516 lines
21 KiB
HTML
516 lines
21 KiB
HTML
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<title>International Classes for Unicode - Collation</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=blue style='tab-interval:.5in'>
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<div class=Section1>
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<h1>International Components for Unicode</h1>
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<h2>Collation Framework</h2>
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</div>
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<h3><u>Contents</u></h3>
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<ul type=disc>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'>What is collation?</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'>The rule symbols and their
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usage</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'>Interesting Examples</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'>Implementation Details</li>
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<ul type=circle>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
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auto;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'>Building the Collation
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Table</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
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auto;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'>Incremental Comparison
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Diagram</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
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auto;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'>Generating a Collation
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Table</li>
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</ul>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'>Q and A</li>
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</ul>
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<h3><u>What is collation?</u></h3>
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<p>Collation framework performs locale-sensitive string comparison. The user of
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this class can use this class to build searching and sorting routines for
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natural language text, build table of contents for large documentation or
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create efficient index look up for database entries.<br>
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<br>
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The ICU Collator classes provides services to allow: </p>
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<ul type=disc>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l10 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'>Simple, data-driven, table
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based collation.</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l10 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'>Easily customizble for your
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needs.</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l10 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'>Merging different resources
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made possible.</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l10 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'>Behind the scene
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transforming the ASCII data file into a binary file for efficiency.</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l10 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'>Offering both incremental
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comparison for simple comparison and collation keys for batch processes.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>There are 4 comparison levels in the Collator classes to allow different
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levels of difference to be considered significant: </p>
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<ul type=disc>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'>Primary: a letter difference.
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For example, 'a' and 'b'.</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'>Secondary: an accent
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difference. For example, '<27>' and '<27>'.</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'>Tertiary: a case difference.
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For example, 'a' and 'A'.</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'>Identical: no difference. For
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example, 'a' and 'a'.</li>
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</ul>
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<h3><u>The rule symbols and their usage</u></h3>
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<p>A string is decomposed to be one or more collation elements when using with
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the collation classes. The collation rules specify the order of these collation
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elements. The collation table is composed of a list of collation rules, where
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each rule is of three forms: </p>
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<ol start=1 type=1>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in'><modifier></li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in'><relation>
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<text-argument></li>
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mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in'><reset>
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<text-argument1> <relation> <text-argument2></li>
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<h4><modifier></h4>
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<ul type=disc>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l7 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in'>'@': French secondary, accent
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weights sorted backwards.</li>
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</ul>
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<h4><text-argument></h4>
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<p>A text-argument is any sequence of characters, excluding special characters
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(that is, common whitespace characters [0009-000D, 0020] and rule syntax
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characters [0021-002F, 003A-0040, 005B-0060, 007B-007E]). If those characters
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are desired, you can put them in single quotes (e.g. ampersand => '&').
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Note that unquoted white space characters are ignored; e.g. "b c" is
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treated as "bc".</p>
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<h4><relation></h4>
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<ul type=disc>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'>'<' : Greater, as a letter
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difference (primary)</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'>';' : Greater, as an accent
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difference (secondary)</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'>',' : Greater, as a case
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difference (tertiary)</li>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'>'=' : Equal</li>
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</ul>
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<h4><reset></h4>
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<ul type=disc>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:list .5in'>'&': Indicates that
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text-argument2 follows the position to where the reset text-argument1
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would be sorted.</li>
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</ul>
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<h3><u>Interesting Examples</u></h3>
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<p>The following is a list of interesting examples of the rules and some string
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comparison results using those rules. The comparison relation will be denoted
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as "<" of primary difference of less than, "<<" of
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secondary difference of less than, "<<<" of teriatry
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difference of less than and "==" of equal to relationships: </p>
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<ul type=disc>
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<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
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mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:list .5in'>Rule " a, A < b, B
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< c, C < ch, cH, Ch, CH < d, D < e, E": this rule simply
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says, sorts letters 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' and 'e' in that order with primary
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weights. 'ch' is sorted as a significant letter between 'c' and 'd' with
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primary weights and upper cased letters sorts after lower cased letters
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with tertiary weights. For example, "abc" <<<
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"ABC" and "achb" < "adb".</li>
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||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:list .5in'>Rule " a, A < b, B
|
||
< c, C < d, D < e, E & AE; <20> ": this will sort letters
|
||
'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' and 'e' in that order with primary weights. '<27>' will
|
||
sort as with a secondary less than to the sequence of 'A' following 'E'.
|
||
For example, "aeb" << "<EFBFBD>b" and "acb"
|
||
< "<EFBFBD>b".</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:list .5in'>Rule ".... q, Q &
|
||
Question'-'mark = '?' ....": the rule shows how to sort symbols to be
|
||
equivalent to the corrsponding text. In this example, "?" ==
|
||
"Question-mark". Note that the special symbols need to be quoted
|
||
in the rule.</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:list .5in'>Rule ".... & aa ; a-
|
||
& ee ; e- & ii ; i- & oo ; o- & uu ; u- ....": this
|
||
rule demonstrates how to specify prolonged vowels in Japanese. In this
|
||
case, "aa" is sorted as with a secondary less than to
|
||
"a-". For example, "baab" << "ba-b".</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3><u>Implementation Details</u></h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Three parts of the code will be carefully examined here: </p>
|
||
|
||
<ul type=disc>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l5 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'>Building the collation rule
|
||
table. (see mergecol.cpp, ptnentry.cpp and tblcoll.cpp)</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l5 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'>Incremental comparison
|
||
algorithm for simple string comparison. (RuleBasedCollator.compare() in
|
||
tblcoll.cpp)</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l5 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'>Collation key generation and
|
||
its format. (RuleBasedCollator.getCollationKey() in tblcoll.cpp)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3><u>Building the Collation Table</u></h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>The process of building a collation table is as following: </p>
|
||
|
||
<ul type=disc>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l8 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:list .5in'>Parse the rule text into a
|
||
list of pattern entries. Each pattern has the content of current core
|
||
characters, extension character and the strength relation. (In
|
||
ptnentry.cpp)</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l8 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:list .5in'>Inserts each entry at the
|
||
correct position based on the <reset> arguements. (In mergecol.cpp)</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l8 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:list .5in'>Build the compacted, highly
|
||
efficient look-up table based on the list of pattern entries. (In
|
||
tblcoll.cpp)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
|
||
<h3><u>Incremental Comparison Diagram</u></h3>
|
||
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img width=468 height=800 id="_x0000_i1026" src=collflow.gif></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3><u>Generating a Collation Key</u></h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>The control flow of generating a collation key is as the following: </p>
|
||
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Retrieve the next collation
|
||
element of the source string. Go to step 5 when reaches the end of string.</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Append the primary weight of
|
||
element to the primary weight buffer.</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Checks if it's necessary to
|
||
process secondary weights. If so, append the secondary weights to the
|
||
secondary weight buffer. If the collator is marked to process French
|
||
secondary, reverse the order of all the secondary weights before encounters
|
||
the next primary weight.</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Checks if it's necessary to
|
||
process tertiary weights. If so, append the tertiary weights to the
|
||
tertiary weight buffer. </li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Concatenate the primary
|
||
weight buffer, secondary weight buffer and tertiary weight buffer and add
|
||
a null delimiter among the weights. Return the concatenated buffer as the
|
||
collation key.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3><u>Q & A</u></h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l11 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:list .5in'>How do I customize the
|
||
collation sequence?<br>
|
||
A: Using the RuleBasedCollator constructor, the user of the collation
|
||
framework can then create his/her own Collator with a customized rule.</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l11 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:list .5in'>Will the collation framwork
|
||
support the surrogate and private use characters?<br>
|
||
A: It's part of our future work items. However, no firm schedule has
|
||
been set for this yet.</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l11 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:list .5in'>How does the French
|
||
secondary turn-on affect the generation of collation key?<br>
|
||
A: In French, the secondary differences are sorted backwards so this will
|
||
invoke the collation key to reverse the secondary weights in the keys.</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l11 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:list .5in'>Is there any support for
|
||
composing characters? If so, how does it work?<br>
|
||
A: Yes, it is based on the Normalizer interface. When a expanding
|
||
character is detected, the rule builder will construct collation entries
|
||
for the precomposed version internally to handle the composed characters
|
||
correctly.</li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l11 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:list .5in'>Is there any plan for
|
||
performance improvement, for instance, contracting/expanding character
|
||
lookup?<br>
|
||
A: Yes, the performance enhancement is an ongoing work item.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
|
||
<p><a href="../readme.html">ReadMe for </a><a href="../readme.html#API">International
|
||
Components for Unicode</a></p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
|
||
|
||
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
|
||
</html>
|