533 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
533 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
// -*- Coding: utf-8; -*-
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//--------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Copyright (c) 1999-2001, International Business Machines
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// Corporation and others. All Rights Reserved.
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//--------------------------------------------------------------------
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// THIS IS A MACHINE-GENERATED FILE
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// Tool: dumpICUrules.bat
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// Source: ../../text/resources/Transliterator_Latin_Jamo.txt
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// Date: Mon Nov 19 12:15:36 2001
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//--------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Latin_Jamo
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translit_Latin_Jamo {
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Rule {
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//--------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Copyright (c) 1999-2001, International Business Machines
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// Corporation and others. All Rights Reserved.
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//--------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Latin-Jamo
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":: [:Latin:] NFKD ();"
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":: [:Latin:] Lower ();"
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// Transliteration from Latin characters to Korean script is done in
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// two steps: Latin to Jamo, then Jamo to Hangul. The Jamo-Hangul
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// transliteration is done algorithmically following Unicode 3.0
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// section 3.11. This file implements the Latin to Jamo
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// transliteration using rules.
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// Jamo occupy the block 1100-11FF. Within this block there are three
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// groups of characters: initial consonants or choseong (I), medial
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// vowels or jungseong (M), and trailing consonants or jongseong (F).
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// Standard Korean syllables are of the form I+M+F*.
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// Section 3.11 describes the use of 'filler' jamo to convert
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// nonstandard syllables to standard form: the choseong filler 115F and
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// the junseong filler 1160. In this transliterator, we will not use
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// 115F or 1160.
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// We will, however, insert two 'null' jamo to make foreign words
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// conform to Korean syllable structure. These are the null initial
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// consonant 110B (IEUNG) and the null vowel 1173 (EU). In Latin text,
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// we will use the hyphen in order to disambiguate strings,
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// e.g. "kan-ggan" (initial GG) vs. "kanggan" (final NG + initial G).
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// We will not use all of the characters in the jamo block. We will
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// only use the 19 initials, 21 medials, and 27 finals possessing a
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// jamo short name as defined in section 4.4 of the Unicode book.
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// Rules of thumb. These guidelines provide the basic framework
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// for the rules. They are phrased in terms of Latin-Jamo transliteration.
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// The Jamo-Latin rules derive from these, since the Jamo-Latin rules are
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// just context-free transliteration of jamo to corresponding short names,
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// with the addition of hyphens to maintain round-trip integrity
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// in the context of the Latin-Jamo rules.
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// A sequence of vowels:
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// - Take the longest sequence you can. If there are too many, or you don't
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// have a starting consonant, introduce a 110B necessary.
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// A sequence of consonants.
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// - First join the double consonants: G + G -> GG
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// - In the remaining list,
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// -- If there is no preceding vowel, take the first consonant, and insert EU
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// after it. Continue with the rest of the consonants.
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// -- If there is one consonant, attach to the following vowel
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// -- If there are two consonants and a following vowel, attach one to the
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// preceeding vowel, and one to the following vowel.
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// -- If there are more than two consonants, join the first two together if you
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// can: L + G => LG
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// -- If you still end up with more than 2 consonants, insert EU after the
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// first one, and continue with the rest of the consonants.
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//----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Variables
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// Some latin consonants or consonant pairs only occur as initials, and
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// some only as finals, but some occur as both. This makes some jamo
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// consonants ambiguous when transliterated into latin.
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// Initial only: IEUNG BB DD JJ R
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// Final only: BS GS L LB LG LH LM LP LS LT NG NH NJ
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// Initial and Final: B C D G GG H J K M N P S SS T
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"$Gi = \u1100;"
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"$GGi = \u1101;"
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"$Ni = \u1102;"
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"$Di = \u1103;"
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"$DD = \u1104;"
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"$R = \u1105;"
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"$Mi = \u1106;"
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"$Bi = \u1107;"
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"$BB = \u1108;"
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"$Si = \u1109;"
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"$SSi = \u110A;"
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"$IEUNG = \u110B;" // null initial, inserted during Latin-Jamo
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"$Ji = \u110C;"
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"$JJ = \u110D;"
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"$Ci = \u110E;"
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"$Ki = \u110F;"
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"$Ti = \u1110;"
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"$Pi = \u1111;"
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"$Hi = \u1112;"
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"$A = \u1161;"
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"$AE = \u1162;"
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"$YA = \u1163;"
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"$YAE = \u1164;"
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"$EO = \u1165;"
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"$E = \u1166;"
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"$YEO = \u1167;"
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"$YE = \u1168;"
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"$O = \u1169;"
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"$WA = \u116A;"
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"$WAE = \u116B;"
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"$OE = \u116C;"
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"$YO = \u116D;"
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"$U = \u116E;"
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"$WEO = \u116F;"
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"$WE = \u1170;"
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"$WI = \u1171;"
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"$YU = \u1172;"
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"$EU = \u1173;" // null medial, inserted during Latin-Jamo
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"$YI = \u1174;"
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"$I = \u1175;"
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"$Gf = \u11A8;"
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"$GGf = \u11A9;"
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"$GS = \u11AA;"
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"$Nf = \u11AB;"
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"$NJ = \u11AC;"
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"$NH = \u11AD;"
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"$Df = \u11AE;"
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"$L = \u11AF;"
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"$LG = \u11B0;"
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"$LM = \u11B1;"
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"$LB = \u11B2;"
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"$LS = \u11B3;"
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"$LT = \u11B4;"
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"$LP = \u11B5;"
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"$LH = \u11B6;"
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"$Mf = \u11B7;"
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"$Bf = \u11B8;"
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"$BS = \u11B9;"
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"$Sf = \u11BA;"
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"$SSf = \u11BB;"
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"$NG = \u11BC;"
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"$Jf = \u11BD;"
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"$Cf = \u11BE;"
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"$Kf = \u11BF;"
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"$Tf = \u11C0;"
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"$Pf = \u11C1;"
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"$Hf = \u11C2;"
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"$jamoInitial = [\u1100-\u1112];"
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"$jamoMedial = [\u1161-\u1175];"
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"$latinInitial = [bcdghjkmnprst];"
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// Any character in the latin transliteration of a medial
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"$latinMedial = [aeiouwy];"
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// The last character of the latin transliteration of a medial
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"$latinMedialEnd = [aeiou];"
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//----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Jamo-Latin
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// Jamo to latin is relatively simple, since it is the latin that is
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// ambiguous. Most rules are straightforward, and we encode them below
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// as simple add-on back rule, e.g.:
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// $jamoMedial {bs} > $BS;
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// becomes
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// $jamoMedial {bs} <> $BS;
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// Furthermore, we don't care about the ordering for Jamo-Latin because
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// we are going from single characters, so we can very easily piggyback
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// on the Latin-Jamo.
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// The main issue with Jamo-Latin is when to insert hyphens.
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// Hyphens are inserted to obtain correct round trip behavior. For
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// example, the sequence Ki A Gf Gi E, if transliterated to "kagge",
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// would then round trip to Ki A GGi E. To prevent this, we insert a
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// hyphen: "kag-ge". IMPORTANT: The need for hyphens depends
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// very specifically on the behavior of the Latin-Jamo rules. A change
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// in the Latin-Jamo behavior can completely change the way the
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// hyphen insertion must be done.
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// First try to preserve actual hyphens in the jamo text by doubling
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// them. This fixes problems like:
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// (Di)(A)(Ji)(U)(NG)-(IEUNG)(YEO)(Nf)(Gi)(YEO)(L) => dajung-yeongyeol
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// => (Di)(A)(Ji)(U)(NG)(IEUNG)(YEO)(Nf)(Gi)(YEO)(L). This is optional
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// -- if we don't care about losing hyphens in the jamo, we can delete
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// this rule.
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"'--' <> '-';"
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// Triple consonants. For three consonants "axxx" we insert a
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// hyphen between the first and second "x" if XXf, Xf, and Xi all
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// exist, and we have A Xf XXi. This prevents the reverse
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// transliteration to A XXf Xi.
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd g {} $GGi;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd s {} $SSi;"
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// For vowels the rule is similar. If there is a vowel "ae" such that
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// "a" by itself and "e" by itself are vowels, then we want to map A E
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// to "a-e" so as not to round trip to AE. However, in the text Ki EO
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// IEUNG E we don't need to map to "keo-e". "keoe" suffices. For
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// vowels of the form "aei", both "ae" + "i" and "a" + "ei" must be
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// tested. NOTE: These rules used to have a left context of
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// $latinInitial instead of [^$latinMedial]. The problem with this is
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// sequences where an initial IEUNG is transliterated away:
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// (IEUNG)(A)(IEUNG)(EO) => aeo => (IEUNG)(AE)(IEUNG)(O)
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"'-' < [^$latinMedial] [y w] e {} [$O $OE];"
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"'-' < [^$latinMedial] e {} [$O $OE $U];"
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"'-' < [^$latinMedial] [o a] {} [$E $EO $EU];"
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"'-' < [^$latinMedial] [w y] a {} [$E $EO $EU];"
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// Similar to the above, but with an intervening $IEUNG.
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"'-' < [^$latinMedial] [y w] e {} $IEUNG [$O $OE];"
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"'-' < [^$latinMedial] e {} $IEUNG [$O $OE $U];"
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"'-' < [^$latinMedial] [o a] {} $IEUNG [$E $EO $EU];"
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"'-' < [^$latinMedial] [w y] a {} $IEUNG [$E $EO $EU];"
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// Single finals followed by IEUNG. The jamo sequence A Xf IEUNG E,
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// where Xi also exists, must be transliterated as "ax-e" to prevent
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// the round trip conversion to A Xi E.
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd b {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd c {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd d {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd j {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd k {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd m {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd n {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd p {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd t {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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// Double finals followed by IEUNG. Similar to the single finals
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// followed by IEUNG. Any latin consonant pair X Y, between medials,
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// that we would split by Latin-Jamo, we must handle when it occurs as
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// part of A XYf IEUNG E, to prevent round trip conversion to A Xf Yi
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// E.
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd b s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd g g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd g s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l b {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l m {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l p {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l t {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd n g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd n h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd n j {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd s s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;"
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// Split doubles. Text of the form A Xi Xf E, where XXi also occurs,
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// we transliterate as "ax-xe" to prevent round trip transliteration as
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// A XXi E.
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd b {} $Bi $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd d {} $Di $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd j {} $Ji $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd g {} $Gi $jamoMedial;"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd s {} $Si $jamoMedial;"
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// XYY. This corresponds to the XYY rule in Latin-Jamo. By default
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// Latin-Jamo maps "xyy" to Xf YYi, to keep YY together. As a result,
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// "xyy" forms that correspond to XYf Yi must be transliterated as
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// "xy-y".
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd b s {} [$Si $SSi];"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd g s {} [$Si $SSi];"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l b {} [$Bi $BB];"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l g {} [$Gi $GGi];"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd l s {} [$Si $SSi];"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd n g {} [$Gi $GGi];"
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"'-' < $latinMedialEnd n j {} [$Ji $JJ];"
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// Deletion of IEUNG is handled below.
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//----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Latin-Jamo
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// [Basic, context-free Jamo-Latin rules are embedded here too. See
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// above.]
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// Split digraphs: Text of the form 'axye', where 'xy' is a final
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// digraph, 'x' is a final (by itself), 'y' is an initial, and 'a' and
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// 'e' are medials, we want to transliterate this as A Xf Yi E rather
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// than A XYf IEUNG E. We do NOT include text of the form "axxe",
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// since that is handled differently below. These rules are generated
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// programmatically from the jamo data.
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"$jamoMedial {b s} $latinMedial > $Bf $Si;"
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"$jamoMedial {g s} $latinMedial > $Gf $Si;"
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"$jamoMedial {l b} $latinMedial > $L $Bi;"
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"$jamoMedial {l g} $latinMedial > $L $Gi;"
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"$jamoMedial {l h} $latinMedial > $L $Hi;"
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"$jamoMedial {l m} $latinMedial > $L $Mi;"
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"$jamoMedial {l p} $latinMedial > $L $Pi;"
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"$jamoMedial {l s} $latinMedial > $L $Si;"
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"$jamoMedial {l t} $latinMedial > $L $Ti;"
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"$jamoMedial {n g} $latinMedial > $Nf $Gi;"
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"$jamoMedial {n h} $latinMedial > $Nf $Hi;"
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"$jamoMedial {n j} $latinMedial > $Nf $Ji;"
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// Single consonants are initials: Text of the form 'axe', where 'x'
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// can be an initial or a final, and 'a' and 'e' are medials, we want
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// to transliterate as A Xi E rather than A Xf IEUNG E.
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"$jamoMedial {b} $latinMedial > $Bi;"
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"$jamoMedial {c} $latinMedial > $Ci;"
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"$jamoMedial {d} $latinMedial > $Di;"
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"$jamoMedial {g} $latinMedial > $Gi;"
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"$jamoMedial {h} $latinMedial > $Hi;"
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"$jamoMedial {j} $latinMedial > $Ji;"
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"$jamoMedial {k} $latinMedial > $Ki;"
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"$jamoMedial {m} $latinMedial > $Mi;"
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"$jamoMedial {n} $latinMedial > $Ni;"
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"$jamoMedial {p} $latinMedial > $Pi;"
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"$jamoMedial {s} $latinMedial > $Si;"
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"$jamoMedial {t} $latinMedial > $Ti;"
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// Doubled initials. The sequence "axxe", where XX exists as an initial
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// (XXi), and also Xi and Xf exist (true of all digraphs XX), we want
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// to transliterate as A XXi E, rather than split to A Xf Xi E.
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"$jamoMedial {b b} $latinMedial > $BB;"
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"$jamoMedial {d d} $latinMedial > $DD;"
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"$jamoMedial {j j} $latinMedial > $JJ;"
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"$jamoMedial {g g} $latinMedial > $GGi;"
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"$jamoMedial {s s} $latinMedial > $SSi;"
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// XYY. Because doubled consonants bind more strongly than XY
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// consonants, we must handle the sequence "axyy" specially. Here XYf
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// and YYi must exist. In these cases, we map to Xf YYi rather than
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// XYf.
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"$jamoMedial {b} s s > $Bf;"
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"$jamoMedial {g} s s > $Gf;"
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"$jamoMedial {l} b b > $L;"
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"$jamoMedial {l} g g > $L;"
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"$jamoMedial {l} s s > $L;"
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"$jamoMedial {n} g g > $Nf;"
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"$jamoMedial {n} j j > $Nf;"
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// Finals: Attach consonant with preceding medial to preceding medial.
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// Do this BEFORE mapping consonants to initials. Longer keys must
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// precede shorter keys that they start with, e.g., the rule for 'bs'
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// must precede 'b'.
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// [BASIC Jamo-Latin FINALS handled here. Order irrelevant within this
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// block for Jamo-Latin.]
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"$jamoMedial {bs} <> $BS;"
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"$jamoMedial {b} <> $Bf;"
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"$jamoMedial {c} <> $Cf;"
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"$jamoMedial {d} <> $Df;"
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"$jamoMedial {gg} <> $GGf;"
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"$jamoMedial {gs} <> $GS;"
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"$jamoMedial {g} <> $Gf;"
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"$jamoMedial {h} <> $Hf;"
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"$jamoMedial {j} <> $Jf;"
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"$jamoMedial {k} <> $Kf;"
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"$jamoMedial {lb} <> $LB; $jamoMedial {lg} <> $LG;"
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"$jamoMedial {lh} <> $LH;"
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"$jamoMedial {lm} <> $LM;"
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"$jamoMedial {lp} <> $LP;"
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"$jamoMedial {ls} <> $LS;"
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"$jamoMedial {lt} <> $LT;"
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"$jamoMedial {l} <> $L;"
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"$jamoMedial {m} <> $Mf;"
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"$jamoMedial {ng} <> $NG;"
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"$jamoMedial {nh} <> $NH;"
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"$jamoMedial {nj} <> $NJ;"
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"$jamoMedial {n} <> $Nf;"
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"$jamoMedial {p} <> $Pf;"
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"$jamoMedial {ss} <> $SSf;"
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"$jamoMedial {s} <> $Sf;"
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"$jamoMedial {t} <> $Tf;"
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// Initials: Attach single consonant to following medial. Do this
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// AFTER mapping finals. Longer keys must precede shorter keys that
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// they start with, e.g., the rule for 'gg' must precede 'g'.
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// [BASIC Jamo-Latin INITIALS handled here. Order irrelevant within
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// this block for Jamo-Latin.]
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"{gg} $latinMedial <> $GGi;"
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"{g} $latinMedial <> $Gi;"
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"{n} $latinMedial <> $Ni;"
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"{dd} $latinMedial <> $DD;"
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"{d} $latinMedial <> $Di;"
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"{r} $latinMedial <> $R;"
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"{m} $latinMedial <> $Mi;"
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"{bb} $latinMedial <> $BB;"
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"{b} $latinMedial <> $Bi;"
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"{ss} $latinMedial <> $SSi;"
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"{s} $latinMedial <> $Si;"
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"{jj} $latinMedial <> $JJ;"
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"{j} $latinMedial <> $Ji;"
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"{c} $latinMedial <> $Ci;"
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"{k} $latinMedial <> $Ki;"
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"{t} $latinMedial <> $Ti;"
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"{p} $latinMedial <> $Pi;"
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"{h} $latinMedial <> $Hi;"
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// 'r' in final position. Because of the equivalency of the 'l' and
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// 'r' jamo (the glyphs are the same), we try to provide the same
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// equivalency in Latin-Jamo. The 'l' to 'r' conversion is handled
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// below. If we see an 'r' in an apparent final position, treat it
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// like 'l'. For example, "karka" => Ki A R EU Ki A without this rule.
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// Instead, we want Ki A L Ki A.
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"$jamoMedial {r} $latinInitial > | l;"
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// Initial + Final: If we match the next rule, we have initial then
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// final consonant with no intervening medial. We insert the null
|
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// vowel BEFORE it to create a well-formed syllable. (In the next rule
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// we insert a null vowel AFTER an anomalous initial.)
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"$jamoInitial {} [bcdghjklmnpst] > $EU;"
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// Initial + X: This block matches an initial consonant not followed by
|
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// a medial. We insert the null vowel after it. We handle double
|
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// initials explicitly here; for single initial consonants we insert EU
|
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// (as Latin) after them and let standard rules do the rest.
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|
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// BREAKS ROUND TRIP INTEGRITY
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"gg > $GGi $EU;"
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"dd > $DD $EU;"
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"bb > $BB $EU;"
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"ss > $SSi $EU;"
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"jj > $JJ $EU;"
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"([bcdghjkmnprst]) > | $1 eu;"
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// X + Final: Finally we have to deal with a consonant that can only be
|
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// interpreted as a final (not an initial) and which is preceded
|
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// neither by an initial nor a medial. It is the start of the
|
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// syllable, but cannot be. Most of these will already be handled by
|
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// the above rules. 'bs' splits into Bi EU Sf. Similar for 'gs' 'ng'
|
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// 'nh' 'nj'. The only problem is 'l' and digraphs starting with 'l'.
|
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// For this isolated case, we could add a null initial and medial,
|
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// which would give "la" => IEUNG EU L IEUNG A, for example. A more
|
|
// economical solution is to transliterate isolated "l" (that is,
|
|
// initial "l") to "r". (Other similar conversions of consonants that
|
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// occur neither as initials nor as finals are handled below.)
|
|
|
|
"l > | r;"
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|
|
|
// Medials. If a medial is preceded by an initial, then we proceed
|
|
// normally. As usual, longer keys must precede shorter ones.
|
|
|
|
// [BASIC Jamo-Latin MEDIALS handled here. Order irrelevant within
|
|
// this block for Jamo-Latin.]
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|
|
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"$jamoInitial {ae} <> $AE;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {a} <> $A;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {eo} <> $EO;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {eu} <> $EU;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {e} <> $E;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {i} <> $I;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {oe} <> $OE;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {o} <> $O;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {u} <> $U;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {wae} <> $WAE;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {wa} <> $WA;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {weo} <> $WEO;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {we} <> $WE;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {wi} <> $WI;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {yae} <> $YAE;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {ya} <> $YA;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {yeo} <> $YEO;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {ye} <> $YE;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {yi} <> $YI;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {yo} <> $YO;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {yu} <> $YU;"
|
|
|
|
// We may see an anomalous isolated 'w' or 'y'. In that case, we
|
|
// interpret it as 'wi' and 'yu', respectively.
|
|
|
|
// BREAKS ROUND TRIP INTEGRITY
|
|
|
|
"$jamoInitial {w} > | wi;"
|
|
"$jamoInitial {y} > | yu;"
|
|
|
|
// Otherwise, insert a null consonant IEUNG before the medial (which is
|
|
// still an untransliterated latin vowel).
|
|
|
|
"($latinMedial) > $IEUNG | $1;"
|
|
|
|
// Convert non-jamo latin consonants to equivalents. These occur as
|
|
// neither initials nor finals in jamo. 'l' occurs as a final, but not
|
|
// an initial; it is handled above. The following letters (left hand
|
|
// side) will never be output by Jamo-Latin.
|
|
|
|
"f > | p;"
|
|
"q > | k;"
|
|
"v > | b;"
|
|
"x > | ks;"
|
|
"z > | s;"
|
|
|
|
// Delete hyphens (Latin-Jamo).
|
|
|
|
"'-' > ;"
|
|
|
|
// Delete null consonants (Jamo-Latin). Do NOT delete null EU vowels,
|
|
// since these may also occur in text.
|
|
|
|
"< $IEUNG;"
|
|
":: ([[:Hangul:]&[\uFF00-\uFFFF]] NFKD);"
|
|
|
|
// eof
|
|
}
|
|
}
|