintltst.html">docs/cintltst.html</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>It is also possible to build each library individually, using the
|
|
Makefiles in each respective directory. They have to be built in the
|
|
following order:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol start="1" type="1">
|
|
<li>common</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>i18n</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>makeconv</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>genrb</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>gencol</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>gentz</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>genccode</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>ctestfw</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>intltest and cintltst, if you want to run the test suite.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="sharedLibNote">Using Shared Data Libraries</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p style='margin-left:.5in'>HP/UX has a documented characteristic where
|
|
the shl_unload() function always unloads a library, regardless of how
|
|
many times the library has been loaded. Most operating systems
|
|
reference-count libraries as they are opened. In the future (Jitterbug
|
|
414) this may be corrected in the ICU, but at present we work around this
|
|
problem by simply NOT ever unloading shared libraries. This means that
|
|
once a data library is loaded (ex: libicudata.sl) by a process, it cannot
|
|
be unloaded and replaced without stopping and restarting the process.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="dataHandling">How ICU handles data</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="addDataHandling">How to add a locale data file</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>To add locale data files to International Components for Unicode do
|
|
the following:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol start="1" type="1">
|
|
<li style='margin-top:.25in'>Create a file containing the key-value
|
|
pairs which value you are overriding from the parent locale data file.
|
|
Make sure the filename is the locale ID with the extension ".txt". We
|
|
recommend you copy a parent file and change the values that need to be
|
|
changed, remove all other key-pairs. Be sure to update the locale ID
|
|
key (the outmost brace) with the name of the locale id your a
|
|
creating.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li style='margin-top:.25in'>Name the file with locale ID you are
|
|
creating with a ".txt" at the end (e.g. the file "fr_BF.txt" would
|
|
create a locale that inherits all the key-value pairs from
|
|
"fr.txt".).</li>
|
|
|
|
<li style='margin-top:.25in'>Add the name of that file (without the
|
|
".txt" extension) as a single line in "index.txt" file in the default
|
|
locale directory (icu/data/).</li>
|
|
|
|
<li style='margin-top:.25in'>Regenerate the data DLL file. Please see
|
|
"<a href="#HowToInstall">How to Install</a>" section for more details
|
|
on how to verify the ICU release.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="addRBDataToApp">How to add resource bundle data to your
|
|
application</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Adding resource bundle data to your application is simple. Just create
|
|
the resource bundle files with the right format and names in your
|
|
application directory tree. For more information on the resource bundle
|
|
file format see the <a href=
|
|
"../icuhtml/ResourceBundle.html#DOC.DOCU">resource bundle
|
|
documentation</a> or the <a href=
|
|
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/userguide/Fallbackmechanism.html">User's
|
|
Guide</a>).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Note:</strong> resource bundle tag names should contain only
|
|
invariant 7-bit ASCII characters (e.g. ones from the following set:
|
|
<code>A-Z, a-z, 0-9, <SP>, ", %, &, `, (, ), *, +, ,, -, ., /,
|
|
:, ;, <, =, >, ?, _)</code>. Use that same directory name (absolute
|
|
path) when instantiating a resource bundle at run time.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="WhereCollation">Where Collation Data is stored</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Collation data is stored in a single directory on a local disk. Each
|
|
locale's data is stored in a corresponding ASCII text file indicated by a
|
|
"CollationElements" tag . For instance, the data for de_CH is stored with
|
|
a tag "CollationElements" in a file named "de_CH.txt". Reading the
|
|
collation data from these files can be time-consuming, especially for
|
|
large pieces of data that occur in languages such as Japanese. For this
|
|
reason, the Collation Framework implements a second file format, a
|
|
performance-optimized, non-portable, binary format. These binary files
|
|
are generated automatically by the framework the first time a collation
|
|
table is parsed. They have names of the form "de_CH.col". Once the files
|
|
are generated by the framework, future loading of those collations occur
|
|
from the binary file, rather than the text file, at much higher
|
|
speed.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In general, you don't have to do anything special with these files.
|
|
They can be generated directly by using the "gencol" tool. In addition,
|
|
they can also be generated and used automatically by the framework,
|
|
without intervention on your part. However, there are situations in which
|
|
you will have to regenerate them. To do so, you must manually delete the
|
|
".col" files from your collation data directory and re-run the gencol
|
|
tool.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>You will need to regenerate your ".col" files in the following
|
|
circumstances:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol start="1" type="1">
|
|
<li>You are moving your data to another platform. Since the ".col"
|
|
files are non-portable, you must make sure they are regenerated.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li><strong>DO NOT</strong> copy them from one platform to
|
|
another.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>You have changed the "CollationElements" data in the locale's
|
|
".txt" file. <strong>Note:</strong> if you change the default rules for
|
|
some reason, which underlie all collations, then you will have to
|
|
rebuild ALL your ".col" files, since they all are merged with the
|
|
default rule set.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="CharsetConvert">Character Set Conversion
|
|
Information</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>The charset conversion library provides ways to convert simple text
|
|
strings (e.g., char*) such as ISO 8859-1 to and from Unicode. The
|
|
objective is to provide clean, simple, reliable, portable and adaptable
|
|
data structures and algorithms to support the International Components
|
|
for Unicode's character codeset Conversion APIs. The conversion data in
|
|
the library originated from the NLTC lab in IBM. The IBM character set
|
|
conversion tables are publicly available in the published IBM document
|
|
called "CHARACTER DATA REPRESENTATION ARCHITECTURE - REFERENCE AND
|
|
REGISTRY". The character set conversion library includes single-byte,
|
|
double-byte and some UCS encodings to and from Unicode. This document can
|
|
be ordered through Mechanicsberg and it comes with 2 CD ROMs which have
|
|
machine-readable conversion tables on them. The license agreement is
|
|
included in International Components for Unicode agreement.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Click <a href="data/convrtrs.txt">here</a> to view converters
|
|
implemented in ICU. To see converters in action, please visit <a href=
|
|
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/icu/localeexplorer/?converter&">
|
|
http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/icu/localeexplorer/?converter&</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>To order the document in the US you can call 1-800-879-2755 and
|
|
request document number SC09-2190-00. The cost of this publication is
|
|
$75.00 US not including tax.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="VersionNumbers">Version Numbers In ICU</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>ICU supports extensive versioning of its code and data. Versioning
|
|
allows clients to determine when parts of ICU change, and what the effect
|
|
of the change is.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>ICU as a whole has a version number. ICU components such as Collator
|
|
have their own distinct version numbers. Each resource bundle, including
|
|
all the locale data resource bundles, has its own version number.
|
|
Individual tagged items within a resource bundle have their own version
|
|
numbers.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>All version numbers are in the form of a UVersionInfo structure, which
|
|
is an array of four unsigned bytes. These bytes are:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>0: Major version number</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>1: Minor version number</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>2: Milli version number</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>3: Patch version number</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>UVersionNumber structures can be converted to and from string
|
|
representations as dotted integers, such as "1.4.5.0", using the
|
|
u_versionToString() and u_stringToVersion() functions.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Version numbers monotonically increase as changes are made. Two
|
|
UVersionInfo structure may be compared using binary comparison (memcmp)
|
|
to see which is larger (newer). It only makes sense to compare the same
|
|
flavor of version number; you cannot compare the ICU version number to
|
|
the Collator version number, for instance.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The interpretation of version numbers depends on what is being
|
|
described.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="VersionNumbersRelease">ICU Release Version Number</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>0 (Major): Reference release with major feature addition or
|
|
change.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>1 (Minor): Reference release without major feature addition.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>2 (Milli): Maintenance update to the reference releases.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>3 (Patch): Enhancement/patch update.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="VersionNumbersCode">Code Component Version Numbers</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>0 (Major): Breaking change. Results and data generated by the new
|
|
version are incompatible with those generated by the preceding version.
|
|
<em>Example</em>: In ICU 1.5, the implementation of ResourceBundle
|
|
changed drastically. The data structure, algorithm for parsing data, and
|
|
so on are completely different in 1.5. This required an increment of the
|
|
major version number.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>1 (Minor): Backward-compatible change. The new version of the code can
|
|
read or use data generated by the old version, but the old version cannot
|
|
read or use data generated by the new version. <em>Example</em>: The
|
|
delimiter in the CollationKey gets changed from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF. The
|
|
algorithm keeps track of the differences and recognize these two
|
|
different formats before and after a particular release.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>2 (Milli): Compatible change. Results and data generated by the new
|
|
version are compatible with those generated by the preceding version.
|
|
<em>Example</em>: A byte in the reserved bytes in the data structure is
|
|
now used as a flag/bitmask or whatever, e.g. UDataInfo. The size of the
|
|
data structure is changed and new code is added to check for this flag.
|
|
No other changes are made.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>3 (Patch): Enhancement. A minor change. <em>Example</em>: Performance
|
|
enhancements applied to the code but no changes other than that.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="VersionNumbersData">Data Component Version Numbers</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>0 (Major): Incompatible format change. The layout or format of the
|
|
data has changed. For example, an additional array element has been
|
|
added, or an additional tag. <em>Example</em>: ICU 1.6 changes the
|
|
element layout in "CollationElements". We changed this from a tag with
|
|
plain string value to a tagged array with 3 new subtags, "Version",
|
|
"Override" and "Sequence". This change is incompatible with pre-1.6 code
|
|
and data.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>1 (Minor): Backward-compatible format change. A change that can be
|
|
read and used by previous versions of ICU, but that adds data used by
|
|
newer versions. <em>Example</em>: We added a new tag called "Author" to
|
|
the data file. The only difference between the previous version of the
|
|
data files and the current version is this tag.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>2 (Milli): Compatible change. A change to the data without
|
|
modification of the format. <em>Example</em>: We updated the value of a
|
|
tag "LocaleID" from "041C" to "3801". No other changes were made.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>3 (Patch): Enhancement. A minor change. <em>Example</em>: We changed
|
|
the comments in the data file, perhaps the copyright notices.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="VersionNumbersRB">Resource Bundles and Elements</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The data stored in resource bundles is tagged with version numbers. A
|
|
resource bundle can contain a tagged string named "Version" that declares
|
|
the version number in dotted-integer format. <em>Example</em>:</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
en {
|
|
Version { "1.0.3.5" }
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>A resource bundle may omit the "Version" element, in which case it
|
|
will inherit one along the usual chain. <em>Example</em>: If the resource
|
|
bundle en_US contained no "Version" element, it would inherit "1.0.3.5"
|
|
from en.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If inheritance passes all the way to the root resource bundle and it
|
|
contains no "Version" resource, then the default version number 1.0.0.0
|
|
is returned.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Elements within a resource bundle may also contain version numbers,
|
|
for example:</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
be {
|
|
CollationElements {
|
|
Version { "1.0.0.0" }
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>Here the CollationElements data is version 1.0.0.0. This version may
|
|
differ from the version of the enclosing bundle.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If a resource element lacks a "Version" element, then it inherits the
|
|
"Version" element of its enclosing resource bundle. (This is a special
|
|
case; in general, resource bundle elements do not inherit data from
|
|
enclosing structures.) <em>Example</em>:</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
en {
|
|
Version { "1.0.3.5" }
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
en_US {
|
|
CollationElements {
|
|
...(contains no "Version" element)
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>Here, the version of the CollationElements in en_US is 1.0.3.5. It
|
|
inherits the en_US version, which is inherited from en.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The API and code to fully support the mechanism
|
|
described above is not in place yet as of ICU 1.6. See <a href=
|
|
"#VersionNumbersFuture">Future Enhancements</a> below.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="VersionNumbersWhatComponents">What Components are
|
|
Versioned</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Currently, the following components are versioned.</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>The version of ICU as a whole is returned by
|
|
<code>u_getVersion()</code>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The version of a ResourceBundle is returned by
|
|
<code>ures_getVersion()</code> and
|
|
<code>ResourceBundle::getVersion()</code>. This is a data version
|
|
number for the bundle as a whole.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The version of the Unicode character data underlying ICU is
|
|
returned by <code>u_getUnicodeVersion()</code> and
|
|
<code>Unicode::getUnicodeVersion()</code>. This version reflects the
|
|
numbering of the Unicode releases; see <a href=
|
|
"http://www.unicode.org">http://www.unicode.org</a>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The version of the Collator is returned by
|
|
<code>Collator::getVersion()</code>. This is a code version number for
|
|
the collation code and algorithm.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="VersionNumbersFuture">Future Enhancements</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>The ResourceBundle version number inheritance mechanism is not
|
|
fully implemented and tested.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The resource element version number is not implemented at all. API
|
|
for this does not yet exist.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Versioning of a RuleBasedCollator's data is only possible through
|
|
the ResourceBundle API. There should probably be API on
|
|
RuleBasedCollator (or Collator) to obtain the data version number.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Versioning of the Normalizer data is not implemented.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Versioning of the Normalizer algorithm is not implemented.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Versioning of the Transliterators is not implemented.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Versioning of formatters, break iterators, and so on is not
|
|
implemented.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="ProgrammingNotes">Programming Notes</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="ReportingErrors">Reporting Errors</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>In order for the code to be portable, only a subset of the C++
|
|
language that will compile correctly on even the oldest of C++ compilers
|
|
(and also to provide a usable C interface) can be used in the
|
|
implementation, which means that there's no use the C++ exception
|
|
mechanism in the code.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>After considering many alternatives, the decision was that every
|
|
function that can fail takes an error-code parameter by reference. This
|
|
is always the last parameter in the function’s parameter list. The
|
|
ErrorCode type is defined as a enumerated type. Zero represents no error,
|
|
positive values represent errors, and negative values represent non-error
|
|
status codes. Macros were provided, SUCCESS and FAILURE, to check the
|
|
error code.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The ErrorCode parameter is an input-output parameter. Every function
|
|
tests the error code before doing anything else, and immediately exits if
|
|
it’s a FAILURE error code. If the function fails later on, it sets
|
|
the error code appropriately and exits without doing any other work
|
|
(except, of course, any cleanup it has to do). If the function encounters
|
|
a non-error condition it wants to signal (such as "encountered an
|
|
unmapped character" in transcoding), it sets the error code appropriately
|
|
and continues. Otherwise, the function leaves the error code
|
|
unchanged.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Generally, only functions that don’t take an ErrorCode
|
|
parameter, but call functions that do, have to declare one. Almost all
|
|
functions that take an ErrorCode parameter and also call other functions
|
|
that do merely have to propagate the error code they were passed down to
|
|
the functions they call. Functions that declare a new ErrorCode parameter
|
|
must initialize it to ZERO_ERROR before calling any other functions.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The rationale here is to allow a function to call several functions
|
|
(that take error codes) in a row without having to check the error code
|
|
after each one. [A function usually will have to check the error code
|
|
before doing any other processing, however, since it is supposed to stop
|
|
immediately after receiving an error code.] Propagating the error-code
|
|
parameter down the call chain saves the programmer from having to declare
|
|
one everywhere, and also allows us to more closely mimic the C++
|
|
exception protocol.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="FuncDataNaming">C Function and Data Type Naming</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Function names.</strong> If a function is identical (or almost
|
|
identical) to an ANSI or POSIX function, we give it the same name and (as
|
|
much as possible) the same parameter list. A "u" is prepended onto the
|
|
beginning of the name.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>For functions that exist prior to version 1.2.1, that the function
|
|
name should begin with a lower-case "u". After the "u" is a short code
|
|
identifying the subsystem it belongs to (e.g., "loc", "rb", "cnv",
|
|
"coll", etc.). This code is separated from the actual function name by an
|
|
underscore, and the actual function name can be anything. For
|
|
example,</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
UChar* uloc_getLanguage(...);
|
|
void uloc_setDefaultLocale(...);
|
|
UChar* ures_getString(...);
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Struct and enum type names.</strong> For structs and enum
|
|
types, the rule is that their names begin with a capital "U." There is no
|
|
underscore for struct names.</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
UResourceBundle;
|
|
UCollator;
|
|
UCollationResult;
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Enum value names.</strong> Enumeration values have names that
|
|
begin with "UXXX" where XXX stands for the name of the functional
|
|
category.</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
UNUM_DECIMAL;
|
|
UCOL_GREATER;
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Macro names.</strong> Macro names are in all caps, but there
|
|
are currently no other requirements.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Constant names.</strong> Many constant names (constants
|
|
defined with "const", not macros defined with "#define" that are used as
|
|
constants) begin with a lowercase k, but this isn’t universally
|
|
enforced.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="OverflowHandling">Preflighting and Overflow
|
|
Handling</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>In ICU's C APIs, the user needs to adhere to the following principles
|
|
for consistency across all functional categories:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol start="1" type="1">
|
|
<li>All the Unicode string processing should be expressed in terms of a
|
|
UChar* buffer that is always null terminated.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The APIs assume that the input string parameters are statically
|
|
allocated fix-sized character buffers.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>When the value a function is going to return is already stored as a
|
|
constant value in static space (e.g., it’s coming from a fixed
|
|
table, or is stored in a cache), the function will just return the
|
|
const UChar* pointer.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>When the function can’t return a UChar* to storage the user
|
|
doesn’t have to delete, the caller needs to pass in a pointer to
|
|
a character buffer that the function can fill with the result. This
|
|
pointer needs to be accompanied by a <code>int32_t</code> parameter
|
|
that gives the size of the buffer.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>To find out how large the result buffer should be, ICU provides a
|
|
<strong>preflighting</strong> C interface. The interface works like
|
|
this:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol start="1" type="1">
|
|
<li>When using the "<strong>preflighting</strong>" option: you need to
|
|
pass the function a <code>NULL</code> pointer for the buffer pointer,
|
|
and the function returns the actual size of the result. You can then
|
|
choose to allocate a buffer of the correct size and re-run the
|
|
operation if you would like to.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>After allocating a buffer of some reasonable size on the stack and
|
|
passes that to the function, if the result can fit in that buffer,
|
|
everything works fine. If the result doesn’t fit, the function
|
|
will return the actual size needed. You can then allocate a buffer of
|
|
the correct size on the heap and try calling the same function
|
|
again.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>Now you have created a buffer of some reasonable size on the stack
|
|
and passes it to the function. If you don't care about the completeness
|
|
of the result and the allocated buffer is too small, you can continue
|
|
on using the truncated result.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following three options demonstrates how to use the preflighting
|
|
interface,</p>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
/**
|
|
* @param result is a pointer to where the actual result will be.
|
|
* @param maxResultSize is the number of characters the
|
|
* buffer pointed to be result has room for.
|
|
* @return The actual length of the result including the
|
|
* terminating <code>NULL</code>.
|
|
*/
|
|
int32_t doSomething( /* input parameters */,
|
|
UChar* result,
|
|
int32_t maxResultSize,
|
|
UErrorCode* err);
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>In this sample, if the actual result doesn’t fit in the space
|
|
available in <code>maxResultSize</code>, this function returns the amount
|
|
of space necessary to hold the result, and result holds as many
|
|
characters of the actual result as possible. If you don’t care
|
|
about this, no further action is necessary. If you <i>do</i> care about
|
|
the truncated characters, you can then allocate a buffer on the heap of
|
|
the size specified by the return value and call the function again,
|
|
passing <i>that</i> buffer’s address for result.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>All preflighting functions have a fill-in <code>ErrorCode</code>
|
|
parameter (and follow the normal <code>ErrorCode</code> rules), even if
|
|
they are not currently doing so. Buffer overflow would be treated as a
|
|
FAILURE error condition, but would <i>not</i> be reported when the caller
|
|
passes in <code>NULL</code> for <code>actualResultSize</code>
|
|
(presumably, a <code>NULL</code> for this parameter means the client
|
|
doesn’t care if he got a buffer overflow). All other failing error
|
|
conditions will overwrite the "buffer overflow" error, e.g.
|
|
<code>MISSING_RESOURCE_ERROR</code> etc..</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="ArrayReturn">Arrays as return types</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Returning an array of strings is fairly easy in C++, but very hard in
|
|
C. Instead of returning the array pointer directly, we opted for an
|
|
iterative interface instead: split the function into two functions. One
|
|
returns the number of elements in the array, and the other one returns a
|
|
single specified element from the array.</p>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
int32_t countArrayItems(/* parameters */);
|
|
int32_t getArrayElement(int32_t elementIndex,
|
|
|
|
/* other parameters */,
|
|
|
|
UChar* result,
|
|
int32_t maxResultSize,
|
|
UErrorCode* err);
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>In this case, iterating across all the elements in the array would
|
|
amount to a call to the count() function followed by multiple calls to
|
|
the getElement() function.</p>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
UChar element[50];
|
|
|
|
for (i = 0; i < countArrayItems(...); i++) {
|
|
getArrayItem(i, ..., element, 50, &err);
|
|
/* do something with element */
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>In the case of the resource bundle <code>ures_XXXX</code> functions
|
|
returning 2-dimensional arrays, the getElement() function takes both x
|
|
and y coordinates for the desired element, and the count() function
|
|
returns the number of arrays (x axis). Since the size of each array
|
|
element in the resource 2-D arrays should always be the same, this
|
|
provides an easy-to-use C interface.</p>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
void countArrayItems(int32_t* rows,
|
|
int32_t* columns,
|
|
/* other parameters */);
|
|
|
|
int32_t get2dArrayElement(int32_t rowIndex,
|
|
int32_t colIndex,
|
|
|
|
/* other parameters */,
|
|
|
|
UChar* result,
|
|
int32_t maxResultSize,
|
|
UErrorCode* err);
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="ErrcodeChanges">Important Change Of Error Codes From
|
|
Streaming Conversion Functions</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>We have decided to make a semantic change to the conversion API which
|
|
affects applications using ICU that are migrated to use ICU version 1.6
|
|
compared to earlier ICU versions:<br>
|
|
The error code that is set from streaming conversion like</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
ucnv_fromUnicode() - ucnv_toUnicode()
|
|
ucnv_fromUChars() - ucnv_toUChars()
|
|
scsu_compress() - scsu_decompress()
|
|
</pre>
|
|
when the target buffer is full but the source not empty is changed from
|
|
<code>U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR</code> to
|
|
<code>U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR</code>. This change makes the error codes
|
|
more consistent with their names and with their use in other icu
|
|
APIs.<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>You need to test for this new error code if your code uses ICU for
|
|
conversion and used the old error code. ucnv.h and scsu.h are updated
|
|
with this information. Please search in your source code for
|
|
<code>U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR</code>. If it is used with the above
|
|
functions (<em>not</em> with <code>ucnv_getNextUChar()</code>), then you
|
|
need to change it to <code>U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR</code> in order to get
|
|
your code to work with icu 1.6.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>See the updated sample code in <code>icu/source/samples</code>. All
|
|
samples are updated. See <a href=
|
|
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/icu/bugs?findid=516">
|
|
jitterbug 516</a> for details. This was discussed in july 2000 on the icu
|
|
mailing list. Please see the list archive for the <a href=
|
|
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/archives/icu/icu.0007/msg00142.html">discussion</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="WhereToFindMore">Where To Find More Information</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p><a href=
|
|
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/</a>
|
|
is a pointer to general information about the International Components
|
|
for Unicode.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><a href="docs/udata.html">docs/udata.html</a> is a raw draft of ICU
|
|
data handling.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><a href="../icuhtml/aindex.html">icuhtml/aindex.html</a> is an
|
|
alphabetical index to detailed API documentation.<br>
|
|
<a href="../icuhtml/HIER.html">icuhtml/HIER.html</a> is a hierarchical
|
|
index to detailed API documentation.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><a href="docs/collate.html">docs/collate.html</a> is an overview to
|
|
Collation.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><a href="docs/BreakIterator.html">docs/BreakIterator.html</a> is a
|
|
diagram showing how BreakIterator processes text elements.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><a href=
|
|
"http://www.ibm.com/developer/unicode/">http://www.ibm.com/developer/unicode/</a>
|
|
is a pointer to information on how to make applications global.<br>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="SubmittingComments">Submitting Comments, Requesting Features
|
|
and Reporting Bugs</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>To submit comments, request features and report bugs, please contact
|
|
us. While we are not able to respond individually to each comment, we do
|
|
review all comments. Send Internet email to <a href=
|
|
"mailto:icu@oss.software.ibm.com">icu@oss.software.ibm.com</a>.</p>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>Copyright © 1997-2000 International Business Machines Corporation
|
|
and others. All Rights Reserved.<br>
|
|
IBM Center for Emerging Technologies Silicon Valley,<br>
|
|
10275 N De Anza Blvd., Cupertino, CA 95014<br>
|
|
All rights reserved.</p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
|