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<h1>International Components for Unicode<br>
ICU 2.2 ReadMe</h1>
<p>Version: 2002-Jul-25<br>
Copyright © 1997-2002 International Business Machines Corporation and
others. All Rights Reserved.</p>
<!-- Remember that there is a copyright at the end too -->
<hr>
<h2 class="TOC">Table of Contents</h2>
<ul class="TOC">
<li><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#GettingStarted">Getting Started</a></li>
<li><a href="#News">What Is New In This release?</a></li>
<li><a href="#Download">How To Download the Source Code</a></li>
<li><a href="#SourceCode">ICU Source Code Organization</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#HowToBuild">How To Build And Install ICU</a>
<ul class="TOC">
<li><a href="#HowToBuildSupported">Supported Platforms</a></li>
<li><a href="#HowToBuildWindows">Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#HowToBuildUnix">Unix</a></li>
<li><a href="#HowToBuildZOS">z/OS (os/390)</a></li>
<li><a href="#HowToBuildOS400">OS/400 (iSeries)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#ImportantNotes">Important Notes About Using ICU</a>
<ul class="TOC">
<li><a href="#ImportantNotesCPlusPlus">Using ICU in a Multithreaded
Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#ImportantNotesWindows">Windows Platform</a></li>
<li><a href="#ImportantNotesUnix">Unix Type Platforms</a></li>
<li><a href="#ImportantNotesDefaultCP">Using the Default
Codepage</a></li>
<li><a href="#ImportantNotesDeprecatedAPI">Methods For Enabling
Deprecated APIs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#PlatformDependencies">Platform Dependencies</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2><a name="Introduction" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<p>Today's software market is a global one in which it is desirable to
develop and maintain one application (single source/single binary) that
supports a wide variety of languages. The International Components for
Unicode (C/C++) provides tools to help write platform-independent
applications that are internationalized and localized, with support
for:</p>
<ul>
<li>Support for the latest version of the Unicode standard</li>
<li>Character set conversions, with support for over 200 codepages</li>
<li>Locale data for more than 220 locales</li>
<li>Text collation (sorting) based on the Unicode Collation Algorithm
(=ISO 14651), customizable and tailored for national standards</li>
<li>Transliteration services for script<->script transliterations
and general text operations</li>
<li>Resource bundles for storing and accessing localized information</li>
<li>Date/Number/Message formatting and parsing of culture-specific
input/output formats</li>
<li>Text boundary analysis for finding characters, word and sentence
boundaries</li>
</ul>
<p>ICU has a sister project <a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu4j/">ICU4J</a> that extends the
internationalization capabilities of Java to a level similar to ICU. The
ICU C/C++ project is also called ICU4C when a distinction is necessary.</p>
<h2><a name="GettingStarted" href="#GettingStarted">Getting
started</a></h2>
<p>This document describes how to build and install ICU on your machine.
For other information about ICU please see the following table of
links.<br>
The ICU homepage also links to related information about writing
internationalized software.</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" width="100%" summary="">
<caption>
Here are some useful links regarding ICU and internationalization in
general.
</caption>
<tr>
<td>ICU Homepage</td>
<td><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ICU4J Homepage</td>
<td><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu4j/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu4j/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about ICU</td>
<td><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/userguide/icufaq.html">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/userguide/icufaq.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ICU User's Guide</td>
<td><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/userguide/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/userguide/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Download ICU Releases</td>
<td><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>API Documentation Online</td>
<td><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/apiref/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/apiref/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Online ICU Demos</td>
<td><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/demo/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/demo/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Contacts and Bug Reports/Feature Requests</td>
<td><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/archives/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/archives/</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><strong>Important:</strong> Please make sure you understand the <a href=
"license.html">Copyright and License Information</a>.</p>
<h2><a name="News" href="#News">What is new in this release?</a></h2>
<p>The following list concentrates on changes that affect existing
applications migrating from previous ICU releases. For more news about this
release, see the <a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/2.2/">ICU 2.2 download
page</a>.</p>
<h3>Support for Unicode 3.1.1</h3>
<p>ICU 2.0 has been upgraded to support <a href=
"http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/Unicode3.1.1.html">Unicode
3.1.1</a>, which includes the addition of 44,946 new encoded characters.
These characters cover several historic scripts, several sets of symbols,
and a very large collection of additional CJK ideographs.</p>
<p>As part of this upgrade, a number of ICU services have been reviewed and
improved with regards to handling supplementary characters (surrogate
pairs). Especially, normalization is revamped for support of supplementary
characters and higher performance.</p>
<p>ICU 2.1 also includes <a href=
"http://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum3.html">Corrigendum #3: U+F951
Normalization</a>.</p>
<h3>Memory and resource cleanup</h3>
<p>ICU is carefully tested for memory leaks. Some memory is held in
internal caches that do not normally get released during normal operation.
These are not leaks because ICU continues to use them as necessary.</p>
<p>For testing purposes (for memory leaks) and for a small number of
applications it can be useful to close all the memory that is allocated for
a library. ICU 2.0 supports this with a new function <code><a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/apiref/uclean_h.html">u_cleanup()</a></code>
that may be called after an application has released all ICU objects.
<code>u_cleanup()</code> will then release all of ICU's internal memory.
The ICU libraries can then even be unloaded cleanly without shutting down
the process.</p>
<h3>Data loading changed</h3>
<p>ICU data loading is simplified for most users. By default, the ICU build
creates a DLL/shared library that is linked directly with the common
library (<code>[lib]icuuc</code>). By placing all ICU libraries including
the data library into the same folder, ICU should start up and find its
data immediately. Dynamic loading of data from DLLs/shared libraries is not
supported any more.</p>
<p>Before ICU 2.0, ICU did not itself link directly with its data library,
but some ICU applications did (like the Xerces XML parser) and called
<code>udata_setCommonData()</code>. This is not necessary any more in the
default case.<br>
On the other hand, this same technique can now be used to efficiently load
application data (e.g., for its own localization). An application can build
a data DLL/library of its own, link it, and call the new API
<code>udata_setAppData()</code>.</p>
<p>For details on finding and loading ICU data and on options for portable,
common data files etc. see the <a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/userguide/icudata.html">User's Guide ICU
Data Chapter</a>.</p>
<h3>Library linking changed</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<b>Linkage improvement for HP/UX</b>
<ul>
<li>The current directory (.) is now searched for libraries.</li>
<li>Where available, $ORIGIN is set in the embedded path so that if
one ICU library is found, the system will be able to locate the
others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<b>Library Versioning for AIX (xlC and VisualAge)</b>
<ul>
<li>AIX does not have facilities to enable library versioning. With
this patch, libraries will now be named for instance
<tt>libicuuc<b>20.1.so</b></tt> , however symlinks will allow
applications to still link using <tt>-licuuc</tt> (without the
benefit of versioning). To benefit from versioning, on AIX link
against the major and minor versions by using
<tt>-licuuc20</tt>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<b>Data Library Versioning for all platforms</b>
<ul>
<li>The versioned name for the data library will be linked against by
the ICU libraries, that is, libicudt20b.so instead of
libicudata.so</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Multithreaded usage is safer</h3>
<p>It was discovered that some parts of ICU were not initialized in a
thread safe manner. This has been fixed.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="Download" href="#Download">How To Download the Source
Code</a></h2>
<p>There are two ways to download ICU releases:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Official Release Snapshot:</strong><br>
If you want to use ICU (as opposed to developing it), you should
download an official packaged version of the ICU source code. These
versions are tested more thoroughly than day-to-day development builds of
the system, and they are packaged in zip and tar files for convenient
download. These packaged files can be found at <a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/">http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/download/</a>.<br>
The packaged snapshots are named <strong>icu-nnnn.zip</strong> or
<strong>icu-nnnn.tgz</strong>, where nnnn is the version number. The .zip
file is used for Windows platforms, while the .tgz file is preferred on
most other platforms.<br>
Please unzip this file. It will reconstruct the source directory, which
includes anonymous CVS control directories (see below).</li>
<li><strong>CVS Source Repository:</strong><br>
If you are interested in developing features, patches, or bug fixes for
ICU, you should probably be working with the latest version of the ICU
source code. You will need to check the code out of our CVS repository to
ensure that you have the most recent version of all of the files. See our
<a href="http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/develop/cvs.html">CVS page</a>
for details.</li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="SourceCode" href="#SourceCode">ICU Source Code
Organization</a></h2>
<p>In the descriptions below, <strong><i><ICU></i></strong> is the
full path name of the icu directory (the top level directory from the
distribution archives) in your file system. You can also view the <a href=
"http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/userguide/design.html">User's Guide</a> to
see which libraries you need for your software product. You need at least
the data (<code>[lib]icudt</code>) and the common (<code>[lib]icuuc</code>)
libraries in order to use ICU.</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="">
<caption>
The following files describe the code drop.
</caption>
<tr>
<td>readme.html</td>
<td>Describes the International Components for Unicode (this file)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>license.html</td>
<td>Contains the text of the ICU license</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br>
</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" width="100%" summary="">
<caption>
The following directories contain source code and data files.
</caption>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>common</b>/</td>
<td>The core Unicode and support functionality, such as resource
bundles, character properties, locales, codepage conversion,
normalization, Unicode properties, Locale, and UnicodeString.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>i18n</b>/</td>
<td>Modules in i18n are generally the more data-driven, that is to say
resource bundle driven, components. These deal with higher-level
internationalization issues such as formatting, collation, text break
analysis, and transliteration.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>data</b> </td>
<td>
This directory contains the source data in text format, which is
compiled into binary form during the ICU build process. It contains
several subdirectories, in which the data files are grouped by
function. Note that the build process must be run again after any
changes are made to this directory.
<ul>
<li><b>brkitr/</b> Data files for character, word, sentence, title
casing and line boundary analysis.</li>
<li><b>locales/</b> These .txt files contain ICU language and
culture-specific localization data. Two special bundles are
<b>root</b>, which is the fallback data and parent of other
bundles, and <b>index</b>, which contains a list of installed
bundles. The makefile <b>resfiles.mk</b> contains the list of
resource bundle files.</li>
<li><b>mappings/</b> Here are the <b>code page converter
tables,</b> .ucm files containing mappings to and from Unicode.
These are compiled into .cnv files. <b>convrtrs.txt</b> is the
alias mapping table from various converter name formats to ICU
internal format and vice versa. It produces cnvalias.dat. The
makefiles <b>ucmfiles.mk, ucmcore.mk,</b> and <b>ucmebcdic.mk</b>
contain the list of converters to be built.</li>
<li><b>translit/</b> This directory contains transliterator rules
as resource bundles, a makefile <b>trnsfiles.mk</b> containing the
list of installed system translitaration files, and as well the
special bundle <b>translit_index</b> which lists the system
transliterator aliases.</li>
<li><b>unidata/</b> This directory contains the Unicode data files.
Please see <a href=
"http://www.unicode.org/">http://www.unicode.org/</a> for more
information.</li>
<li><b>misc/</b> The misc directory contains other data files which
did not fit into the above categories. Currently it only contains
<b>timezone.txt,</b> a generated file, which is compiled into
tz.dat. The <b>tz.dat</b> file contains time zone information.</li>
<li><b>out/</b> This directory contains the assembled memory mapped
files.</li>
<li><b>out/build</b> This directory contains intermediate
(compiled) files, such as .cnv, .res, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/test/<b>intltest</b>/</td>
<td>A test suite including all C++ APIs. For information about running
the test suite, see the users' guide.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/test/<b>cintltst</b>/</td>
<td>A test suite written in C, including all C APIs. For information
about running the test suite, see the users' guide.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/test/<b>testdata</b>/</td>
<td>Source text files for data, which are read by the tests. It
contains the subdirectories <b>out/build/</b> which is used for
intermediate files, and <b>out/</b> which contains the files
<b>test1.cnv</b> through <b>test4.cnv,</b> and <b>testdata.dat.</b>
Note that the tests call
u_setDataDirectory("<ICU>/source/test/testdata/lib"), so that ICU
will load these files as if they were part of the ICU data package, for
testing purposes. This was formerly accomplished by setting the
ICU_DATA environment variable to point at these files. ICU_DATA should
not be set under normal circumstances.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>tools</b> </td>
<td>Tools for generating the data files. Data files are generated by
invoking <i><ICU></i>/source/data/build/makedata.bat on Win32 or
<i><ICU></i>/source/make on Unix.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>samples</b> </td>
<td>Various sample programs that use ICU</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>extra</b> </td>
<td>Non-supported API additions. Currently, it contains the 'ustdio'
file i/o library</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>layout</b>/</td>
<td>Contains the ICU layout engine (not a rasterizer).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/<b>packaging</b>/<br>
<i><ICU></i>/<b>debian</b>/</td>
<td>These directories contain scripts and tools for packaging the final
ICU build for various release platforms.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>config</b>/</td>
<td>Contains helper makefiles for platform specific build commands.
Used by 'configure'.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/source/<b>allinone</b>/</td>
<td>Contains top-level ICU workspace and project files, for instance to
build all of ICU under one MSVC project.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/<b>bin</b>/</td>
<td>Contains the libraries and executables for using ICU on
Windows.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><ICU></i>/<b>include</b>/</td>
<td>Contains the headers needed for developing software that uses ICU
on Windows.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- end of ICU structure ==================================== -->
<h2><a name="HowToBuild" href="#HowToBuild">How To Build And Install
ICU</a></h2>
<h3><a name="HowToBuildSupported" href="#HowToBuildSupported">Supported
Platforms</a></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" summary="">
<caption>
Here is a status of functionality of ICU on several different
platforms.
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Operating system</th>
<th>Compiler</th>
<th>Testing frequency</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows NT/2000/XP</td>
<td>Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0</td>
<td>Reference platform</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Red Hat Linux 7.2</td>
<td>gcc 2.96</td>
<td>Reference platform</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AIX 5.1.0 L</td>
<td>Visual Age C++ 5.0</td>
<td>Reference platform</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solaris 7 (SunOS 5.7)</td>
<td>Workshop Pro CC 6.0</td>
<td>Reference platform</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HP/UX 11.01</td>
<td>aCC A.12.10</td>
<td>Reference platform</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows 98</td>
<td>Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0</td>
<td>Regularly tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AIX 4.3.3</td>
<td>xlC_r 3.6.6</td>
<td>Regularly tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solaris 8 (SunOS 5.8)</td>
<td>Workshop Pro CC 4.2</td>
<td>Regularly tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solaris 7 (SunOS 5.7)</td>
<td>Workshop Pro CC 4.2</td>
<td>Regularly tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solaris 2.6 (SunOS 5.6)</td>
<td>gcc 2.95.2</td>
<td>Regularly tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FreeBSD 4.4</td>
<td>gcc 2.95.3</td>
<td>Regularly tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mac OS X (10.1)</td>
<td>gcc-932.1, based on gcc version 2.95.2<br>
(Developer Tools December 2001)</td>
<td>Regularly tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>z/OS 1.2</td>
<td>cxx 1.2</td>
<td>Regularly tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HP/UX 11.01</td>
<td>CC A.03.10</td>
<td>Rarely tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AS/400 (iSeries) V5R1</td>
<td>iCC</td>
<td>Rarely tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NetBSD, OpenBSD</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Rarely tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SGI/IRIX</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Rarely tested</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tru64 (OSF)</td>
<td>Compaq's cxx compiler</td>
<td>Rarely tested</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><strong>Key to testing frequency</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><i>Reference platform</i></dt>
<dd>ICU will work on these platforms with these compilers</dd>
<dt><i>Regularly tested</i></dt>
<dd>ICU should work on these platforms with these compilers</dd>
<dt><i>Rarely tested</i></dt>
<dd>ICU has been ported to these platforms but may not have been tested
there recently</dd>
</dl>
<h3><a name="HowToBuildWindows" href="#HowToBuildWindows">How To Build And
Install On Windows</a></h3>
<p>Building International Components for Unicode requires:</p>
<ul>
<li>Microsoft NT 4.0 and above, or Windows 98 and above</li>
<li>Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (Service Pack 2 is required to work with the
release build of max speed optimization).</li>
</ul>
<p>(If you want to build with Microsoft Visual C++ .NET, please refer to
the <a href="#HowToBuildWindowsDotNet">note about building with Visual
Studio .NET</a> below.)</p>
<p>The steps are:</p>
<ol>
<li>Unzip the icu-XXXX.zip file into any convenient location. Using
command line zip, type "unzip -a icu-XXXX.zip -d drive:\directory", or
just use WinZip.</li>
<li>Be sure that the ICU binary directory, <i><ICU></i>\bin\, is
included in the <strong>PATH</strong> environment variable. The tests
will not work without the location of the ICU dll files in the path.</li>
<li>Set the <strong>TZ</strong> environment variable to
<strong>PST8PDT</strong>. The tests will not work in any other time
zone.</li>
<li>Open the "<i><ICU></i>\source\allinone\allinone.dsw" workspace
file in Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0. (This workspace includes all the
International Components for Unicode libraries, necessary ICU building
tools, and the intltest and cintltest test suite projects). Please see
the note below if you want to build from the command line instead.</li>
<li>Set the active Project to the "all" project. To do this: Choose
"Project" menu, and select "Set active project". In the submenu, select
the "all" workspace.</li>
<li>Set the active configuration to "Win32 Debug" or "Win32 Release" (See
<a href="#HowToBuildWindowsConfig">note</a> below).</li>
<li>Choose the "Build" menu and select "Rebuild All". If you want to
build the Debug and Release at the same time, see the <a href=
"#HowToBuildWindowsBatch">note</a> below.</li>
<li>Run the C++ test suite, "intltest". To do this: set the active
project to "intltest", and press F5 to run it.</li>
<li>Run the C test suite, "cintltst". To do this: set the active project
to "cintltst", and press F5 to run it.</li>
<li>Make sure that both "cintltst" and "intltest" passed without any
errors. The return codes are non-zero when they do not pass. Visual C++
will display the return codes in the debug tag of the output window. When
"intltest" and "cintltest" return 0, it means that everything is
installed correctly. You can press Ctrl+F5 on the test project to run the
test and see what error messages were displayed (if any tests
failed).</li>
<li>Reset the <strong>TZ</strong> environment variable to its original
value, unless you plan on testing ICU any further.</li>
<li>You are now able to develop applications with ICU by using the
libraries and tools in <i><ICU></i>\bin\. The headers are in
<i><ICU></i>\include\ and the link libraries are in
<i><ICU></i>\lib\. To install the ICU runtime on a machine, or ship
it with your application, copy the needed components from
<i><ICU></i>\bin\ to a location on the system PATH or to your
application directory.</li>
</ol>
<p><a name="HowToBuildWindowsCommandLine"><strong>Using MSDEV At The
Command Line Note:</strong></a> You can build ICU from the command line.
Assuming that you have properly installed Microsoft Visual C++ to support
command line execution, you can run the following command, 'msdev
<i><ICU></i>\source\allinone\allinone.dsw /MAKE "ALL"'.</p>
<p><a name="HowToBuildWindowsConfig"><strong>Setting Active Configuration
Note:</strong></a> To set the active configuration, two different
possibilities are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Choose "Build" menu, select "Set Active Configuration", and select
"Win32 Release" or "Win32 Debug".</li>
<li>Another way is to select "Customize" in the "Tools" menu, select the
"Toolbars" tab, enable "Build" instead of "Build Minibar", and click on
"Close". This will bring up a toolbar which you can move aside the other
permanent toolbars at the top of the MSVC window. The advantage is that
you now have an easy-to-reach pop-up menu that will always show the
currently selected active configuration. Or, you can drag the project and
configuration selections and drop them on the menu bar for later
selection.</li>
</ul>
<p><a name="HowToBuildWindowsBatch"><strong>Batch Configuration
Note:</strong></a> If you want to build the Debug and Release
configurations at the same time, choose "Build" menu and select "Batch
Build..." instead (and mark all configurations as checked), then click the
button named "Rebuild All". The "all" workspace will build all the
libraries, test programs and various ICU tools (e.g. genrb for generating
binary locale data files).</p>
<p><a name="HowToBuildWindowsDotNet"><strong>Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Note:</strong></a> ICU will build with Microsoft Visual Studio .NET, though
this is not a supported platform at the time of this writing. Visual Studio
.NET will offer to convert the project files when you open the existing
workspace file. Choose "Yes to All" in the dialog asking whether to convert
the files or not (this creates new files) and then follow the rest of the
build instructions.</p>
<h3><a name="HowToBuildUnix" href="#HowToBuildUnix">How To Build And
Install On Unix</a></h3>
<p>Building International Components for Unicode on Unix requires:</p>
<ul>
<li>A C++ compiler installed on the target machine (for example: gcc, CC,
xlC_r, aCC, cxx, etc...).</li>
<li>An ANSI C compiler installed on the target machine (for example:
cc).</li>
<li>A recent version of GNU make (3.77+).</li>
<li>For a list of z/OS tools please view the <a href=
"#HowToBuildZOS">z/OS build section</a> of this document for further
details.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are the steps to build ICU:</p>
<ol>
<li>Decompress the icuXXXX.tar (or icuXXXX.tgz) file. For example,
<tt>gunzip -d < icuXXXX.tgz | tar xvf -</tt></li>
<li>Change directory to the "icu/source".</li>
<li>Run "chmod +x runConfigureICU configure install-sh" because these
files may have the wrong permissions.</li>
<li>Run the <a href="source/runConfigureICU">runConfigureICU</a> script
for your platform. (See <a href="#HowToConfigureICU">note</a>
below).</li>
<li>Type "gmake" (or "make" if GNU make is the default make on your
platform) to compile the libraries and all the data files. The proper
name of the GNU make command is printed at the end of the configuration
run, as in "You must use gmake to compile ICU".</li>
<li>Optionally, type "gmake check" (or "make check") to run the test
suite, which checks for ICU's functionality integrity (See <a href=
"#HowToTestWithoutGmake">note</a> below).</li>
<li>Type "gmake install" (or "make install") to install. The install
targets support the use of the DESTDIR variable to create the
installation tree under a specific destination directory. (See <a href=
"#HowToInstallICU">note</a> below).</li>
</ol>
<p><a name="HowToConfigureICU"><strong>Configuring ICU NOTE:</strong></a>
Type "./runConfigureICU --help" for help on how to run it and a list of
supported platforms. You may also want to type "./configure --help" to
print the available configure options that you may want to give
runConfigureICU. If you are not using the runConfigureICU script, or your
platform is not supported by the script, you may need to set your CC,CXX,
CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS environment variables, and type "./configure". Some of
the more frequently used options to configure are --disable-64bit-libs to
create 32-bit libraries, and --srcdir to do out of source builds (build the
libraries in the current location).</p>
<p><a name="HowToTestWithoutGmake"><strong>Running The Tests From The
Command Line NOTE:</strong></a> You may have to set certain variables if
you with to run test programs individually, that is apart from "make
check". The <strong>TZ</strong> environment variable needs to be set to
<strong>PST8PDT</strong>. Also, the environment variable
<strong>ICU_DATA</strong> can be set to the full pathname of the data
directory to indicate where the locale data files and conversion mapping
tables are. The trailing "/" is required after the directory name (e.g.
"$Root/source/data/" will work, but the value "$Root/source/data" is not
acceptable). You do not need to set <strong>ICU_DATA</strong> if the
complete data library is in your library path.</p>
<p><a name="HowToInstallICU"><strong>Installing ICU NOTE:</strong></a> If
you are using the "gmake install" command, using the "--prefix" option on
configure or runConfigureICU will install ICU to the specified
location.</p>
<p>Some platforms use package management tools to control the installation
and uninstallation of files on the system, as well as the integrity of the
system configuration. You may want to check if ICU can be packaged for your
package management tools by looking into the "packaging" directory. (Please
note that if you are using a snapshot of ICU from CVS, it is probable that
the packaging scripts or related files are not up to date with the contents
of ICU at this time, so use them with caution).</p>
<h3><a name="HowToBuildZOS" href="#HowToBuildZOS">z/OS (os/390)
Platform</a></h3>
<p>If you are building on the z/OS UNIX System Services platform, it is
important that you understand a few details:</p>
<ul>
<li>APAR PQ58392 may be needed by z/OS 1.2 in order to get some ICU
number formatting functions to work properly.</li>
<li>The gnu utilities gmake and gzip/gunzip are needed and can be
obtained for z/OS from <a href=
"http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/zos/unix/bpxa1ty1.html#opensrc">
z/OS Unix - Tools and Toys</a>. Documentation on these tools can be found
at the <a href=
"http://publib-b.boulder.ibm.com/Redbooks.nsf/RedbookAbstracts/sg245944.html">
Open Source Software for z/OS UNIX</a> Red Book.</li>
<li>Encoding considerations: The source code assumes that it is compiled
with codepage ibm-1047 (to be exact, the UNIX System Services variant of
it). The pax command converts all of the source code files from ASCII to
codepage ibm-1047 (USS) EBCDIC. However, some files are binary files and
must not be converted, or must be converted back to their original state.
You can use the <a href="as_is/os390/unpax-icu.sh">unpax-icu.sh</a>
script to do this for you automatically. It will unpackage the tar file
and convert all the necessary files for you automatically.</li>
<li>
<p>z/OS supports both native S/390 hexadecimal floating point and,
(with Version 2.6 and later) IEEE binary floating point. This is a
compile time option. Applications built with IEEE should use ICU dlls
that are built with IEEE (and vice versa). The environment variable
IEEE390=1 will cause the z/OS version of ICU to be built with IEEE
floating point. The default is native hexadecimal floating point.<br>
<em>Important:</em> Currently (ICU 1.4.2), native floating point
support is sufficient for codepage conversion, resource bundle and
UnicodeString operations, but the Format APIs, especially ChoiceFormat,
require IEEE binary floating point.</p>
<p>Examples for configuring ICU:<br>
Debug build: <code>IEEE390=1 ./runConfigureICU --enable-debug
zOS/cxx</code><br>
Release build: <code>IEEE390=1 ./runConfigureICU zOS/cxx</code></p>
</li>
<li>Since the default make on z/OS is not gmake, the pkgdata tool
requires that the "make" command is aliased to your installed version of
gmake. GNU make is available with the "z/OS Unix - Tools and Toys" that
was mentioned above. The required version is the same Unix build
instructions.</li>
<li>The makedep executable that is used with the z/OS ICU build process
is not shipped with ICU. It is available at the <a href=
"http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/zos/unix/bpxa1ty1.html#opensrc">
z/OS Unix - Tools and Toys</a> site. The PATH environment variable should
be updated to contain the location of this executable prior to build.
Alternatively, makedep may be moved into an existing PATH directory.</li>
<li>The rest of the instructions for building and testing ICU on z/OS
with Unix System Services are the same as the <a href=
"#HowToBuildUnix">How To Build And Install On Unix</a> section.</li>
</ul>
<h4>z/OS Batch (PDS) support</h4>
<p>By default, ICU builds its libraries into the HFS. However, there is a
z/OS specific switch to build some libraries into PDS files. The switch is
the environmental variable OS390BATCH, and if set, the following libraries
are built into PDS files: libicuuc<i>XX</i>.dll, libicudt<i>XX</i>e.dll,
libicudt<i>XX</i>e_stub.dll, and libtestdata.dll. Turning on OS390BATCH
does not turn off the normal HFS build, thus the HFS dlls will always be
created.</p>
<p>The names of the PDS files are determined by the value of the
environmental variables LOADMOD and LOADEXP. These variables must contain
the target PDS names whenever the OS390BATCH variable is set. LOADMOD is
the library (.dll) target dataset and LOADEXP is the side deck (.x) target
dataset.</p>
<p>The PDS member names are as follows:</p>
<pre>
<samp>IXMI<i>XX</i>UC --> libicuuc<i>XX</i>.dll
IXMI<i>XX</i>DA --> libicudt<i>XX</i>e.dll
IXMI<i>XX</i>D1 --> libicudt<i>XX</i>e_stub.dll <i>(When OS390_STUBDATA = 1)</i></samp>
</pre>
<p>Example PDS attributes are as follows:</p>
<pre>
<samp>Data Set Name . . . : <i>USER</i>.ICU.LOAD
General Data
Management class. . : **None**
Storage class . . . : BASE
Volume serial . . . : TSO007
Device type . . . . : 3390
Data class. . . . . : LOAD
Organization . . . : PO
Record format . . . : U
Record length . . . : 0
Block size . . . . : 32760
1st extent cylinders: 40
Secondary cylinders : 59
Data set name type : PDS
Data Set Name . . . : <i>USER</i>.ICU.EXP
General Data
Management class. . : **None**
Storage class . . . : BASE
Volume serial . . . : TSO007
Device type . . . . : 3390
Data class. . . . . : **None**
Organization . . . : PO
Record format . . . : FB
Record length . . . : 80
Block size . . . . : 3200
1st extent cylinders: 3
Secondary cylinders : 3
Data set name type : PDS</samp>
</pre>
<h3><a name="HowToBuildOS400" href="#HowToBuildOS400">OS/400 (iSeries)
Platform</a></h3>
<p>ICU Reference Release 1.8.1 contains partial support for the 400
platform, but additional work by the user is currently needed to get it to
build properly. A future release of ICU should work out-of-the-box under
OS/400.</p>
<ul>
<li>
Requirements:
<ul>
<li>QSHELL interpreter installed (install base option 30, operating
system)</li>
<!--li>QShell Utilities, PRPQ 5799-XEH (not required for V4R5)</li-->
<li>ILE C/C++ Compiler for iSeries, LPP 5722-WDS</li>
<li>The latest GNU facilities (You can get the GNU facilities for
OS/400 from <a href=
"http://www.as400.ibm.com/developer/porting/gnu_utilities.html">http://www.as400.ibm.com/developer/porting/gnu_utilities.html</a>).
Older versions may not work properly.</li>
</ul>
<!-- end requirements -->
</li>
<li>
Build environment setup:
<ol>
<li>
Create AS400 target library. This library will be the target for
the resulting modules, programs and service programs. You will
specify this library on the OUTPUTDIR environment variable in step
2.<br>
<pre>
<samp>CRTLIB LIB(<i>libraryname</i>)</samp>
</pre>
<br>
</li>
<li>
Set up the following environment variables in your build process
(use the <i>libraryname</i> from the previous step)
<pre>
<samp>ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(ICU_DATA) VALUE('/icu/source/data')
ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(CC) VALUE('/usr/bin/icc')
ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(CXX) VALUE('/usr/bin/icc')
ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(MAKE) VALUE('/usr/bin/gmake')
ADDENVVAR ENVVAR(OUTPUTDIR) VALUE('<i>libraryname</i>')</samp>
</pre>
<i>libraryname</i> identifies target as400 library for *module,
*pgm and *srvpgm objects.<br>
<br>
</li>
<!--li>Add QCXXN, to your build process library list. This results in
the resolution of CRTCPPMOD used by the icc compiler</li-->
<li>
In order to get the tests to run correctly, the QUTCOFFSET needs to
be set to the Pacific Time Zone offset.<br>
<br>
To check your QUTCOFFSET:
<pre>
<samp>DSPSYSVAL SYSVAL(QUTCOFFSET)</samp>
</pre>
<br>
To change your QUTCOFFSET:<br>
<pre>
<samp>CHGSYSVAL SYSVAL(QUTCOFFSET) VALUE('-0800')</samp>
</pre>
You should change -0800 to -0700 for daylight savings.<br>
<br>
</li>
<li>Run 'CHGJOB CCSID(37)'</li>
<li>Run 'QSH'</li>
<li>Run gunzip on the ICU source code compressed tar archive
(icu-<i>X</i>-<i>Y</i>.tar.gz or icu-<i>X</i>-<i>Y</i>.tgz).</li>
<li>Run unpax-icu.sh on the tar file from the ICU download page.</li>
<li>Change your current directory to icu/source.</li>
<li>Run 'as_is/os400/configure --host=as400-os400
--with-data-packaging=archive'</li>
<li>Run 'gmake -e'. The '-e' option is needed to pickup the
compilers.</li>
<li>Run 'gmake -e check' to run the tests.</li>
</ol>
<!-- end build environment -->
</li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="ImportantNotes" href="#ImportantNotes">Important Notes About
Using ICU</a></h2>
<h3><a name="ImportantNotesCPlusPlus" href="#ImportantNotesCPlusPlus">Using
ICU in a Multithreaded Environment</a></h3>
<p>If you are using ICU in a multithreaded application, there may be a
chance that the ICU global mutex is not initialized properly. Normally the
ICU global mutex is initialized during C++ static initialization, but there
are some compilers and linkers that do not properly perform C++ static
initialization in a library (this sometimes happens on HP/UX and on MacOS
X).</p>
<p>Upon the first usage of most ICU APIs, the global mutex will get
initialized. For example, you could call uloc_countAvailable() or
uloc_getDefault() from your main() function before any threads are created.
Those functions will initialize the global mutex. Without one of these
function calls from a single thread, the data caches inside ICU may get
initialized more than once, which may cause memory leaks and other
problems. This problem normally does not happen when C++ static
initialization works properly.</p>
<p>ICU does not use C++ static initialization for anything else, and
disabling threads in ICU will disable all C++ static initialization in
ICU.</p>
<h3><a name="ImportantNotesWindows" href="#ImportantNotesWindows">Windows
Platform</a></h3>
<p>If you are building on the Win32 platform, it is important that you
understand a few of the following build details.</p>
<h4>DLL directories and the PATH setting</h4>
<p>As delivered, the International Components for Unicode build as several
DLLs, which are placed in the "<i><ICU></i>\bin" directory. You must
add this directory to the PATH environment variable in your system, or any
executables you build will not be able to access International Components
for Unicode libraries. Alternatively, you can copy the DLL files into a
directory already in your PATH, but we do not recommend this. You can wind
up with multiple copies of the DLL and wind up using the wrong one.</p>
<h4><a name="ImportantNotesWindowsPath">Changing your PATH</a></h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Windows 2000</strong>: Use the System Icon in the Control
Panel. Pick the "Advanced" tab. Select the "Environment Variables..."
button. Select the variable PATH in the lower box, and select the lower
"Edit..." button. In the "Variable Value" box, append the string
";<i><ICU></i>\bin" to the end of the path string. If there is
nothing there, just type in "<i><ICU></i>\bin". Click the Set
button, then the OK button.</li>
<li><strong>Windows NT</strong>: Use the System Icon in the Control
Panel. Pick the "Environment" tab, and select the variable PATH in the
lower box. In the "value" box, append the string
";<i><ICU></i>\bin" at the end of the path string. If there is
nothing there, just type in "<i><ICU></i>\bin". Click the Set
button, then the OK button.</li>
<li><strong>Windows 95/98/ME</strong>: Edit the autoexec.bat, and add the
following line to the end of file, "SET
PATH=%PATH%;<i><ICU></i>\bin"</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: When packaging a Windows application for distribution and
installation on user systems, copies of the ICU DLLs should be included
with the application, and installed for exclusive use by the application.
This is the only way to insure that your app is running with the same
version of ICU, built with exactly the same options, that you developed and
tested with. Refer to Microsoft's guidelines on the usage of DLLs, or
search for the phrase "DLL hell" on <a href=
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/">msdn.microsoft.com</a>.</p>
<h4>Linking with Runtime libraries</h4>
<p>All the DLLs link with the C runtime library "Debug Multithreaded DLL"
or "Multithreaded DLL." (This is changed through the Project Settings
dialog, on the C/C++ tab, under Code Generation.) It is important that any
executable or other DLL you build which uses the International Components
for Unicode DLLs links with these runtime libraries as well. If you do not
do this, you will get random memory errors when you run the executable.<br>
</p>
<h3><a name="ImportantNotesUnix" href="#ImportantNotesUnix">Unix Type
Platform</a></h3>
<p>If you are building on a Unix platform, and if you are installing ICU in
a non-standard location, you may need to add the location of your ICU
libraries to your <strong>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</strong> or
<strong>LIBPATH</strong> environment variable (or the equivalent runtime
library path environment variable for your system). The ICU libraries may
not link or load properly without doing this.</p>
<p>Note that if you do not want to have to set this variable, you may
instead use the --enable-rpath option at configuration time. This option
will instruct the linker to always look for the libraries where they are
installed. You will need to use the appropriate linker options when linking
your own applications and libraries against ICU, too. Please refer to your
system's linker manual for information about runtime paths. The use of
rpath also means that when building a new version of ICU you should not
have an older version installed in the same place as the new version's
installation directory, as the older libraries will used during the build,
instead of the new ones, likely leading to an incorrectly build ICU. (This
is the proper behavior of rpath.)</p>
<h3><a name="ImportantNotesDefaultCP" href="#ImportantNotesDefaultCP">Using
the default codepage</a></h3>
<p>ICU has code to determine the default codepage of the system or process.
This default codepage can be used to convert <code>char *</code> strings to
and from Unicode.</p>
<p>Depending on system design, setup and APIs, it may not always be
possible to find a default codepage that fully works as expected. For
example,</p>
<ul>
<li>On Windows there are three encodings in use at the same time. Unicode
(UTF-16) is always used inside of Windows, while for <code>char *</code>
encodings there are two classes, called "ANSI" and "OEM" codepages. ICU
will use the ANSI codepage. Note that the OEM codepage is used by default
for console window output.</li>
<li>On some Unix-type systems, non-standard names are used for encodings,
or non-standard encodings are used altogether. Although ICU supports 200
encodings in its standard build and many more aliases for them, it will
not be able to recognize such non-standard names.</li>
<li>Some systems do not have a notion of a system or process codepage,
and may not have APIs for that.</li>
</ul>
<p>If you have means of detecting a default codepage name that are more
appropriate for your application, then you should set that name with
<code>ucnv_setDefaultName()</code> as the first ICU function call. This
makes sure that the internally cached default converter will be
instantiated from your preferred name.</p>
<p>Starting in ICU 2.0, when a converter for the default codepage cannot be
opened, a fallback default codepage name and converter will be used. On
most platforms, this will be US-ASCII. For z/OS (OS/390), ibm-1047-s390 is
the default fallback codepage. For AS/400 (iSeries), ibm-37 is the default
fallback codepage. This default fallback codepage is used when the
operating system is using a non-standard name for a default codepage, or
the converter was not packaged with ICU. The feature allows ICU to run in
unusual computing environments without completely failing.</p>
<h3><a name="ImportantNotesDeprecatedAPI" href=
"#ImportantNotesDeprecatedAPI">Methods for enabling deprecated
APIs</a></h3>
<h4>C</h4>
<p>Some deprecated C APIs can be enabled without recompiling the ICU
libraries. This can be achieved by defining certain symbols before
including the ICU header files. For example, to enable deprecated C APIs
for formatting.</p>
<pre>
<samp>#ifndef U_USE_DEPRECATED_FORMAT_API
# define U_USE_DEPRECATED_FORMAT_API 1
#endif
#include "unicode/udat.h"
int main(){
UDateFormat *def, *fr, *fr_pat ;
UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
UChar temp[30];
fr = udat_open(UDAT_FULL, UDAT_DEFAULT, "fr_FR", NULL,0, &status);
if(U_FAILURE(status)){
printf("Error creating the french dateformat using full time style\n %s\n",
myErrorName(status) );
}
/* This is supposed to open default date format,
but later on it treats it like it is "en_US".
This is very bad when you try to run the tests
on a machine where the default locale is NOT "en_US"
*/
def = udat_open(UDAT_SHORT, UDAT_SHORT, "en_US", NULL, 0, &status);
if(U_FAILURE(status)){
.... /* handle the error */
}
}</samp>
</pre>
<h4>C++</h4>
<p>Deprecated C++ APIs cannot be enabled without recompiling ICU libraries.
Every service has a specific symbol that should be defined to enable the
deprecated API of that service. For example: To enable deprecated APIs in
transliteration service, the U_USE_DEPRECATED_TRANSLITERATOR_API symbol
should be defined before compiling ICU.</p>
<h2><a name="PlatformDependencies" href="#PlatformDependencies">Platform
Dependencies</a></h2>
<p>The platform dependencies have been mostly isolated into the following
files in the common library. This information can be useful if you are
porting ICU to a new platform.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>unicode/platform.h.in</strong> (autoconf'ed platforms)<br>
<strong>unicode/p<i>XXXX</i>.h</strong> (others: pwin32.h, pmacos.h,
..): Platform-dependent typedefs and defines:<br>
<br>
<ul>
<li>XP_CPLUSPLUS for C++ only.</li>
<li>TRUE and FALSE, UBool, int8_t, int16_t etc.</li>
<li>U_EXPORT and U_IMPORT for specifying dynamic library import and
export</li>
</ul>
<br>
</li>
<li>
<strong>unicode/putil.h, putil.c</strong>: platform-dependent
implementations of various functions that are platform dependent:<br>
<br>
<ul>
<li>uprv_isNaN, uprv_isInfinite, uprv_getNaN and uprv_getInfinity for
handling special floating point values.</li>
<li>uprv_tzset, uprv_timezone, uprv_tzname and time for getting
platform specific time and time zone information.</li>
<li>u_getDataDirectory for getting the default data directory.</li>
<li>uprv_getDefaultLocaleID for getting the default locale
setting.</li>
<li>uprv_getDefaultCodepage for getting the default codepage
encoding.</li>
</ul>
<br>
</li>
<li>
<strong>umutex.h, umutex.c</strong>: Code for doing synchronization in
multithreaded applications. If you wish to use International Components
for Unicode in a multithreaded application, you must provide a
synchronization primitive that the classes can use to protect their
global data against simultaneous modifications. See Users' guide for
more information.<br>
<br>
<ul>
<li>We supply sample implementations for WinNT, Win95, Win98,
Sun/Solaris, RedHat/Linux, HP-UX and for AIX on an RS/6000.</li>
</ul>
<br>
</li>
<li><strong>umapfile.h, umapfile.c</strong>: functions for mapping or
otherwise reading or loading files into memory. All access by ICU to data
from files makes use of these functions.<br>
<br>
</li>
<li>For the intltest test suite, intltest.cpp in
"icu/source/test/intltest/" contains the method pathnameInContext, which
must also be adapted to any new platform.</li>
<li>Using platform specific #ifdef macros are highly discouraged outside
of the scope of these files. When the source code gets updated in the
future, these #ifdef's can cause testing problems for your platform.</li>
</ul>
<p>It is possible to build each library individually. They must be built in
the following order:<br>
</p>
<ol>
<li>stubdata</li>
<li>common</li>
<li>i18n</li>
<li>toolutil</li>
<li>makeconv</li>
<li>gencnval</li>
<li>gennames</li>
<li>gennorm</li>
<li>genrb</li>
<li>genbrk</li>
<li>gentz</li>
<li>genuca</li>
<li>genccode</li>
<li>gencmn</li>
<li>pkgdata</li>
<li>makedata (a project on Windows, or source/data/Makefile on Unix)</li>
<li>ctestfw, intltest and cintltst, if you want to run the test
suite.</li>
<li>uconv and ustdio can also be optionally built.</li>
</ol>
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