toml11

toml11 is a C++11 header-only toml parser/encoder depending only on C++ standard library.

compatible to the latest version of TOML v0.5.0 after version 2.0.0.

It passes the language agnostic test suite for TOML parsers by BurntSushi. Not only the test suite itself, a TOML reader/encoder also runs on CircleCI. You can see the error messages about invalid files and serialization results of valid files at CircleCI.

Example

#include <toml11/toml.hpp>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    const auto data = toml::parse("example.toml");

    // title = "an example toml file"
    std::string title = toml::find<std::string>(data, "title");
    std::cout << "the title is " << title << std::endl;

    // nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    std::vector<int> nums  = toml::find<std::vector<int>>(data, "nums");
    std::cout << "the length of `nums` is" << nums.size() << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

Table of Contents

• Integration
• Decoding a toml file
  • In the case of syntax error
  • Invalid UTF-8 Codepoints
• Finding a toml value
  • In the case of type error
  • Dotted keys
• Casting a toml value
• Checking value type
• More about conversion
  • Getting an array
  • Getting a table
  • Getting an array of tables
  • Cost of conversion
  • Getting datetime and its variants
• Getting with a fallback
• Expecting conversion
• Visiting a toml::value
• Constructing a toml::value
• Preserving Comments
• Customizing containers
• TOML literal
• Conversion between toml value and arbitrary types
• Formatting user-defined error messages
• Getting comments related to a value
• Serializing TOML data
• Underlying types
• Breaking Changes from v2
• Running Tests
• Contributors
• Licensing Terms

Integration

Just include the file after adding it to the include path.

#include <toml11/toml.hpp> // that's all! now you can use it.
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    const auto data  = toml::parse("example.toml");
    const auto title = toml::find<std::string>(data, "title");
    std::cout << "the title is " << title << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

The convenient way is to add this repository as a git-submodule.

Decoding a toml file

To parse a toml file, the only thing you have to do is to pass a filename to the toml::parse function.

const std::string fname("sample.toml");
const toml::table data = toml::parse(fname);

If it encounters an error while opening a file, it will throw std::runtime_error.

You can also pass a std::istream to the toml::parse function. To show a filename in an error message, it is recommended to pass the filename with the stream.

std::ifstream ifs("sample.toml", std::ios_base::binary);
assert(ifs.good());
const auto data = toml::parse(ifs, /*optional*/ "sample.toml");

Note: When you are on Windows, open a file in binary mode. If a file is opened in text-mode, CRLF ("\r\n") will automatically be converted to LF ("\n") and this causes inconsistency between file size and the contents that would be read. This causes weird error.

In the case of syntax error

If there is a syntax error in a toml file, toml::parse will throw toml::syntax_error that inherits std::exception.

toml11 has clean and informative error messages inspired by Rust and it looks like the following.

terminate called after throwing an instance of 'toml::syntax_error'
  what():  [error] toml::parse_table: invalid line format # error description
 --> example.toml                                         # file name
 3 | a = 42 = true                                        # line num and content
   |        ^------ expected newline, but got '='.        # error reason

If you (mistakenly) duplicate tables and got an error, it is helpful to see where they are. toml11 shows both at the same time like the following.

terminate called after throwing an instance of 'toml::syntax_error'
  what():  [error] toml::insert_value: table ("table") already exists.
 --> duplicate-table.toml
 1 | [table]
   | ~~~~~~~ table already exists here
 ...
 3 | [table]
   | ~~~~~~~ table defined twice

Since the error message generation is generally a difficult task, the current status is not ideal. If you encounter a weird error message, please let us know and contribute to improve the quality!

Invalid UTF-8 codepoints

It throws syntax_error if a value of an escape sequence representing unicode character is not a valid UTF-8 codepoint.

  what():  [error] toml::read_utf8_codepoint: input codepoint is too large.
 --> utf8.toml
 1 | exceeds_unicode = "\U0011FFFF example"
   |                              ^--------- should be in [0x00..0x10FFFF]

Finding a toml value from a table

After parsing successfully, you can obtain the values from the result of toml::parse using toml::find function.

# sample.toml
answer  = 42
pi      = 3.14
numbers = [1,2,3]
time    = 1979-05-27T07:32:00Z
[tab]
key = "value"

const auto data      = toml::parse("sample.toml");
const auto answer    = toml::find<std::int64_t    >(data, "answer");
const auto pi        = toml::find<double          >(data, "pi");
const auto numbers   = toml::find<std::vector<int>>(data, "numbers");
const auto timepoint = toml::find<std::chrono::system_clock::time_point>(data, "time");
const auto tab       = toml::find<toml::table>(data, "tab");
const auto key       = toml::find<std::string>(tab,  "key");

If the value does not exist, toml::find throws an error with the location of the table.

terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::out_of_range'
  what():  [error] key "answer" not found
 --> example.toml
 6 | [tab]
   | ~~~~~ in this table

When you pass an exact TOML type that does not require type conversion, toml::get returns a reference without copying the value.

const auto  data   = toml::parse("sample.toml");
const auto& answer = toml::find<toml::integer>(data, "answer");

If the specified type requires conversion, you can't take a reference to the value. See also underlying types.

By default, toml::find returns a toml::value.

const toml::value& answer = toml::find(data, "answer");

NOTE: For some technical reason, automatic conversion between integer and floating is not supported. If you want to get a floating value even if a value has integer value, you need to convert it manually after obtaining a value.

---

There are several ways to find a value buried in a deep recursion of tables.

First, you can call toml::find as many as you need.

// # expecting the following example.toml
// answer.to.the.ultimate.question = 42
// # is equivalent to {"answer": {"to":{"the":{"ultimate:{"question":42}}}}}

const toml::table data = toml::parse("example.toml");
const int a = toml::find<int>(toml::find(toml::find(toml::find(toml::find(
    data, "answer"), "to"), "the"), "ultimate"), "question");

But it is a bother. Alternatively, you can pass several keys to toml::find to find the value.

const toml::value data = toml::parse("example.toml");
const int a = toml::find<int>(data, "answer", "to", "the", "ultimate", "question");

In the case of type error

If the specified type differs from the actual value contained, it throws toml::type_error that inherits std::exception.

Similar to the case of syntax error, toml11 also displays clean error messages. The error message when you choose int to get string value would be like this.

terminate called after throwing an instance of 'toml::type_error'
  what():  [error] toml::value bad_cast to integer
 --> example.toml
 3 | title = "TOML Example"
   |         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ the actual type is string

NOTE: In order to show this kind of error message, all the toml values have a pointer to represent its range in a file. The entire contents of a file is shared by toml::values and remains on the heap memory. It is recommended to destruct all the toml::value classes after configuring your application if you have a large TOML file compared to the memory resource.

Dotted keys

TOML v0.5.0 has a new feature named "dotted keys". You can chain keys to represent the structure of the data.

physical.color = "orange"
physical.shape = "round"

This is equivalent to the following.

[physical]
color = "orange"
shape = "round"

You can get both of the above tables with the same c++ code.

const auto physical = toml::find<toml::table>(data, "physical");
const auto color    = toml::find<std::string>(physical, "color");

The following code does not work for the above toml file.

const auto color = toml::find<std::string>(data, "physical.color");

The above code works with the following toml file.

"physical.color" = "orange"
# equivalent to {"physical.color": "orange"},
# NOT {"physical": {"color": "orange"}}.

Casting a toml value

toml::get

toml::parse returns toml::value. toml::value is a union type that can contain one of the following types.

• toml::boolean (bool)
• toml::integer (std::int64_t)
• toml::floating (double)
• toml::string (a type convertible to std::string)
• toml::local_date
• toml::local_time
• toml::local_datetime
• toml::offset_datetime
• toml::array (by default, std::vector<toml::value>)
  • It depends. See customizing containers for detail.
• toml::table (by default, std::unordered_map<toml::key, toml::value>)
  • It depends. See customizing containers for detail.

To get a value inside, you can use toml::get<T>(). The usage is the same as toml::find<T> (actually, toml::find internally uses toml::get).

const toml::value  data    = toml::parse("sample.toml");
const toml::value  answer_ = toml::get<toml::table >(data).at("answer")
const std::int64_t answer  = toml::get<std::int64_t>(answer_);

When you pass an exact TOML type that does not require type conversion, toml::get returns a reference through which you can modify the content.

toml::integer& answer = toml::get<toml::integer>(answer_);
answer = 6 * 9; // write to data.answer. now `answer_` contains 54.

If the specified type requires conversion, you can't take a reference to the value. See also underlying types.

It also throws a toml::type_error if the type differs.

as_xxx

You can also use a member function to cast a value.

const std::int64_t answer = data.as_table().at("answer").as_integer();

It also throws a toml::type_error if the type differs. If you are sure that the value v contains a value of the specified type, you can suppress checking by passing std::nothrow.

const auto& answer = data.as_table().at("answer");
if(answer.is_integer() && answer.as_integer(std::nothrow) == 42)
{
    std::cout << "value is 42" << std::endl;
}

If std::nothrow is passed, the functions are marked as noexcept.

The full list of the functions is below.

namespace toml {
class value {
    // ...
    const boolean&         as_boolean()         const&;
    const integer&         as_integer()         const&;
    const floating&        as_floating()        const&;
    const string&          as_string()          const&;
    const offset_datetime& as_offset_datetime() const&;
    const local_datetime&  as_local_datetime()  const&;
    const local_date&      as_local_date()      const&;
    const local_time&      as_local_time()      const&;
    const array&           as_array()           const&;
    const table&           as_table()           const&;
    // --------------------------------------------------------
    // non-const version
    boolean&               as_boolean()         &;
    // ditto...
    // --------------------------------------------------------
    // rvalue version
    boolean&&              as_boolean()         &&;
    // ditto...

    // --------------------------------------------------------
    // noexcept versions ...
    const boolean&         as_boolean(const std::nothrow_t&) const& noexcept;
    boolean&               as_boolean(const std::nothrow_t&) &      noexcept;
    boolean&&              as_boolean(const std::nothrow_t&) &&     noexcept;
    // ditto...
};
} // toml

Checking value type

You can check the type of a value by is_xxx function.

const toml::value v = /* ... */;
if(v.is_integer())
{
    std::cout << "value is an integer" << std::endl;
}

The complete list of the functions is below.

namespace toml {
class value {
    // ...
    bool is_boolean()         const noexcept;
    bool is_integer()         const noexcept;
    bool is_floating()        const noexcept;
    bool is_string()          const noexcept;
    bool is_offset_datetime() const noexcept;
    bool is_local_datetime()  const noexcept;
    bool is_local_date()      const noexcept;
    bool is_local_time()      const noexcept;
    bool is_array()           const noexcept;
    bool is_table()           const noexcept;
    bool is_uninitialized()   const noexcept;
    // ...
};
} // toml

Also, you can get enum class value_t from toml::value::type().

switch(data.at("something").type())
{
    case toml::value_t::integer:  /*do some stuff*/ ; break;
    case toml::value_t::floating: /*do some stuff*/ ; break;
    case toml::value_t::string :  /*do some stuff*/ ; break;
    default : throw std::runtime_error(
        "unexpected type : " + toml::stringize(data.at("something").type()));
}

The complete list of the enums can be found in the section underlying types.

The enums can be used as a parameter of toml::value::is function like the following.

toml::value v = /* ... */;
if(v.is(toml::value_t::boolean)) // ...

NOTE: BREAKING CHANGES from v2.y.z: (is|as)_float has been removed. Use (is|as)_floating instead. See Breaking Changes from v2 for the complete list of breaking changes.

More about conversion

Since toml::find internally uses toml::get, all the following examples work with both toml::get and toml::find.

Converting an array

You can get any kind of container class from a toml::array except for map-like classes.

// # sample.toml
// numbers = [1,2,3]

const auto numbers = toml::find(data, "numbers");

const auto vc  = toml::get<std::vector<int>  >(numbers);
const auto ls  = toml::get<std::list<int>    >(numbers);
const auto dq  = toml::get<std::deque<int>   >(numbers);
const auto ar  = toml::get<std::array<int, 3>>(numbers);
// if the size of data.at("numbers") is larger than that of std::array,
// it will throw toml::type_error because std::array is not resizable.

Surprisingly, you can convert toml::array into std::pair and std::tuple.

// numbers = [1,2,3]
const auto tp = toml::get<std::tuple<short, int, unsigned int>>(numbers);

This functionality is helpful when you have a toml file like the following.

array_of_arrays = [[1, 2, 3], ["foo", "bar", "baz"]] # toml allows this

What is the corresponding C++ type? Obviously, it is a std::pair of std::vectors.

const auto array_of_arrays = toml::find(data, "array_of_arrays");
const auto aofa = toml::get<
    std::pair<std::vector<int>, std::vector<std::string>>
    >(array_of_arrays);

If you don't know the type of the elements, you can use toml::array, which is a std::vector of toml::value, instead.

const auto a_of_a = toml::get<toml::array>(array_of_arrays);
const auto first  = toml::get<std::vector<int>>(a_of_a.at(0));

You can change the implementation of toml::array with std::deque or some other array-like container. See Customizing containers for detail.

Converting a table

When all the values of the table have the same type, toml11 allows you to convert a toml::table to a map that contains the convertible type.

[tab]
key1 = "foo" # all the values are
key2 = "bar" # toml String

const auto data = toml::parse("sample.toml");
const auto tab = toml::find<std::map<std::string, std::string>>(data, "tab");
std::cout << tab["key1"] << std::endl; // foo
std::cout << tab["key2"] << std::endl; // bar

But since toml::table is just an alias of std::unordered_map<toml::key, toml::value>, normally you don't need to convert it because it has all the functionalities that std::unordered_map has (e.g. operator[], count, and find). In most cases toml::table is sufficient.

toml::table tab = toml::get<toml::table>(data);
if(data.count("title") != 0)
{
    data["title"] = std::string("TOML example");
}

You can change the implementation of toml::table with std::map or some other map-like container. See Customizing containers for detail.

Getting an array of tables

An array of tables is just an array of tables. You can get it in completely the same way as the other arrays and tables.

# sample.toml
array_of_inline_tables = [{key = "value1"}, {key = "value2"}, {key = "value3"}]

[[array_of_tables]]
key = "value4"
[[array_of_tables]]
key = "value5"
[[array_of_tables]]
key = "value6"

const auto data = toml::parse("sample.toml");
const auto aot1 = toml::find<std::vector<toml::table>>(data, "array_of_inline_tables");
const auto aot2 = toml::find<std::vector<toml::table>>(data, "array_of_tables");

Cost of conversion

Although conversion through toml::(get|find) is convenient, it has additional copy-cost because it copies data contained in toml::value to the user-specified type. Of course in some cases this overhead is not ignorable.

// the following code constructs a std::vector.
// it requires heap allocation for vector and element conversion.
const auto array = toml::find<std::vector<int>>(data, "foo");

By passing the exact types, toml::get returns reference that has no overhead.

const auto& tab     = toml::find<toml::table>(data, "tab");
const auto& numbers = toml::find<toml::array>(data, "numbers");

Also, as_xxx are zero-overhead because they always return a reference.

const auto& tab     = toml::find(data, "tab"    ).as_table();
const auto& numbers = toml::find(data, "numbers").as_array();

In this case you need to call toml::get each time you access to the element of toml::array because toml::array is an array of toml::value.

const auto& num0 = toml::get<toml::integer>(numbers.at(0));
const auto& num1 = toml::get<toml::integer>(numbers.at(1));
const auto& num2 = toml::get<toml::integer>(numbers.at(2));

Converting datetime and its variants

TOML v0.5.0 has 4 different datetime objects, local_date, local_time, local_datetime, and offset_datetime.

Since local_date, local_datetime, and offset_datetime represent a time point, you can convert them to std::chrono::system_clock::time_point.

Contrary, local_time does not represents a time point because they lack a date information, but it can be converted to std::chrono::duration that represents a duration from the beginning of the day, 00:00:00.000.

date = 2018-12-23
time = 12:30:00
l_dt = 2018-12-23T12:30:00
o_dt = 2018-12-23T12:30:00+09:30

const auto data = toml::parse("sample.toml");

const auto date = toml::get<std::chrono::system_clock::time_point>(data.at("date"));
const auto l_dt = toml::get<std::chrono::system_clock::time_point>(data.at("l_dt"));
const auto o_dt = toml::get<std::chrono::system_clock::time_point>(data.at("o_dt"));

const auto time = toml::get<std::chrono::minutes>(data.at("time")); // 12 * 60 + 30 min

toml11 defines its own datetime classes. You can see the definitions in toml/datetime.hpp.

Getting with a fallback

toml::find_or returns a default value if the value is not found or has a different type.

const auto data = toml::parse("example.toml");
const auto num  = toml::find_or(data, "num", 42);

Also, toml::get_or returns a default value if toml::get<T> failed.

toml::value v("foo"); // v contains String
const int value = toml::get_or(v, 42); // conversion fails. it returns 42.

These functions automatically deduce what type you want to get from the default value you passed.

To get a reference through this function, take care about the default value.

toml::value v("foo"); // v contains String
toml::integer& i = toml::get_or(v, 42); // does not work because binding `42`
                                        // to `integer&` is invalid
toml::integer opt = 42;
toml::integer& i = toml::get_or(v, opt); // this works.

Expecting conversion

By using toml::expect, you will get your expected value or an error message without throwing toml::type_error.

const auto value = toml::expect<std::string>(data.at("title"));
if(value.is_ok()) {
    std::cout << value.unwrap() << std::endl;
} else {
    std::cout << value.unwrap_err() << std::endl;
}

Also, you can pass a function object to modify the expected value.

const auto value = toml::expect<int>(data.at("number"))
    .map(// function that receives expected type (here, int)
    [](const int number) -> double {
        return number * 1.5 + 1.0;
    }).unwrap_or(/*default value =*/ 3.14);

Visiting toml::value

toml11 provides toml::visit to apply a function to toml::value in the same way as std::variant.

const toml::value v(3.14);
toml::visit([](const auto& val) -> void {
        std::cout << val << std::endl;
    }, v);

The function object that would be passed to toml::visit must be able to recieve all the possible TOML types. Also, the result types should be the same each other.

Constructing a toml::value

TODO

Preserving comments

After toml11 v3, you can choose whether comments are preserved or not.

const auto data1 = toml::parse<toml::discard_comments >("example.toml");
const auto data2 = toml::parse<toml::preserve_comments>("example.toml");

Comments related to a value can be obtained by toml::value::comments(). The return value has the same interface as std::vector<std::string>.

const auto& com = v.comments();
for(const auto& c : com)
{
    std::cout << c << std::endl;
}

Comments just before and just after (within the same line) a value are kept in a value.

# this is a comment for v1.
v1 = "foo"

v2 = "bar" # this is a comment for v2.
# Note that this comment is NOT a comment for v2.

# this comment is not related to any value
# because there are empty lines between v3.
# this comment will be ignored even if you set `preserve_comments`.

# this is a comment for v3
# this is also a comment for v3.
v3 = "baz" # ditto.

Each comment line becomes one element of a std::vector.

Hash signs will be removed, but spaces after hash sign will not be removed.

v1.comments().at(0) == " this is a comment for v1."s;

v2.comments().at(1) == " this is a comment for v1."s;

v3.comments().at(0) == " this is a comment for v3."s;
v3.comments().at(1) == " this is also a comment for v3."s;
v3.comments().at(2) == " ditto."s;

Note that a comment just after an opening brace of an array will not be a comment for the array.

# this is a comment for a.
a = [ # this is not a comment for a. this will be ignored.
  1, 2, 3,
  # this is a comment for `42`.
  42, # this is also a comment for `42`.
  5
] # this is a comment for a.

You can also append comments. The interfaces are the same as std::vector<std::string>.

v.comments().push_back(" add new comment.");

When toml::discard_comments is chosen, comments will not be contained in a value. value::comments() will always be kept empty. All the modification on comments would be ignored.

The comments will also be serialized. If comments exist, those comments will be added just before the values.

Customizing containers

Actually, toml::basic_value has 3 template arguments.

template<typename Comment, // discard/preserve_comment
         template<typename ...> class Table = std::unordered_map,
         template<typename ...> class Array = std::vector>
class basic_value;

This enables you to change the containers used inside. E.g. you can use std::map to contain a table object instead of std::unordered_map. And also can use std::deque as a array object instead of std::vector.

You can set these parameters while calling toml::parse function.

const auto data = toml::parse<
    toml::preserve_comments, std::map, std::deque
    >("example.toml");

TOML literal

toml11 supports "..."_toml literal. It accept both a bare value and a file content.

using namespace toml::literals::toml_literals;

// `_toml` can convert a bare value without key
const toml::value v = u8"0xDEADBEEF"_toml;
// v is an Integer value containing 0xDEADBEEF.

// raw string literal (`R"(...)"` is useful for this purpose)
const toml::value t = u8R"(
    title = "this is TOML literal"
    [table]
    key = "value"
)"_toml;
// the literal will be parsed and the result will be contained in t

The literal function is defined in the same way as the standard library literals such as std::literals::string_literals::operator""s.

namespace toml
{
inline namespace literals
{
inline namespace toml_literals
{
toml::value operator"" _toml(const char* str, std::size_t len);

} // toml_literals
} // literals
} // toml

Access to the operator can be gained with using namespace toml::literals;, using namespace toml::toml_literals, and using namespace toml::literals::toml_literals.

Note that a key that is composed only of digits is allowed in TOML. And, unlike the file parser, toml-literal allows a bare value without a key. Thus it is difficult to distinguish arrays having integers and definitions of tables that are named as digits. Currently, literal [1] becomes a table named "1". To ensure a literal to be considered as an array with one element, you need to add a comma after the first element (like [1,]).

"[1,2,3]"_toml;   // This is an array
"[table]"_toml;   // This is a table that has an empty table named "table" inside.
"[[1,2,3]]"_toml; // This is an array of arrays
"[[table]]"_toml; // This is a table that has an array of tables inside.

"[[1]]"_toml;     // This literal is ambiguous.
                  // Currently, it becomes a table that has array of table "1".
"1 = [{}]"_toml;  // This is a table that has an array of table named 1.
"[[1,]]"_toml;    // This is an array of arrays.
"[[1],]"_toml;    // ditto.

NOTE: _toml literal returns a toml::value that does not have comments.

Conversion between toml value and arbitrary types

You can also use toml::get and other related functions with the types you defined after you implement a way to convert it.

namespace ext
{
struct foo
{
    int         a;
    double      b;
    std::string c;
};
} // ext

const auto data = toml::parse("example.toml");

// to do this
const foo f = toml::find<ext::foo>(data, "foo");

There are 2 ways to use toml::get with the types that you defined.

The first one is to implement from_toml(const toml::value&) member function.

namespace ext
{
struct foo
{
    int         a;
    double      b;
    std::string c;

    void from_toml(const toml::value& v)
    {
        this->a = toml::find<int        >(v, "a");
        this->b = toml::find<double     >(v, "b");
        this->c = toml::find<std::string>(v, "c");
        return;
    }
};
} // ext

In this way, because toml::get first constructs foo without arguments, the type should be default-constructible.

The second is to implement specialization of toml::from for your type.

namespace ext
{
struct foo
{
    int         a;
    double      b;
    std::string c;
};
} // ext

namespace toml
{
template<>
struct from<ext::foo>
{
    ext::foo from_toml(const value& v)
    {
        ext::foo f;
        f.a = find<int        >(v, "a");
        f.b = find<double     >(v, "b");
        f.c = find<std::string>(v, "c");
        return f;
    }
};
} // toml

In this way, since the conversion function is defined outside of the class, you can add conversion between toml::value and classes defined in another library.

Note that you cannot implement both of the functions because the overload resolution of toml::get will be ambiguous.

If you want to convert arbitrary specialization of toml::basic_value, templatize the conversion function as follows.

struct foo
{
    template<typename C, template<typename ...> class M, template<typename ...> class A>
    void from_toml(const toml::basic_value<C, M, A>& v)
    {
        this->a = toml::find<int        >(v, "a");
        this->b = toml::find<double     >(v, "b");
        this->c = toml::find<std::string>(v, "c");
        return;
    }
};
// or
namespace toml
{
template<>
struct from<ext::foo>
{
    template<typename C, template<typename ...> class M, template<typename ...> class A>
    ext::foo from_toml(const basic_value<C, M, A>& v)
    {
        ext::foo f;
        f.a = find<int        >(v, "a");
        f.b = find<double     >(v, "b");
        f.c = find<std::string>(v, "c");
        return f;
    }
};
} // toml

---

The opposite direction is also supported in a similar way. You can directly pass your type to toml::value's constructor by introducing into_toml or toml::into<T>.

namespace ext
{
struct foo
{
    int         a;
    double      b;
    std::string c;

    toml::table into_toml() const // you need to mark it const.
    {
        return toml::table{{"a", this->a}, {"b", this->b}, {"c", this->c}};
    }
};
} // ext

ext::foo    f{42, 3.14, "foobar"};
toml::value v(f);

The definition of toml::into<T> is similar to toml::from<T>.

namespace ext
{
struct foo
{
    int         a;
    double      b;
    std::string c;
};
} // ext

namespace toml
{
template<>
struct into<ext::foo>
{
    toml::table into_toml(const ext::foo& f)
    {
        return toml::table{{"a", f.a}, {"b", f.b}, {"c", f.c}};
    }
};
} // toml

ext::foo    f{42, 3.14, "foobar"};
toml::value v(f);

Any type that can be converted to toml::value, e.g. int, toml::table and toml::array are okay to return from into_toml.

Formatting user-defined error messages

When you encounter an error after you read the toml value, you may want to show the error with the value.

toml11 provides you a function that formats user-defined error message with related values. With a code like the following,

const auto value = toml::find<int>(data, "num");
if(value < 0)
{
    std::cerr << toml::format_error("[error] value should be positive",
                                    data.at("num"), "positive number required")
              << std::endl;
}

you will get an error message like this.

[error] value should be positive
 --> example.toml
 3 | num = -42
   |       ~~~ positive number required

When you pass two values to toml::format_error,

const auto min = toml::find<int>(range, "min");
const auto max = toml::find<int>(range, "max");
if(max < min)
{
    std::cerr << toml::format_error("[error] max should be larger than min",
                                    data.at("min"), "minimum number here",
                                    data.at("max"), "maximum number here");
              << std::endl;
}

you will get an error message like this.

[error] max should be larger than min
 --> example.toml
 3 | min = 54
   |       ~~ minimum number here
 ...
 4 | max = 42
   |       ~~ maximum number here

Obtaining location information

You can also format error messages in your own way by using source_location.

struct source_location
{
    std::uint_least32_t line()      const noexcept;
    std::uint_least32_t column()    const noexcept;
    std::uint_least32_t region()    const noexcept;
    std::string const&  file_name() const noexcept;
    std::string const&  line_str()  const noexcept;
};
// +-- line()       +--- length of the region (here, region() == 9)
// v            .---+---.
// 12 | value = "foo bar" <- line_str() returns the line itself.
//              ^-------- column() points here

You can get this by

const toml::value           v   = /*...*/;
const toml::source_location loc = v.location();

Serializing TOML data

toml11 enables you to serialize data into toml format.

const auto data = toml::table{{"foo", 42}, {"bar", "baz"}};
std::cout << data << std::endl;
// bar = "baz"
// foo = 42

toml11 automatically makes a small table and small array inline. You can specify the width to make them inline by std::setw for streams.

const auto data = toml::table{
    {"qux",    toml::table{{"foo", 42}, {"bar", "baz"}}},
    {"quux",   toml::array{"small", "array", "of", "strings"}},
    {"foobar", toml::array{"this", "array", "of", "strings", "is", "too", "long",
                           "to", "print", "into", "single", "line", "isn't", "it?"}},
};

// the threshold becomes 80.
std::cout << std::setw(80) << data << std::endl;
// foobar = [
// "this","array","of","strings","is","too","long","to","print","into",
// "single","line","isn't","it?",
// ]
// quux = ["small","array","of","strings"]
// qux = {bar="baz",foo=42}


// the width is 0. nothing become inline.
std::cout << std::setw(0) << data << std::endl;
// foobar = [
// "this",
// ... (snip)
// "it?",
// ]
// quux = [
// "small",
// "array",
// "of",
// "strings",
// ]
// [qux]
// bar = "baz"
// foo = 42

It is recommended to set width before printing data. Some I/O functions changes width to 0, and it makes all the stuff (including toml::array) multiline. The resulting files becomes too long.

To control the precision of floating point numbers, you need to pass std::setprecision to stream.

const auto data = toml::table{
    {"pi", 3.141592653589793},
    {"e",  2.718281828459045}
};
std::cout << std::setprecision(17) << data << std::endl;
// e = 2.7182818284590451
// pi = 3.1415926535897931
std::cout << std::setprecision( 7) << data << std::endl;
// e = 2.718282
// pi = 3.141593

There is another way to format toml values, toml::format(). It returns std::string that represents a value.

const toml::value v{{"a", 42}};
const std::string fmt = toml::format(v);
// a = 42

Note that since toml::format formats a value, the resulting string may lack the key value.

const toml::value v{3.14};
const std::string fmt = toml::format(v);
// 3.14

To control the width and precision, toml::format receives optional second and third arguments to set them. By default, the witdh is 80 and the precision is std::numeric_limits<double>::max_digit10.

const auto serial = toml::format(data, /*width = */ 0, /*prec = */ 17);

When you pass a comment-preserving-value, the comment will also be serialized. An array or a table containing a value that has a comment would not be inlined.

Underlying types

The toml types (can be used as toml::* in this library) and corresponding enum names are listed in the table below.

TOML type	underlying c++ type	enum class
Boolean	bool	toml::value_t::boolean
Integer	std::int64_t	toml::value_t::integer
Float	double	toml::value_t::floating
String	toml::string	toml::value_t::string
LocalDate	toml::local_date	toml::value_t::local_date
LocalTime	toml::local_time	toml::value_t::local_time
LocalDatetime	toml::local_datetime	toml::value_t::local_datetime
OffsetDatetime	toml::offset_datetime	toml::value_t::offset_datetime
Array	array-like<toml::value>	toml::value_t::array
Table	map-like<toml::key, toml::value>	toml::value_t::table

array-like and map-like are the STL containers that works like a std::vector and std::unordered_map, respectively. By default, std::vector and std::unordered_map are used. See Customizing containers for detail.

toml::string is effectively the same as std::string but has an additional flag that represents a kind of a string, string_t::basic and string_t::literal. Although std::string is not an exact toml type, still you can get a reference that points to internal std::string by using toml::get<std::string>() for convenience.

Datetime variants are struct that are defined in this library. Because std::chrono::system_clock::time_point is a time point, not capable of representing a Local Time independent from a specific day.

It is recommended to get datetimes as std::chrono classes through toml::get.

Breaking Changes from v2

Although toml11 is relatively new library (it's three years old now), it had some confusing and inconvenient user-interfaces because of historical reasons.

Between v2 and v3, those interfaces are rearranged.

• toml::parse now returns a toml::value, not toml::table.
• toml::value is now an alias of toml::basic_value<discard_comment, std::vector, std::unordered_map>.
  • See Customizing containers for detail.
• The elements of toml::value_t are renamed as snake_case.
  • See Underlying types for detail.
• Supports for the CamelCaseNames are dropped.
  • See Underlying types for detail.
• (is|as)_float has been removed to make the function names consistent with others. Since float is a keyword, toml11 named a float type as toml::floating. Also a value_t corresponds to toml::floating is named value_t::floating. So (is|as)_floating is introduced and is_float has been removed.
  • See Casting a toml::value and Checking value type for detail.
• toml::find for toml::table has been dropped. Use toml::value version instead.
  • See Finding a toml::value for detail.
• Interface around comments.
  • See Preserving Comments for detail.
• An old from_toml has been removed

Such a big change will not happen in the coming years.

Running Tests

To run test codes, you need to clone toml-lang/toml repository under build/ directory because some of the test codes read a file in the repository.

$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ git clone https://github.com/toml-lang/toml.git
$ cmake ..
$ make
$ make test

To run the language agnostic test suite, you need to compile tests/check_toml_test.cpp and pass it to the tester.

Contributors

I appreciate the help of the contributors who introduced the great feature to this library.

• Guillaume Fraux (@Luthaf)
  • Windows support and CI on Appvayor
  • Intel Compiler support
• Quentin Khan (@xaxousis)
  • Found & Fixed a bug around ODR
  • Improved error messages for invaild keys to show the location where the parser fails
• Petr Beneš (@wbenny)
  • Fixed warnings on MSVC
• Ivan Shynkarenka (@chronoxor)
  • Fixed Visual Studio 2019 warnings
• @khoitd1997
  • Fixed warnings while type conversion

Licensing terms

This product is licensed under the terms of the MIT License.

• Copyright (c) 2017-2019 Toru Niina

All rights reserved.