704 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
Executable File
704 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
Executable File
# ***************************************************************************
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# *
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# * Copyright (C) 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
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# * License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html.
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# *
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# ***************************************************************************
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# File: am_am_FONIPA.txt
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# Generated from CLDR
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#
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# Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).
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#
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# Long vowels, long/geminated consonants:
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# In the direction from am_FONIPA to am, we emit Ethiopic gemination
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# and vowel length markers (U+135D, U+135E, U+135F) although
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# they are rarely written in Amharic text. Exceptions include
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# school books and textbooks for non-native speakers.
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# Clients who do not want these markers can easily strip them off
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# in a post-processing step.
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#
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# Labialization:
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# Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];
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# labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].
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# Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic
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# transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme
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# set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes
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# such as /ɲʷ/ or /t\u0361ʃʼʷ/.
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#
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# References:
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# [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification
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# for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;
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# retrieved on November 4, 2014.
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# http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf
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# Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation
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# with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)
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# writes as */y/.
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$IPA_VOWEL = [aeəiɨou];
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$IPA_CONSONANT = [mnɲɴ p{pʼ}bt{tʼ}dk{kʼ}ɡʔʕ fvs{sʼ}zʃʒxh lr {t\u0361ʃ}{t\u0361ʃʼ}{d\u0361ʒ}];
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# Some consonants have a special syllable when labialized, such as ፗ ↔ /pʷa/.
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# Amharic restricts this mostly to /a/ syllables. While the Ethiopic script
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# does offer labialized syllables for other vowels, these are typically
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# not written in Amharic.
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$LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A = [p{pʼ}t{tʼ} {t\u0361ʃ}{t\u0361ʃʼ}{d\u0361ʒ}{d\u0361ʒʼ} s{sʼ}zʃʒ fv r];
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← [ ʼ \u0361 \u035C \u032F];
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::(null);
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# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
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# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence
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# in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.
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ሀ → ha;
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ሀ ← hə;
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ሁ ↔ hu;
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ሂ ↔ hi;
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ሃ ↔ ha;
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ሄ ↔ he;
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ህ ↔ hɨ;
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ሆ ↔ ho;
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ሇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ህ ← h;
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ለ ↔ lə;
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ሉ ↔ lu;
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ሊ ↔ li;
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ላ ↔ la;
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ሌ ↔ le;
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ል ↔ lɨ;
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ሎ ↔ lo;
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ⶀ → lo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ሏ ↔ lwa;
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ል ← l;
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# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
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# /ħə/. However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic
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# makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both
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# are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/. Also, according
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# to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it
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# gets pronounced as /ha/.
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ሐ → ha;
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ሑ → hu;
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ሒ → hi;
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ሓ → ha;
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ሔ → he;
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ሕ → hɨ;
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ሖ → ho;
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ሗ → hwa;
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መ ↔ mə;
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ሙ ↔ mu;
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ሚ ↔ mi;
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ማ ↔ ma;
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ሜ ↔ me;
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ም ↔ mɨ;
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ሞ ↔ mo;
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ⶁ → mo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ᎀ → mwə; # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎃ → mwu; # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎁ → mwi; # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ሟ ↔ mwa;
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ᎂ → mwe; # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ፙ → mja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.
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ም ← m;
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ሠ → sə;
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ሡ → su;
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ሢ → si;
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ሣ → sa;
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ሤ → se;
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ሥ → sɨ;
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ሦ → so;
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ሧ → swa;
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ረ ↔ rə;
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ሩ ↔ ru;
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ሪ ↔ ri;
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ራ ↔ ra;
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ሬ ↔ re;
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ር ↔ rɨ;
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ሮ ↔ ro;
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ⶂ → ro; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ሯ ↔ rwa;
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ፘ → rja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.
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ር ← r;
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# Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
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ⶠ → ʃə;
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ⶡ → ʃu;
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ⶢ → ʃi;
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ⶣ → ʃa;
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ⶤ → ʃe;
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ⶥ → ʃɨ;
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ⶦ → ʃo;
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ሸ ↔ ʃə;
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ሹ ↔ ʃu;
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ሺ ↔ ʃi;
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ሻ ↔ ʃa;
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ሼ ↔ ʃe;
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ሽ ↔ ʃɨ;
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ሾ ↔ ʃo;
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ⶄ → ʃo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ሿ ↔ ʃwa;
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ሽ ← ʃ;
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ቀ ↔ kʼə;
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ቁ ↔ kʼu;
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ቂ ↔ kʼi;
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ቃ ↔ kʼa;
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ቄ ↔ kʼe;
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ቅ ↔ kʼɨ;
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ቆ ↔ kʼo;
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ቇ → kʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ቈ ↔ kʼwə;
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ቍ ↔ kʼwu;
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ቊ ↔ kʼwi;
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ቋ ↔ kʼwa;
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ቌ ↔ kʼwe;
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ቅ ← kʼ;
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# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].
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# Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.
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# When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce
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# ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.
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ቐ → kʼə;
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ቑ → kʼu;
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ቒ → kʼi;
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ቓ → kʼa;
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ቔ → kʼe;
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ቕ → kʼɨ;
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ቖ → kʼo;
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ቘ → kʼwə;
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ቝ → kʼwu;
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ቚ → kʼwi;
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ቛ → kʼwa;
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ቜ → kʼwe;
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# In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
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# In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.
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ⷀ → kʼjə;
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ⷁ → kʼju;
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ⷂ → kʼji;
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ⷃ → kʼja;
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ⷄ → kʼje;
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ⷅ → kʼjɨ;
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ⷆ → kʼjo;
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በ ↔ bə;
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ቡ ↔ bu;
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ቢ ↔ bi;
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ባ ↔ ba;
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ቤ ↔ be;
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ብ ↔ bɨ;
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ቦ ↔ bo;
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ⶅ → bo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ᎄ → bwə; # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎇ → bwu; # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎅ → bwi; # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ቧ → bwa; # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎆ → bwe; # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ብ ← b;
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ቨ ↔ və;
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ቩ ↔ vu;
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ቪ ↔ vi;
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ቫ ↔ va;
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ቬ ↔ ve;
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ቭ ↔ vɨ;
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ቮ ↔ vo;
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ቯ ↔ vwa;
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ቭ ← v;
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# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the
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# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t\u0361ʃ.
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# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.
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ⶨ → t\u0361ʃə;
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ⶩ → t\u0361ʃu;
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ⶪ → t\u0361ʃi;
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ⶫ → t\u0361ʃa;
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ⶬ → t\u0361ʃe;
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ⶭ → t\u0361ʃɨ;
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ⶮ → t\u0361ʃo;
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# In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.
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# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
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# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
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# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.
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# Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.
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ኀ → ha;
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ኁ → hu;
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ኂ → hi;
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ኃ → ha;
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ኄ → he;
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ኅ → hɨ;
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ኆ → ho;
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ኇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ኈ → hwə;
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ኍ → hwu;
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ኊ → hwi;
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ኋ → hwa;
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ኌ → hwe;
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ነ ↔ nə;
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ኑ ↔ nu;
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ኒ ↔ ni;
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ና ↔ na;
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ኔ ↔ ne;
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ን ↔ nɨ;
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ኖ ↔ no;
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ⶈ → no; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ኗ ↔ nwa;
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ን ← n;
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ኘ ↔ ɲə;
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ኙ ↔ ɲu;
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ኚ ↔ ɲi;
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ኛ ↔ ɲa;
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ኜ ↔ ɲe;
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ኝ ↔ ɲɨ;
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ኞ ↔ ɲo;
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ⶉ → ɲo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ኟ ↔ ɲwa;
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ኝ ← ɲ;
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# Amharic speakers pronounce ኸ as [h] because Amharic has no [x] sound.
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# However, in transliterations of foreign (eg. Spanish) words with [x],
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# several Amharic speakers have confirmed that they prefer ኻ over ሃ.
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ዀ → hwə;
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ዂ → hwi;
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ዃ → hwa;
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ዄ → hwe;
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ዅ → hwɨ;
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ኸ → hə;
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ኹ → hu;
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ኺ → hi;
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ኻ → ha;
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ኼ → he;
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ኽ → hɨ;
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ኾ → ho;
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ዀ ← xwə;
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ዂ ← xwi;
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ዃ ← xwa;
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ዄ ← xwe;
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ዅ ← xwɨ;
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ዅ ← xw;
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ኸ ← xə;
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ኹ ← xu;
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ኺ ← xi;
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ኻ ← xa;
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ኼ ← xe;
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ኽ ← xɨ;
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ኾ ← xo;
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ኽ ← x;
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አ ↔ ʔə;
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ኡ ↔ ʔu;
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ኢ ↔ ʔi;
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ኣ ↔ ʔa;
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ኤ ↔ ʔe;
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እ ↔ ʔɨ;
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ኦ ↔ ʔo;
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ⶊ → ʔo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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እ ← ʔ;
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ከ ↔ kə;
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ኩ ↔ ku;
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ኪ ↔ ki;
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ካ ↔ ka;
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ኬ ↔ ke;
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ክ ↔ kɨ;
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ኮ ↔ ko;
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ኰ ↔ kwə;
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ኵ ↔ kwu;
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ኲ ↔ kwi;
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ኳ ↔ kwa;
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ኴ ↔ kwe;
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ክ ← k;
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# In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
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# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.
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ⷈ → kə;
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ⷉ → ku;
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ⷊ → ki;
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ⷋ → ka;
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ⷌ → ke;
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ⷍ → kɨ;
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ⷎ → ko;
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# In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/
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# according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,
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# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.
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ⷐ → kə;
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ⷑ → ku;
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ⷒ → ki;
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ⷓ → ka;
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ⷔ → ke;
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ⷕ → kɨ;
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ⷖ → ko;
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ወ ↔ wə;
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ዉ ↔ wu;
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ዊ ↔ wi;
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ዋ ↔ wa;
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ዌ ↔ we;
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ው ↔ wɨ;
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ዎ ↔ wo;
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ዏ → wo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ው ← w;
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ዐ ↔ ʕə;
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ዑ ↔ ʕu;
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ዒ ↔ ʕi;
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ዓ ↔ ʕa;
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ዔ ↔ ʕe;
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ዕ ↔ ʕɨ;
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ዖ ↔ ʕo;
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ዒ ← ʕ;
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ዘ ↔ zə;
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ዙ ↔ zu;
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ዚ ↔ zi;
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ዛ ↔ za;
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ዜ ↔ ze;
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ዝ ↔ zɨ;
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ዞ ↔ zo;
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ⶋ → zo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ዟ ↔ zwa;
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ዝ ← z;
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ዠ ↔ ʒə;
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ዡ ↔ ʒu;
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ዢ ↔ ʒi;
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ዣ ↔ ʒa;
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ዤ ↔ ʒe;
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ዥ ↔ ʒɨ;
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ዦ ↔ ʒo;
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ዧ ↔ ʒwa;
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ዢ ← ʒ;
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# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the
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# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.
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# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.
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ⶰ → ʒə;
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ⶱ → ʒu;
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ⶲ → ʒi;
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ⶳ → ʒa;
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ⶴ → ʒe;
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ⶵ → ʒɨ;
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ⶶ → ʒo;
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የ ↔ jə;
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ዩ ↔ ju;
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ዪ ↔ ji;
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ያ ↔ ja;
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ዬ ↔ je;
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ይ ↔ jɨ;
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ዮ ↔ jo;
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ዯ → jo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ይ ← j;
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ጀ ↔ d\u0361ʒə;
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ጁ ↔ d\u0361ʒu;
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ጂ ↔ d\u0361ʒi;
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ጃ ↔ d\u0361ʒa;
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ጄ ↔ d\u0361ʒe;
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ጅ ↔ d\u0361ʒɨ;
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ጆ ↔ d\u0361ʒo;
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ጇ ↔ d\u0361ʒwa;
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ጅ ← d\u0361ʒ;
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ደ ↔ də;
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ዱ ↔ du;
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ዲ ↔ di;
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ዳ ↔ da;
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ዴ ↔ de;
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ድ ↔ dɨ;
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ዶ ↔ do;
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ⶌ → do; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ዷ ↔ dwa;
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ድ ← d;
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ገ ↔ ɡə;
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ጉ ↔ ɡu;
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ጊ ↔ ɡi;
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ጋ ↔ ɡa;
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ጌ ↔ ɡe;
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ግ ↔ ɡɨ;
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ጎ ↔ ɡo;
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ጐ ↔ ɡwə;
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ጕ ↔ ɡwu;
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ጒ ↔ ɡwi;
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ጓ ↔ ɡwa;
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ጔ ↔ ɡwe;
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ግ ← ɡ;
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# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
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||
# Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers
|
||
# still can pronounce it according to our source. However, when transliterating
|
||
# foreign words with [ŋ], Amharic uses the sequence ንግ /nɡ/. For example,
|
||
# the Amharic transliteration of Washington /waʃiŋtən/ is ዋሺንግተን.
|
||
ጘ → ŋə;
|
||
ጙ → ŋu;
|
||
ጚ → ŋi;
|
||
ጛ → ŋa;
|
||
ጜ → ŋe;
|
||
ጝ → ŋɨ;
|
||
ጞ → ŋo;
|
||
ⶓ → ŋwə;
|
||
ⶖ → ŋwu;
|
||
ⶔ → ŋwi;
|
||
ጟ → ŋwa;
|
||
ⶕ → ŋwe;
|
||
# Since there is no uvular nasal [ɴ] in Amharic, we use the velar nasal [ŋ].
|
||
ጘ ← ɴə;
|
||
ጙ ← ɴu;
|
||
ጚ ← ɴi;
|
||
ጛ ← ɴa;
|
||
ጜ ← ɴe;
|
||
ጝ ← ɴɨ;
|
||
ጞ ← ɴo;
|
||
ጝ ← ɴ;
|
||
# In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).
|
||
# Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.
|
||
ⷘ → ɡə;
|
||
ⷙ → ɡu;
|
||
ⷚ → ɡi;
|
||
ⷛ → ɡa;
|
||
ⷜ → ɡe;
|
||
ⷝ → ɡɨ;
|
||
ⷞ → ɡo;
|
||
ጠ ↔ tʼə;
|
||
ጡ ↔ tʼu;
|
||
ጢ ↔ tʼi;
|
||
ጣ ↔ tʼa;
|
||
ጤ ↔ tʼe;
|
||
ጥ ↔ tʼɨ;
|
||
ጦ ↔ tʼo;
|
||
ጧ ↔ tʼwa;
|
||
ጢ ← tʼ;
|
||
ጨ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼə;
|
||
ጩ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼu;
|
||
ጪ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼi;
|
||
ጫ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼa;
|
||
ጬ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼe;
|
||
ጭ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼɨ;
|
||
ጮ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼo;
|
||
ⶐ → t\u0361ʃʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t\u0361ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ጯ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼwa;
|
||
ጪ ← t\u0361ʃʼ;
|
||
# According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language
|
||
# (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ\u0361ʂʼ/ Retroflex
|
||
# ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.
|
||
# Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t\u0361ʃʼ/.
|
||
ⶸ → t\u0361ʃʼə;
|
||
ⶹ → t\u0361ʃʼu;
|
||
ⶺ → t\u0361ʃʼi;
|
||
ⶻ → t\u0361ʃʼa;
|
||
ⶼ → t\u0361ʃʼe;
|
||
ⶽ → t\u0361ʃʼɨ;
|
||
ⶾ → t\u0361ʃʼo;
|
||
ቸ ↔ t\u0361ʃə;
|
||
ቹ ↔ t\u0361ʃu;
|
||
ቺ ↔ t\u0361ʃi;
|
||
ቻ ↔ t\u0361ʃa;
|
||
ቼ ↔ t\u0361ʃe;
|
||
ች ↔ t\u0361ʃɨ;
|
||
ቾ ↔ t\u0361ʃo;
|
||
ቿ ↔ t\u0361ʃwa;
|
||
ች ← t\u0361ʃ;
|
||
ተ ↔ tə;
|
||
ቱ ↔ tu;
|
||
ቲ ↔ ti;
|
||
ታ ↔ ta;
|
||
ቴ ↔ te;
|
||
ት ↔ tɨ;
|
||
ቶ ↔ to;
|
||
ⶆ → to; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ቷ ↔ twa;
|
||
ት ← t;
|
||
ጰ ↔ pʼə;
|
||
ጱ ↔ pʼu;
|
||
ጲ ↔ pʼi;
|
||
ጳ ↔ pʼa;
|
||
ጴ ↔ pʼe;
|
||
ጵ ↔ pʼɨ;
|
||
ጶ ↔ pʼo;
|
||
ⶑ → pʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ጷ ↔ pʼwa;
|
||
ጵ ← pʼ;
|
||
ጸ ↔ sʼə;
|
||
ጹ ↔ sʼu;
|
||
ጺ ↔ sʼi;
|
||
ጻ ↔ sʼa;
|
||
ጼ ↔ sʼe;
|
||
ጽ ↔ sʼɨ;
|
||
ጾ ↔ sʼo;
|
||
ጿ ↔ sʼwa;
|
||
ጽ ← sʼ;
|
||
# In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.
|
||
# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
|
||
ፀ → sʼə;
|
||
ፁ → sʼu;
|
||
ፂ → sʼi;
|
||
ፃ → sʼa;
|
||
ፄ → sʼe;
|
||
ፅ → sʼɨ;
|
||
ፆ → sʼo;
|
||
ፇ → sʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
||
# Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
|
||
ሰ ↔ sə;
|
||
ሱ ↔ su;
|
||
ሲ ↔ si;
|
||
ሳ ↔ sa;
|
||
ሴ ↔ se;
|
||
ስ ↔ sɨ;
|
||
ሶ ↔ so;
|
||
ⶃ → so; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ሷ ↔ swa;
|
||
ስ ← s;
|
||
ፈ ↔ fə;
|
||
ፉ ↔ fu;
|
||
ፊ ↔ fi;
|
||
ፋ ↔ fa;
|
||
ፌ ↔ fe;
|
||
ፍ ↔ fɨ;
|
||
ፎ ↔ fo;
|
||
ᎈ → fwə; # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ᎉ → fwu; # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ᎋ → fwi; # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ፏ ↔ fwa;
|
||
ᎊ → fwe; # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ፚ → fja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.
|
||
ፍ ← f;
|
||
ፐ ↔ pə;
|
||
ፑ ↔ pu;
|
||
ፒ ↔ pi;
|
||
ፓ ↔ pa;
|
||
ፔ ↔ pe;
|
||
ፕ ↔ pɨ;
|
||
ፖ ↔ po;
|
||
ⶒ → po; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ᎌ → pwə; # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ᎍ → pwu; # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ᎏ → pwi; # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ፗ ↔ pwa;
|
||
ᎎ → pwe; # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
||
ፕ ← p;
|
||
ኧ ↔ ə;
|
||
ኡ ← u; # ኡላዓን ባዓታር ← Ulaan Baatar /ulaʕan baʕatar/
|
||
አ ← a; # አምስተርዳም ← Amsterdam /amstərdam/
|
||
ኤ ← e;
|
||
እ ← ɨ;
|
||
ኦ ← o; # ፖርት ኦፍ ስፔን ← Port of Spain /port of speːn/
|
||
ኢ ← i; # ኢስላማባድ ← Islamabad /islamabad/
|
||
# Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.
|
||
# To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.
|
||
፠ → ' '; # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
|
||
፡ → ' '; # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE
|
||
። → ' '; # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP
|
||
፣ → ' '; # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA
|
||
፤ → ' '; # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON
|
||
፥ → ' '; # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON
|
||
፦ → ' '; # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON
|
||
፧ → ' '; # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK
|
||
፨ → ' '; # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
|
||
# Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules,
|
||
# so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.
|
||
# Applications will typically pre-process text before calling
|
||
# the am → am_FONIPA transform.
|
||
፩ → ' '; # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE
|
||
፪ → ' '; # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO
|
||
፫ → ' '; # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE
|
||
፬ → ' '; # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR
|
||
፭ → ' '; # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE
|
||
፮ → ' '; # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX
|
||
፯ → ' '; # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN
|
||
፰ → ' '; # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT
|
||
፱ → ' '; # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE
|
||
፲ → ' '; # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN
|
||
፳ → ' '; # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY
|
||
፴ → ' '; # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY
|
||
፵ → ' '; # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY
|
||
፶ → ' '; # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY
|
||
፷ → ' '; # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY
|
||
፸ → ' '; # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY
|
||
፹ → ' '; # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY
|
||
፺ → ' '; # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY
|
||
፻ → ' '; # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED
|
||
፼ → ' '; # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND
|
||
# Transform IPA length markers to one of these:
|
||
# U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK
|
||
# U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK
|
||
# U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK
|
||
::null();
|
||
← ː ; # Strip off any remaining IPA length markers.
|
||
::(null);
|
||
($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135D → $1 ː $2 ː;
|
||
($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135E → $1 $2 ː;
|
||
($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL?) \u135F → $1 ː $2;
|
||
[\u135D \u135E \u135F] → ; # Strip off any remaining length markers.
|
||
$1 wa \u135D ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː waː; # ቷ\u135D ← [tːʷaː]
|
||
$1 wa \u135E ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) waː; # ቷ\u135E ← [tʷaː]
|
||
$1 wa \u135F ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː wa; # አቷ\u135F ← [tːʷa]
|
||
$1 \u135F $2 \u135E ← ([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL) ː;
|
||
$1 \u135F $2 ← {([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL?)};
|
||
$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
||
$1 \u135D ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
||
$1 \u135E ← ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
||
$1 \u135F ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL?);
|
||
$1 \u135D ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
||
$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_CONSONANT [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
||
$1 \u135F ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL?);
|
||
# Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.
|
||
::null;
|
||
{($IPA_VOWEL ː?)} [[:L:]] → $1 \.;
|
||
::(null);
|
||
← [ˈˌ\. \u0303\u032F];
|
||
aj ← ai; # Nairobi /nairobi/ ናይሮቢ, Cairo /kairo/ ካይሮ
|
||
aw ← au; # Bissau /bisːau/ ቢሳው
|
||
eji ← ei; # Beijing /beid\u0361ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
|
||
ewo ← eo; # Montevideo /montevideo/ ሞንቴቪዴዎ
|
||
ija ← ia; # Monrovia /monrovia/ ሞንሮቪያ
|
||
ijə ← iə; # Reunion /rijunijən/ ሪዩኒየን
|
||
iw ← iu; # Vilnius /vilnius/ ቪልኒውስ, New Delhi /niu deːli/ ኒው ዴሊ
|
||
jo ← io; # Tokyo /tokio/ ቶክዮ
|
||
nɡ ← ŋɡ; # Kongo /koŋɡo/ ኮንጎ, Hungary /həŋɡari/ ሀንጋሪ
|
||
nɡ ← ŋ; # Bangkok /baŋkok/ ባንግኮክ, Beijing /beid\u0361ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
|
||
uwa ← ua; # Kuala Lumpur /kuala lumpur/ ኩዋላ ሉምፑር, Ruanda /ruanda/ ሩዋንዳ
|
||
bwe ← bue; # Buenos Aires /buenos aires/ ብዌኖስ አይሬስ
|
||
sʼ ← t\u0361s; # Podgorica /podɡorit\u0361sa/ ፖድጎሪጻ, Vaduz /fadut\u0361s/ ፋዱጽ
|
||
uwi ← ui; # Port Luis /port luis/ ፖርት ሉዊስ
|
||
uwe ← ue; # Lithuania /lituenia/ ሊቱዌኒያ, Venezuela /venɨzuela/ ቬንዙዌላ
|
||
::(null);
|
||
ʔə ← \. ə;
|
||
ʔu ← \. u;
|
||
ʔi ← \. i;
|
||
ʔa ← \. a;
|
||
ʔe ← \. e;
|
||
ʔɨ ← \. ɨ;
|
||
ʔo ← \. o;
|
||
$1 w ← {($IPA_VOWEL ː?) \u032F} $IPA_VOWEL; # /ewowa/ ← /e\u032Fo\u032Fa/
|
||
::(null);
|
||
n ← [n {n\u033C} {n\u033C\u030A} {m\u033A} {n\u030A} {n\u0325} ⁿ ᵑ];
|
||
m ← [ɱ {m\u0325} {m\u032A} ᵐ];
|
||
ɲ ← [{ɳ\u030A} {ɳ\u0325} ɳ {ɲ\u030A} {ɲ\u0325} ɲ];
|
||
ŋ ← [{ŋ\u030A} {ŋ\u0325} ŋ];
|
||
ɴ ← [{ɴ\u030A} {ɴ\u0325} ɴ];
|
||
p ← [{t\u033C} {p\u033A}];
|
||
pʼ ← [ʘ ɋ];
|
||
b ← [{d\u033C} {b\u033A} {ɾ\u033C} ɓ];
|
||
t ← [{t\u032A} ʈ];
|
||
tʼ ← [ǁ ʖ];
|
||
d ← [ɖ ɗ ᶑ];
|
||
k ← q;
|
||
kʼ ← [ǃ ʗ];
|
||
ɡ ← [g ɢ ɣ ɠ ʛ];
|
||
nɡ ← ᵑɡ;
|
||
ʔ ← ʡ;
|
||
s ← [θ {θ\u0331} {θ\u031E} {θ\u033C} {ɸ\u033A}];
|
||
z ← [ð {ð\u0320} {ð\u033C} {β\u033A}];
|
||
sʼ ← [{t\u0361s} {t\u035Cs} ʦ];
|
||
t\u0361ʃ ← [{t\u035Cʃ} ʧ {t\u0361ɕ} {t\u035Cɕ} ʨ {ʈ\u0361ʂ} c];
|
||
t\u0361ʃʼ ← [ǀ ʇ ǂ ʄ];
|
||
d\u0361ʒ ← [ʤ ʣ {d\u0361z} {d\u035Cz} {d\u0361ɕ} ʥ {d\u0361ʑ} {d\u035Cʑ} {ɖ\u0361ʐ} {d\u0361ʐ} ɟ];
|
||
pf ← [{p\u032A} {p\u0346} ȹ {p\u0361f} {p\u032Af} {p\u032A\u035Cf}];
|
||
bv ← [{b\u032A} {b\u0346} ȸ {b\u0361v} {b\u032A\u0361v}];
|
||
ʃ ← [ʂ ɕ];
|
||
ʒ ← [ʐ ʑ];
|
||
r ← [ɾ ɽ ʁ];
|
||
rːʒ ← r\u031Dː;
|
||
rʒ ← r\u031D;
|
||
v ← β;
|
||
x ← [ç x χ];
|
||
ʕ ← ʕ\u031D;
|
||
h ← ɦ;
|
||
j ← [ʝ ʲ];
|
||
lj ← ʎ [iɨ]? [jʝʲ]?;
|
||
t\u0361ʃl ← [{t\u0361ɬ} {tɬ}];
|
||
ʃl ← ɬ;
|
||
w ← {u\u032F} $IPA_VOWEL;
|
||
w ← ʷ;
|
||
ʼː ← ːʼ; # /pʼː/ ← /pːʼ/; /sʼː/ ← /sːʼ/; etc.
|
||
::(null);
|
||
i ← y;
|
||
ɨ ← [ɪ ʉ];
|
||
u ← [ʊ ɯ];
|
||
ə ← [ɛ æ ɘ];
|
||
o ← [ɔ ø];
|
||
a ← ɑ;
|
||
ʼ ← ʰ;
|
||
← [ʱ];
|
||
$1ːʲ ← ([pbtd])ʲː; # [bːʲeː] ← [bʲːeː]
|
||
$1ːʷ ← ([pbtd])ʷː; # [bːʷeː] ← [bʷːeː]
|
||
::(NFC);
|
||
← [ \u0303 \u0330 \u030B \u0301 \u0304 \u0300 \u030F \u030C \u0302 ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜜ ꜛ ↗ ↘ ];
|
||
::(NFD);
|
||
|