Dawn: implement sk_app window contexts for all backends.

Implement Window contexts for D3D12, Metal and Vulkan, as well as
a base class for all of them (DawnWindowContext).
Implement WSI, swap chains and external textures for all backends.
Add Dawn support to Viewer app.

Change-Id: I9368eae8d43594821aa1edd9fd559c8a9ba30066
Reviewed-on: https://skia-review.googlesource.com/c/skia/+/228060
Commit-Queue: Stephen White <senorblanco@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Jim Van Verth <jvanverth@google.com>
This commit is contained in:
Stephen White 2019-08-02 15:04:52 -04:00 committed by Skia Commit-Bot
parent f8e5aadbd4
commit a800ec96f7
14 changed files with 571 additions and 1 deletions

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@ -2314,6 +2314,10 @@ if (skia_enable_tools) {
]
libs = []
if (skia_use_dawn) {
sources += [ "tools/sk_app/DawnWindowContext.cpp" ]
}
if (is_android) {
sources += [
"tools/sk_app/android/GLWindowContext_android.cpp",
@ -2331,6 +2335,13 @@ if (skia_enable_tools) {
"tools/sk_app/unix/keysym2ucs.c",
"tools/sk_app/unix/main_unix.cpp",
]
if (skia_use_dawn) {
if (dawn_enable_vulkan) {
sources += [ "tools/sk_app/unix/DawnVulkanWindowContext_unix.cpp" ]
defines = [ "VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR" ]
libs += [ "X11-xcb" ]
}
}
libs += [
"GL",
"X11",
@ -2345,6 +2356,11 @@ if (skia_enable_tools) {
if (skia_use_angle) {
sources += [ "tools/sk_app/win/ANGLEWindowContext_win.cpp" ]
}
if (skia_use_dawn) {
if (dawn_enable_d3d12) {
sources += [ "tools/sk_app/win/DawnD3D12WindowContext_win.cpp" ]
}
}
} else if (is_mac) {
sources += [
"tools/sk_app/mac/GLWindowContext_mac.mm",
@ -2352,6 +2368,11 @@ if (skia_enable_tools) {
"tools/sk_app/mac/Window_mac.mm",
"tools/sk_app/mac/main_mac.mm",
]
if (skia_use_dawn) {
if (dawn_enable_metal) {
sources += [ "tools/sk_app/mac/DawnMTLWindowContext_mac.mm" ]
}
}
libs += [
"QuartzCore.framework",
"Cocoa.framework",

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@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
/*
* Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
* found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "include/core/SkSurface.h"
#include "include/gpu/GrBackendSurface.h"
#include "include/gpu/GrContext.h"
#include "src/core/SkAutoMalloc.h"
#include "tools/sk_app/DawnWindowContext.h"
static void PrintDeviceError(const char* message, void*) {
printf("Device error: %s\n", message);
SkASSERT(false);
}
namespace sk_app {
DawnWindowContext::DawnWindowContext(const DisplayParams& params,
dawn::TextureFormat swapChainFormat)
: WindowContext(params)
, fSwapChainFormat(swapChainFormat)
, fInstance(std::make_unique<dawn_native::Instance>()) {
}
void DawnWindowContext::initializeContext(int width, int height) {
fWidth = width;
fHeight = height;
fDevice = onInitializeContext();
fContext = GrContext::MakeDawn(fDevice, fDisplayParams.fGrContextOptions);
if (!fContext) {
return;
}
fSwapChainImplementation = this->createSwapChainImplementation(-1, -1, fDisplayParams);
dawn::SwapChainDescriptor swapChainDesc;
swapChainDesc.implementation = reinterpret_cast<int64_t>(&fSwapChainImplementation);
fSwapChain = fDevice.CreateSwapChain(&swapChainDesc);
if (!fSwapChain) {
fContext.reset();
return;
}
fSwapChain.Configure(fSwapChainFormat, dawn::TextureUsageBit::OutputAttachment, width, height);
fDevice.SetErrorCallback(PrintDeviceError, 0);
}
DawnWindowContext::~DawnWindowContext() {
}
void DawnWindowContext::destroyContext() {
if (!fDevice.Get()) {
return;
}
this->onDestroyContext();
fContext.reset();
fDevice = nullptr;
}
sk_sp<SkSurface> DawnWindowContext::getBackbufferSurface() {
GrDawnImageInfo imageInfo;
imageInfo.fTexture = fSwapChain.GetNextTexture();
imageInfo.fFormat = fSwapChainFormat;
imageInfo.fLevelCount = 1; // FIXME
GrBackendTexture backendTexture(fWidth, fHeight, imageInfo);
fSurface = SkSurface::MakeFromBackendTextureAsRenderTarget(fContext.get(),
backendTexture,
this->getRTOrigin(),
fDisplayParams.fMSAASampleCount,
fDisplayParams.fColorType,
fDisplayParams.fColorSpace,
&fDisplayParams.fSurfaceProps);
return fSurface;
}
void DawnWindowContext::swapBuffers() {
GrBackendRenderTarget backendRT = fSurface->getBackendRenderTarget(
SkSurface::kFlushRead_BackendHandleAccess);
GrDawnImageInfo imageInfo;
SkAssertResult(backendRT.getDawnImageInfo(&imageInfo));
fSwapChain.Present(imageInfo.fTexture);
this->onSwapBuffers();
}
void DawnWindowContext::resize(int w, int h) {
fWidth = w;
fHeight = h;
fSwapChainImplementation = this->createSwapChainImplementation(w, h, fDisplayParams);
dawn::SwapChainDescriptor swapChainDesc;
swapChainDesc.implementation = reinterpret_cast<int64_t>(&fSwapChainImplementation);
fSwapChain = fDevice.CreateSwapChain(&swapChainDesc);
if (!fSwapChain) {
fContext.reset();
return;
}
fSwapChain.Configure(fSwapChainFormat, dawn::TextureUsageBit::OutputAttachment, fWidth,
fHeight);
}
void DawnWindowContext::setDisplayParams(const DisplayParams& params) {
fDisplayParams = params;
}
dawn::Device DawnWindowContext::createDevice(dawn_native::BackendType type) {
fInstance->DiscoverDefaultAdapters();
DawnProcTable backendProcs = dawn_native::GetProcs();
dawnSetProcs(&backendProcs);
std::vector<dawn_native::Adapter> adapters = fInstance->GetAdapters();
for (dawn_native::Adapter adapter : adapters) {
if (adapter.GetBackendType() == type) {
return adapter.CreateDevice();
}
}
return nullptr;
}
} //namespace sk_app

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@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
/*
* Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
* found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#ifndef DawnWindowContext_DEFINED
#define DawnWindowContext_DEFINED
#include "include/core/SkRefCnt.h"
#include "include/core/SkSurface.h"
#include "tools/sk_app/WindowContext.h"
#include "dawn/dawncpp.h"
#include "dawn_native/DawnNative.h"
#include "dawn/dawn_wsi.h"
class GrContext;
namespace sk_app {
class DawnWindowContext : public WindowContext {
public:
DawnWindowContext(const DisplayParams&, dawn::TextureFormat swapChainFormat);
~DawnWindowContext() override;
sk_sp<SkSurface> getBackbufferSurface() override;
void swapBuffers() override;
bool isValid() override { return SkToBool(fDevice.Get()); }
void resize(int w, int h) override;
void setDisplayParams(const DisplayParams& params) override;
protected:
bool isGpuContext() override { return true; }
void initializeContext(int width, int height);
dawn::Device createDevice(dawn_native::BackendType type);
virtual dawn::Device onInitializeContext() = 0;
virtual void onDestroyContext() = 0;
virtual void onSwapBuffers() = 0;
virtual GrSurfaceOrigin getRTOrigin() const { return kTopLeft_GrSurfaceOrigin; }
void destroyContext();
virtual DawnSwapChainImplementation createSwapChainImplementation( int width, int height,
const DisplayParams& params) = 0;
sk_sp<SkSurface> fSurface;
DawnSwapChainImplementation fSwapChainImplementation;
dawn::TextureFormat fSwapChainFormat;
dawn::SwapChain fSwapChain;
dawn::Device fDevice;
std::unique_ptr<dawn_native::Instance> fInstance;
};
} // namespace sk_app
#endif

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@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ public:
#if SK_ANGLE && defined(SK_BUILD_FOR_WIN)
kANGLE_BackendType,
#endif
#ifdef SK_DAWN
kDawn_BackendType,
#endif
#ifdef SK_VULKAN
kVulkan_BackendType,
#endif

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@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
/*
* Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
* found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "tools/sk_app/DawnWindowContext.h"
#include "tools/sk_app/mac/WindowContextFactory_mac.h"
#include "common/SwapChainUtils.h"
#include "dawn/dawncpp.h"
#include "dawn/dawn_wsi.h"
#include "dawn_native/DawnNative.h"
#include "dawn_native/MetalBackend.h"
#import <Metal/Metal.h>
#import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
namespace sk_app {
using sk_app::window_context_factory::MacWindowInfo;
class DawnMTLWindowContext : public DawnWindowContext {
public:
DawnMTLWindowContext(const MacWindowInfo& info, const DisplayParams& params);
~DawnMTLWindowContext() override;
dawn::Device onInitializeContext() override;
void onDestroyContext() override;
DawnSwapChainImplementation createSwapChainImplementation(int width, int height,
const DisplayParams& params) override;
void onSwapBuffers() override;
private:
NSView* fMainView;
id<MTLDevice> fMTLDevice;
CAMetalLayer* fLayer;
};
class SwapChainImplMTL {
public:
typedef void WSIContext;
static DawnSwapChainImplementation Create(id<MTLDevice> device, CAMetalLayer* layer) {
auto impl = new SwapChainImplMTL(device, layer);
return CreateSwapChainImplementation<SwapChainImplMTL>(impl);
}
void Init(WSIContext* ctx) {}
SwapChainImplMTL(id<MTLDevice> device, CAMetalLayer* layer)
: fQueue([device newCommandQueue])
, fLayer(layer) {}
~SwapChainImplMTL() {}
DawnSwapChainError Configure(DawnTextureFormat format, DawnTextureUsageBit,
uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
if (format != DAWN_TEXTURE_FORMAT_RGBA8_UNORM) {
return "unsupported format";
}
SkASSERT(width > 0);
SkASSERT(height > 0);
return DAWN_SWAP_CHAIN_NO_ERROR;
}
DawnSwapChainError GetNextTexture(DawnSwapChainNextTexture* nextTexture) {
fCurrentDrawable = [fLayer nextDrawable];
nextTexture->texture.ptr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(fCurrentDrawable.texture);
return DAWN_SWAP_CHAIN_NO_ERROR;
}
DawnSwapChainError Present() {
id<MTLCommandBuffer> commandBuffer = [fQueue commandBuffer];
[commandBuffer presentDrawable: fCurrentDrawable];
[commandBuffer commit];
return DAWN_SWAP_CHAIN_NO_ERROR;
}
private:
id<MTLCommandQueue> fQueue;
CAMetalLayer* fLayer;
id<CAMetalDrawable> fCurrentDrawable = nil;
};
DawnMTLWindowContext::DawnMTLWindowContext(const MacWindowInfo& info, const DisplayParams& params)
: DawnWindowContext(params, dawn::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm)
, fMainView(info.fMainView) {
CGSize size = fMainView.bounds.size;
this->initializeContext(size.width, size.height);
}
DawnMTLWindowContext::~DawnMTLWindowContext() {
this->destroyContext();
}
DawnSwapChainImplementation DawnMTLWindowContext::createSwapChainImplementation(
int width, int height, const DisplayParams& params) {
return SwapChainImplMTL::Create(fMTLDevice, fLayer);
}
dawn::Device DawnMTLWindowContext::onInitializeContext() {
dawn::Device device = this->createDevice(dawn_native::BackendType::Metal);
if (!device) {
return nullptr;
}
fMTLDevice = dawn_native::metal::GetMetalDevice(device.Get());
CGSize size;
size.width = width();
size.height = height();
fLayer = [CAMetalLayer layer];
[fLayer setDevice:fMTLDevice];
[fLayer setPixelFormat: MTLPixelFormatBGRA8Unorm];
[fLayer setFramebufferOnly: YES];
[fLayer setDrawableSize: size];
[fLayer setColorspace: CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB()];
[fMainView setWantsLayer: YES];
[fMainView setLayer: fLayer];
return device;
}
void DawnMTLWindowContext::onDestroyContext() {
}
void DawnMTLWindowContext::onSwapBuffers() {
}
namespace window_context_factory {
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeDawnMTLForMac(const MacWindowInfo& winInfo,
const DisplayParams& params) {
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> ctx(new DawnMTLWindowContext(winInfo, params));
if (!ctx->isValid()) {
return nullptr;
}
return ctx;
}
}
} //namespace sk_app

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@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ inline std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeVulkanForMac(const MacWindowInfo&, con
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeGLForMac(const MacWindowInfo&, const DisplayParams&);
#ifdef SK_DAWN
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeDawnMTLForMac(const MacWindowInfo&, const DisplayParams&);
#endif
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeRasterForMac(const MacWindowInfo&, const DisplayParams&);
#ifdef SK_METAL
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeMetalForMac(const MacWindowInfo&, const DisplayParams&);

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@ -122,6 +122,11 @@ bool Window_mac::attach(BackendType attachType) {
case kRaster_BackendType:
fWindowContext = MakeRasterForMac(info, fRequestedDisplayParams);
break;
#ifdef SK_DAWN
case kDawn_BackendType:
fWindowContext = MakeDawnMTLForMac(info, fRequestedDisplayParams);
break;
#endif
#ifdef SK_VULKAN
case kVulkan_BackendType:
fWindowContext = MakeVulkanForMac(info, fRequestedDisplayParams);

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@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
/*
* Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
* found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "tools/sk_app/DawnWindowContext.h"
#include "tools/sk_app/unix/WindowContextFactory_unix.h"
#include "dawn_native/DawnNative.h"
#include "dawn_native/VulkanBackend.h"
#include "src/ports/SkOSLibrary.h"
#include "tools/gpu/vk/VkTestUtils.h"
#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include <X11/Xlib-xcb.h>
using sk_app::window_context_factory::XlibWindowInfo;
using sk_app::DisplayParams;
using sk_app::DawnWindowContext;
namespace sk_app {
class DawnVulkanWindowContext_xlib : public DawnWindowContext {
public:
DawnVulkanWindowContext_xlib(const XlibWindowInfo&, const DisplayParams&);
~DawnVulkanWindowContext_xlib() override {}
dawn::Device onInitializeContext() override;
void onDestroyContext() override {}
DawnSwapChainImplementation createSwapChainImplementation(
int width, int height, const DisplayParams& params) override;
void onSwapBuffers() override {}
private:
Display* fDisplay;
XWindow fWindow;
VkSurfaceKHR fVkSurface = nullptr;
typedef DawnWindowContext INHERITED;
};
DawnVulkanWindowContext_xlib::DawnVulkanWindowContext_xlib(const XlibWindowInfo& winInfo,
const DisplayParams& params)
: INHERITED(params, dawn::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm)
, fDisplay(winInfo.fDisplay)
, fWindow(winInfo.fWindow) {
XWindow root;
int x, y;
unsigned int border_width, depth;
unsigned int width, height;
XGetGeometry(fDisplay, fWindow, &root, &x, &y, &width, &height, &border_width, &depth);
this->initializeContext(width, height);
}
DawnSwapChainImplementation DawnVulkanWindowContext_xlib::createSwapChainImplementation(
int width, int height, const DisplayParams& params) {
return dawn_native::vulkan::CreateNativeSwapChainImpl(fDevice.Get(), fVkSurface);
}
dawn::Device DawnVulkanWindowContext_xlib::onInitializeContext() {
dawn::Device device = this->createDevice(dawn_native::BackendType::Vulkan);
if (!device) {
return nullptr;
}
void *vkLib = DynamicLoadLibrary("libvulkan.so.1");
if (!vkLib) {
return nullptr;
}
VkInstance instance = dawn_native::vulkan::GetInstance(device.Get());
if (!instance) {
return nullptr;
}
auto createXcbSurfaceKHR =
reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateXcbSurfaceKHR>(GetProcedureAddress(vkLib,
"vkCreateXcbSurfaceKHR"));
if (!createXcbSurfaceKHR) {
printf("couldn't get extensions :(\n");
return nullptr;
}
VkXcbSurfaceCreateInfoKHR surfaceCreateInfo;
memset(&surfaceCreateInfo, 0, sizeof(VkXcbSurfaceCreateInfoKHR));
surfaceCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_XCB_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
surfaceCreateInfo.pNext = nullptr;
surfaceCreateInfo.flags = 0;
surfaceCreateInfo.connection = XGetXCBConnection(fDisplay);
surfaceCreateInfo.window = fWindow;
createXcbSurfaceKHR(instance, &surfaceCreateInfo, nullptr, &fVkSurface);
return device;
}
namespace window_context_factory {
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeDawnVulkanForXlib(const XlibWindowInfo& winInfo,
const DisplayParams& params) {
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> ctx(new DawnVulkanWindowContext_xlib(winInfo, params));
if (!ctx->isValid()) {
return nullptr;
}
return ctx;
}
}
} // namespace sk_app

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@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeVulkanForXlib(const XlibWindowInfo&, const Di
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeGLForXlib(const XlibWindowInfo&, const DisplayParams&);
#ifdef SK_DAWN
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeDawnVulkanForXlib(const XlibWindowInfo&, const DisplayParams&);
#endif
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeRasterForXlib(const XlibWindowInfo&, const DisplayParams&);
} // namespace window_context_factory

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@ -358,6 +358,12 @@ bool Window_unix::attach(BackendType attachType) {
}
switch (attachType) {
#ifdef SK_DAWN
case kDawn_BackendType:
fWindowContext =
window_context_factory::MakeDawnVulkanForXlib(winInfo, fRequestedDisplayParams);
break;
#endif
#ifdef SK_VULKAN
case kVulkan_BackendType:
fWindowContext =

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@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
/*
* Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
* found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "tools/sk_app/DawnWindowContext.h"
#include "tools/sk_app/win/WindowContextFactory_win.h"
#include "dawn/dawncpp.h"
#include "dawn/dawn_wsi.h"
#include "dawn_native/DawnNative.h"
#include "dawn_native/D3D12Backend.h"
#include "common/SwapChainUtils.h"
namespace sk_app {
class DawnD3D12WindowContext : public DawnWindowContext {
public:
DawnD3D12WindowContext(HWND hwnd, const DisplayParams& params);
virtual ~DawnD3D12WindowContext();
dawn::Device onInitializeContext() override;
void onDestroyContext() override;
DawnSwapChainImplementation createSwapChainImplementation(
int width, int height, const DisplayParams& params) override;
void onSwapBuffers() override;
private:
HWND fWindow;
};
// NOTE: this texture format must match the one in D3D12's swap chain impl
DawnD3D12WindowContext::DawnD3D12WindowContext(HWND hwnd, const DisplayParams& params)
: DawnWindowContext(params, dawn::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm)
, fWindow(hwnd) {
RECT rect;
GetClientRect(hwnd, &rect);
this->initializeContext(rect.right - rect.left, rect.bottom - rect.top);
}
DawnD3D12WindowContext::~DawnD3D12WindowContext() {
this->destroyContext();
}
DawnSwapChainImplementation DawnD3D12WindowContext::createSwapChainImplementation(
int width, int height, const DisplayParams& params) {
return dawn_native::d3d12::CreateNativeSwapChainImpl(fDevice.Get(), fWindow);
}
dawn::Device DawnD3D12WindowContext::onInitializeContext() {
return this->createDevice(dawn_native::BackendType::D3D12);
}
void DawnD3D12WindowContext::onDestroyContext() {
}
void DawnD3D12WindowContext::onSwapBuffers() {
}
namespace window_context_factory {
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeDawnD3D12ForWin(HWND hwnd,
const DisplayParams& params) {
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> ctx(new DawnD3D12WindowContext(hwnd, params));
if (!ctx->isValid()) {
return nullptr;
}
return ctx;
}
}
} //namespace sk_app

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@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeGLForWin(HWND, const DisplayParams&);
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeANGLEForWin(HWND, const DisplayParams&);
#ifdef SK_DAWN
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeDawnD3D12ForWin(HWND, const DisplayParams&);
#endif
std::unique_ptr<WindowContext> MakeRasterForWin(HWND, const DisplayParams&);
} // namespace window_context_factory

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@ -358,6 +358,12 @@ bool Window_win::attach(BackendType attachType) {
fWindowContext =
window_context_factory::MakeANGLEForWin(fHWnd, fRequestedDisplayParams);
break;
#endif
#ifdef SK_DAWN
case kDawn_BackendType:
fWindowContext =
window_context_factory::MakeDawnD3D12ForWin(fHWnd, fRequestedDisplayParams);
break;
#endif
case kRaster_BackendType:
fWindowContext =

View File

@ -81,10 +81,12 @@ Application* Application::Create(int argc, char** argv, void* platformData) {
static DEFINE_string(slide, "", "Start on this sample.");
static DEFINE_bool(list, false, "List samples?");
#ifdef SK_VULKAN
#if defined(SK_VULKAN)
# define BACKENDS_STR "\"sw\", \"gl\", and \"vk\""
#elif defined(SK_METAL) && defined(SK_BUILD_FOR_MAC)
# define BACKENDS_STR "\"sw\", \"gl\", and \"mtl\""
#elif defined(SK_DAWN)
# define BACKENDS_STR "\"sw\", \"gl\", and \"dawn\""
#else
# define BACKENDS_STR "\"sw\" and \"gl\""
#endif
@ -133,6 +135,9 @@ const char* kBackendTypeStrings[sk_app::Window::kBackendTypeCount] = {
#if SK_ANGLE && defined(SK_BUILD_FOR_WIN)
"ANGLE",
#endif
#ifdef SK_DAWN
"Dawn",
#endif
#ifdef SK_VULKAN
"Vulkan",
#endif
@ -143,6 +148,11 @@ const char* kBackendTypeStrings[sk_app::Window::kBackendTypeCount] = {
};
static sk_app::Window::BackendType get_backend_type(const char* str) {
#ifdef SK_DAWN
if (0 == strcmp(str, "dawn")) {
return sk_app::Window::kDawn_BackendType;
} else
#endif
#ifdef SK_VULKAN
if (0 == strcmp(str, "vk")) {
return sk_app::Window::kVulkan_BackendType;
@ -1520,6 +1530,10 @@ void Viewer::drawImGui() {
ImGui::SameLine();
ImGui::RadioButton("ANGLE", &newBackend, sk_app::Window::kANGLE_BackendType);
#endif
#if defined(SK_DAWN)
ImGui::SameLine();
ImGui::RadioButton("Dawn", &newBackend, sk_app::Window::kDawn_BackendType);
#endif
#if defined(SK_VULKAN)
ImGui::SameLine();
ImGui::RadioButton("Vulkan", &newBackend, sk_app::Window::kVulkan_BackendType);