523 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
523 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
#--------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Copyright (c) 1999-2004, International Business Machines
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# Corporation and others. All Rights Reserved.
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#--------------------------------------------------------------------
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#- N.B. DO NOT put any filters, NFD, etc. here -- those are aliased in
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#- the INDEX file. This transliterator is, by itself, not
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#- instantiated. It is used as a part of Latin-Jamo, Latin-Hangul, or
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#- inverses thereof.
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# Transliteration from Latin characters to Korean script is done in
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# two steps: Latin to Jamo, then Jamo to Hangul. The Jamo-Hangul
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# transliteration is done algorithmically following Unicode 3.0
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# section 3.11. This file implements the Latin to Jamo
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# transliteration using rules.
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# Jamo occupy the block 1100-11FF. Within this block there are three
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# groups of characters: initial consonants or choseong (I), medial
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# vowels or jungseong (M), and trailing consonants or jongseong (F).
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# Standard Korean syllables are of the form I+M+F*.
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# Section 3.11 describes the use of 'filler' jamo to convert
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# nonstandard syllables to standard form: the choseong filler 115F and
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# the junseong filler 1160. In this transliterator, we will not use
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# 115F or 1160.
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# We will, however, insert two 'null' jamo to make foreign words
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# conform to Korean syllable structure. These are the null initial
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# consonant 110B (IEUNG) and the null vowel 1173 (EU). In Latin text,
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# we will use the separator in order to disambiguate strings,
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# e.g. "kan-ggan" (initial GG) vs. "kanggan" (final NG + initial G).
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# We will not use all of the characters in the jamo block. We will
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# only use the 19 initials, 21 medials, and 27 finals possessing a
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# jamo short name as defined in section 4.4 of the Unicode book.
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# Rules of thumb. These guidelines provide the basic framework
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# for the rules. They are phrased in terms of Latin-Jamo transliteration.
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# The Jamo-Latin rules derive from these, since the Jamo-Latin rules are
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# just context-free transliteration of jamo to corresponding short names,
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# with the addition of separators to maintain round-trip integrity
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# in the context of the Latin-Jamo rules.
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# A sequence of vowels:
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# - Take the longest sequence you can. If there are too many, or you don't
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# have a starting consonant, introduce a 110B necessary.
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# A sequence of consonants.
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# - First join the double consonants: G + G -> GG
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# - In the remaining list,
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# -- If there is no preceding vowel, take the first consonant, and insert EU
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# after it. Continue with the rest of the consonants.
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# -- If there is one consonant, attach to the following vowel
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# -- If there are two consonants and a following vowel, attach one to the
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# preceeding vowel, and one to the following vowel.
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# -- If there are more than two consonants, join the first two together if you
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# can: L + G => LG
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# -- If you still end up with more than 2 consonants, insert EU after the
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# first one, and continue with the rest of the consonants.
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#----------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Variables
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# Some latin consonants or consonant pairs only occur as initials, and
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# some only as finals, but some occur as both. This makes some jamo
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# consonants ambiguous when transliterated into latin.
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# Initial only: IEUNG BB DD JJ R
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# Final only: BS GS L LB LG LH LM LP LS LT NG NH NJ
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# Initial and Final: B C D G GG H J K M N P S SS T
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$Gi = \u1100;
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$GGi = \u1101;
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$Ni = \u1102;
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$Di = \u1103;
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$DD = \u1104;
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$R = \u1105;
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$Mi = \u1106;
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$Bi = \u1107;
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$BB = \u1108;
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$Si = \u1109;
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$SSi = \u110A;
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$IEUNG = \u110B; # null initial, inserted during Latin-Jamo
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$Ji = \u110C;
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$JJ = \u110D;
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$Ci = \u110E;
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$Ki = \u110F;
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$Ti = \u1110;
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$Pi = \u1111;
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$Hi = \u1112;
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$A = \u1161;
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$AE = \u1162;
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$YA = \u1163;
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$YAE = \u1164;
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$EO = \u1165;
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$E = \u1166;
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$YEO = \u1167;
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$YE = \u1168;
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$O = \u1169;
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$WA = \u116A;
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$WAE = \u116B;
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$OE = \u116C;
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$YO = \u116D;
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$U = \u116E;
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$WEO = \u116F;
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$WE = \u1170;
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$WI = \u1171;
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$YU = \u1172;
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$EU = \u1173; # null medial, inserted during Latin-Jamo
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$YI = \u1174;
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$I = \u1175;
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$Gf = \u11A8;
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$GGf = \u11A9;
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$GS = \u11AA;
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$Nf = \u11AB;
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$NJ = \u11AC;
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$NH = \u11AD;
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$Df = \u11AE;
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$L = \u11AF;
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$LG = \u11B0;
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$LM = \u11B1;
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$LB = \u11B2;
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$LS = \u11B3;
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$LT = \u11B4;
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$LP = \u11B5;
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$LH = \u11B6;
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$Mf = \u11B7;
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$Bf = \u11B8;
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$BS = \u11B9;
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$Sf = \u11BA;
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$SSf = \u11BB;
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$NG = \u11BC;
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$Jf = \u11BD;
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$Cf = \u11BE;
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$Kf = \u11BF;
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$Tf = \u11C0;
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$Pf = \u11C1;
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$Hf = \u11C2;
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$jamoInitial = [\u1100-\u1112];
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$jamoMedial = [\u1161-\u1175];
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$latinInitial = [bcdghjkmnprst];
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# Any character in the latin transliteration of a medial
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$latinMedial = [aeiouwy];
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# The last character of the latin transliteration of a medial
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$latinMedialEnd = [aeiou];
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# Disambiguation separator
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$sep = \';
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#----------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Jamo-Latin
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# Jamo to latin is relatively simple, since it is the latin that is
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# ambiguous. Most rules are straightforward, and we encode them below
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# as simple add-on back rule, e.g.:
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# $jamoMedial {bs} > $BS;
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# becomes
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# $jamoMedial {bs} <> $BS;
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# Furthermore, we don't care about the ordering for Jamo-Latin because
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# we are going from single characters, so we can very easily piggyback
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# on the Latin-Jamo.
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# The main issue with Jamo-Latin is when to insert separators.
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# Separators are inserted to obtain correct round trip behavior. For
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# example, the sequence Ki A Gf Gi E, if transliterated to "kagge",
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# would then round trip to Ki A GGi E. To prevent this, we insert a
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# separator: "kag-ge". IMPORTANT: The need for separators depends
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# very specifically on the behavior of the Latin-Jamo rules. A change
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# in the Latin-Jamo behavior can completely change the way the
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# separator insertion must be done.
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# First try to preserve actual separators in the jamo text by doubling
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# them. This fixes problems like:
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# (Di)(A)(Ji)(U)(NG)-(IEUNG)(YEO)(Nf)(Gi)(YEO)(L) => dajung-yeongyeol
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# => (Di)(A)(Ji)(U)(NG)(IEUNG)(YEO)(Nf)(Gi)(YEO)(L). This is optional
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# -- if we don't care about losing separators in the jamo, we can delete
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# this rule.
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$sep $sep <> $sep;
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# Triple consonants. For three consonants "axxx" we insert a
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# separator between the first and second "x" if XXf, Xf, and Xi all
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# exist, and we have A Xf XXi. This prevents the reverse
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# transliteration to A XXf Xi.
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd g {} $GGi;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd s {} $SSi;
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# For vowels the rule is similar. If there is a vowel "ae" such that
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# "a" by itself and "e" by itself are vowels, then we want to map A E
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# to "a-e" so as not to round trip to AE. However, in the text Ki EO
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# IEUNG E we don't need to map to "keo-e". "keoe" suffices. For
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# vowels of the form "aei", both "ae" + "i" and "a" + "ei" must be
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# tested. NOTE: These rules used to have a left context of
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# $latinInitial instead of [^$latinMedial]. The problem with this is
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# sequences where an initial IEUNG is transliterated away:
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# (IEUNG)(A)(IEUNG)(EO) => aeo => (IEUNG)(AE)(IEUNG)(O)
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$sep < [^$latinMedial] [y w] e {} [$O $OE];
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$sep < [^$latinMedial] e {} [$O $OE $U];
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$sep < [^$latinMedial] [o a] {} [$E $EO $EU];
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$sep < [^$latinMedial] [w y] a {} [$E $EO $EU];
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# Similar to the above, but with an intervening $IEUNG.
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$sep < [^$latinMedial] [y w] e {} $IEUNG [$O $OE];
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$sep < [^$latinMedial] e {} $IEUNG [$O $OE $U];
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$sep < [^$latinMedial] [o a] {} $IEUNG [$E $EO $EU];
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$sep < [^$latinMedial] [w y] a {} $IEUNG [$E $EO $EU];
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# Single finals followed by IEUNG. The jamo sequence A Xf IEUNG E,
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# where Xi also exists, must be transliterated as "ax-e" to prevent
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# the round trip conversion to A Xi E.
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd b {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd c {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd d {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd j {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd k {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd m {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd n {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd p {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd t {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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# Double finals followed by IEUNG. Similar to the single finals
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# followed by IEUNG. Any latin consonant pair X Y, between medials,
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# that we would split by Latin-Jamo, we must handle when it occurs as
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# part of A XYf IEUNG E, to prevent round trip conversion to A Xf Yi
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# E.
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd b s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd g g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd g s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l b {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l m {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l p {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l t {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd n g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd n h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd n j {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd s s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
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# Split doubles. Text of the form A Xi Xf E, where XXi also occurs,
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# we transliterate as "ax-xe" to prevent round trip transliteration as
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# A XXi E.
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd b {} $Bi $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd d {} $Di $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd j {} $Ji $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd g {} $Gi $jamoMedial;
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd s {} $Si $jamoMedial;
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# XYY. This corresponds to the XYY rule in Latin-Jamo. By default
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# Latin-Jamo maps "xyy" to Xf YYi, to keep YY together. As a result,
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# "xyy" forms that correspond to XYf Yi must be transliterated as
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# "xy-y".
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd b s {} [$Si $SSi];
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd g s {} [$Si $SSi];
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l b {} [$Bi $BB];
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l g {} [$Gi $GGi];
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd l s {} [$Si $SSi];
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd n g {} [$Gi $GGi];
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$sep < $latinMedialEnd n j {} [$Ji $JJ];
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# Deletion of IEUNG is handled below.
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#----------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Latin-Jamo
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# [Basic, context-free Jamo-Latin rules are embedded here too. See
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# above.]
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# Split digraphs: Text of the form 'axye', where 'xy' is a final
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# digraph, 'x' is a final (by itself), 'y' is an initial, and 'a' and
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# 'e' are medials, we want to transliterate this as A Xf Yi E rather
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# than A XYf IEUNG E. We do NOT include text of the form "axxe",
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# since that is handled differently below. These rules are generated
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# programmatically from the jamo data.
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$jamoMedial {b s} $latinMedial > $Bf $Si;
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$jamoMedial {g s} $latinMedial > $Gf $Si;
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$jamoMedial {l b} $latinMedial > $L $Bi;
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$jamoMedial {l g} $latinMedial > $L $Gi;
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$jamoMedial {l h} $latinMedial > $L $Hi;
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$jamoMedial {l m} $latinMedial > $L $Mi;
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$jamoMedial {l p} $latinMedial > $L $Pi;
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$jamoMedial {l s} $latinMedial > $L $Si;
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$jamoMedial {l t} $latinMedial > $L $Ti;
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$jamoMedial {n g} $latinMedial > $Nf $Gi;
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$jamoMedial {n h} $latinMedial > $Nf $Hi;
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$jamoMedial {n j} $latinMedial > $Nf $Ji;
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# Single consonants are initials: Text of the form 'axe', where 'x'
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# can be an initial or a final, and 'a' and 'e' are medials, we want
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# to transliterate as A Xi E rather than A Xf IEUNG E.
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$jamoMedial {b} $latinMedial > $Bi;
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$jamoMedial {c} $latinMedial > $Ci;
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$jamoMedial {d} $latinMedial > $Di;
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$jamoMedial {g} $latinMedial > $Gi;
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$jamoMedial {h} $latinMedial > $Hi;
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$jamoMedial {j} $latinMedial > $Ji;
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$jamoMedial {k} $latinMedial > $Ki;
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$jamoMedial {m} $latinMedial > $Mi;
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$jamoMedial {n} $latinMedial > $Ni;
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$jamoMedial {p} $latinMedial > $Pi;
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$jamoMedial {s} $latinMedial > $Si;
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$jamoMedial {t} $latinMedial > $Ti;
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# Doubled initials. The sequence "axxe", where XX exists as an initial
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# (XXi), and also Xi and Xf exist (true of all digraphs XX), we want
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# to transliterate as A XXi E, rather than split to A Xf Xi E.
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$jamoMedial {b b} $latinMedial > $BB;
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$jamoMedial {d d} $latinMedial > $DD;
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$jamoMedial {j j} $latinMedial > $JJ;
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$jamoMedial {g g} $latinMedial > $GGi;
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$jamoMedial {s s} $latinMedial > $SSi;
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# XYY. Because doubled consonants bind more strongly than XY
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# consonants, we must handle the sequence "axyy" specially. Here XYf
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# and YYi must exist. In these cases, we map to Xf YYi rather than
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# XYf.
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$jamoMedial {b} s s > $Bf;
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$jamoMedial {g} s s > $Gf;
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$jamoMedial {l} b b > $L;
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$jamoMedial {l} g g > $L;
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$jamoMedial {l} s s > $L;
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$jamoMedial {n} g g > $Nf;
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$jamoMedial {n} j j > $Nf;
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# Finals: Attach consonant with preceding medial to preceding medial.
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# Do this BEFORE mapping consonants to initials. Longer keys must
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# precede shorter keys that they start with, e.g., the rule for 'bs'
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# must precede 'b'.
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# [BASIC Jamo-Latin FINALS handled here. Order irrelevant within this
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# block for Jamo-Latin.]
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$jamoMedial {bs} <> $BS;
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$jamoMedial {b} <> $Bf;
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$jamoMedial {c} <> $Cf;
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$jamoMedial {d} <> $Df;
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$jamoMedial {gg} <> $GGf;
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$jamoMedial {gs} <> $GS;
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$jamoMedial {g} <> $Gf;
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$jamoMedial {h} <> $Hf;
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$jamoMedial {j} <> $Jf;
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$jamoMedial {k} <> $Kf;
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$jamoMedial {lb} <> $LB; $jamoMedial {lg} <> $LG;
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$jamoMedial {lh} <> $LH;
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$jamoMedial {lm} <> $LM;
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$jamoMedial {lp} <> $LP;
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$jamoMedial {ls} <> $LS;
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$jamoMedial {lt} <> $LT;
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$jamoMedial {l} <> $L;
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$jamoMedial {m} <> $Mf;
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$jamoMedial {ng} <> $NG;
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$jamoMedial {nh} <> $NH;
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$jamoMedial {nj} <> $NJ;
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$jamoMedial {n} <> $Nf;
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$jamoMedial {p} <> $Pf;
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$jamoMedial {ss} <> $SSf;
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$jamoMedial {s} <> $Sf;
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$jamoMedial {t} <> $Tf;
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# Initials: Attach single consonant to following medial. Do this
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# AFTER mapping finals. Longer keys must precede shorter keys that
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# they start with, e.g., the rule for 'gg' must precede 'g'.
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# [BASIC Jamo-Latin INITIALS handled here. Order irrelevant within
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# this block for Jamo-Latin.]
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{gg} $latinMedial <> $GGi;
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{g} $latinMedial <> $Gi;
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{n} $latinMedial <> $Ni;
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{dd} $latinMedial <> $DD;
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{d} $latinMedial <> $Di;
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{r} $latinMedial <> $R;
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{m} $latinMedial <> $Mi;
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{bb} $latinMedial <> $BB;
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{b} $latinMedial <> $Bi;
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{ss} $latinMedial <> $SSi;
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{s} $latinMedial <> $Si;
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{jj} $latinMedial <> $JJ;
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{j} $latinMedial <> $Ji;
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{c} $latinMedial <> $Ci;
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{k} $latinMedial <> $Ki;
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{t} $latinMedial <> $Ti;
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{p} $latinMedial <> $Pi;
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{h} $latinMedial <> $Hi;
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# 'r' in final position. Because of the equivalency of the 'l' and
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# 'r' jamo (the glyphs are the same), we try to provide the same
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# equivalency in Latin-Jamo. The 'l' to 'r' conversion is handled
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# below. If we see an 'r' in an apparent final position, treat it
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# like 'l'. For example, "karka" => Ki A R EU Ki A without this rule.
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# Instead, we want Ki A L Ki A.
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$jamoMedial {r} $latinInitial > | l;
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# Initial + Final: If we match the next rule, we have initial then
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# final consonant with no intervening medial. We insert the null
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# vowel BEFORE it to create a well-formed syllable. (In the next rule
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# we insert a null vowel AFTER an anomalous initial.)
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|
|
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$jamoInitial {} [bcdghjklmnpst] > $EU;
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|
|
|
# Initial + X: This block matches an initial consonant not followed by
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# a medial. We insert the null vowel after it. We handle double
|
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# initials explicitly here; for single initial consonants we insert EU
|
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# (as Latin) after them and let standard rules do the rest.
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|
|
|
# BREAKS ROUND TRIP INTEGRITY
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|
|
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gg > $GGi $EU;
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dd > $DD $EU;
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bb > $BB $EU;
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ss > $SSi $EU;
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jj > $JJ $EU;
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|
|
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([bcdghjkmnprst]) > | $1 eu;
|
|
|
|
# X + Final: Finally we have to deal with a consonant that can only be
|
|
# interpreted as a final (not an initial) and which is preceded
|
|
# neither by an initial nor a medial. It is the start of the
|
|
# syllable, but cannot be. Most of these will already be handled by
|
|
# the above rules. 'bs' splits into Bi EU Sf. Similar for 'gs' 'ng'
|
|
# 'nh' 'nj'. The only problem is 'l' and digraphs starting with 'l'.
|
|
# For this isolated case, we could add a null initial and medial,
|
|
# which would give "la" => IEUNG EU L IEUNG A, for example. A more
|
|
# economical solution is to transliterate isolated "l" (that is,
|
|
# initial "l") to "r". (Other similar conversions of consonants that
|
|
# occur neither as initials nor as finals are handled below.)
|
|
|
|
l > | r;
|
|
|
|
# Medials. If a medial is preceded by an initial, then we proceed
|
|
# normally. As usual, longer keys must precede shorter ones.
|
|
|
|
# [BASIC Jamo-Latin MEDIALS handled here. Order irrelevant within
|
|
# this block for Jamo-Latin.]
|
|
|
|
$jamoInitial {ae} <> $AE;
|
|
$jamoInitial {a} <> $A;
|
|
$jamoInitial {eo} <> $EO;
|
|
$jamoInitial {eu} <> $EU;
|
|
$jamoInitial {e} <> $E;
|
|
$jamoInitial {i} <> $I;
|
|
$jamoInitial {oe} <> $OE;
|
|
$jamoInitial {o} <> $O;
|
|
$jamoInitial {u} <> $U;
|
|
$jamoInitial {wae} <> $WAE;
|
|
$jamoInitial {wa} <> $WA;
|
|
$jamoInitial {weo} <> $WEO;
|
|
$jamoInitial {we} <> $WE;
|
|
$jamoInitial {wi} <> $WI;
|
|
$jamoInitial {yae} <> $YAE;
|
|
$jamoInitial {ya} <> $YA;
|
|
$jamoInitial {yeo} <> $YEO;
|
|
$jamoInitial {ye} <> $YE;
|
|
$jamoInitial {yi} <> $YI;
|
|
$jamoInitial {yo} <> $YO;
|
|
$jamoInitial {yu} <> $YU;
|
|
|
|
# We may see an anomalous isolated 'w' or 'y'. In that case, we
|
|
# interpret it as 'wi' and 'yu', respectively.
|
|
|
|
# BREAKS ROUND TRIP INTEGRITY
|
|
|
|
$jamoInitial {w} > | wi;
|
|
$jamoInitial {y} > | yu;
|
|
|
|
# Otherwise, insert a null consonant IEUNG before the medial (which is
|
|
# still an untransliterated latin vowel).
|
|
|
|
($latinMedial) > $IEUNG | $1;
|
|
|
|
# Convert non-jamo latin consonants to equivalents. These occur as
|
|
# neither initials nor finals in jamo. 'l' occurs as a final, but not
|
|
# an initial; it is handled above. The following letters (left hand
|
|
# side) will never be output by Jamo-Latin.
|
|
|
|
f > | p;
|
|
q > | k;
|
|
v > | b;
|
|
x > | ks;
|
|
z > | s;
|
|
|
|
# Delete separators (Latin-Jamo).
|
|
|
|
$sep > ;
|
|
|
|
# Delete null consonants (Jamo-Latin). Do NOT delete null EU vowels,
|
|
# since these may also occur in text.
|
|
|
|
< $IEUNG;
|
|
|
|
#- N.B. DO NOT put any filters, NFD, etc. here -- those are aliased in
|
|
#- the INDEX file. This transliterator is, by itself, not
|
|
#- instantiated. It is used as a part of Latin-Jamo, Latin-Hangul, or
|
|
#- inverses thereof.
|
|
|
|
# eof
|