brotli/enc/brotli_bit_stream.cc

// Copyright 2014 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// Brotli bit stream functions to support the low level format. There are no
// compression algorithms here, just the right ordering of bits to match the
// specs.

#include "./brotli_bit_stream.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <limits>
#include <vector>

#include "./bit_cost.h"
#include "./context.h"
#include "./entropy_encode.h"
#include "./fast_log.h"
#include "./prefix.h"
#include "./write_bits.h"

namespace brotli {

// returns false if fail
// nibblesbits represents the 2 bits to encode MNIBBLES (0-3)
bool EncodeMlen(size_t length, int* bits, int* numbits, int* nibblesbits) {
  length--;  // MLEN - 1 is encoded
  int lg = length == 0 ? 1 : Log2Floor(length) + 1;
  if (lg > 24) return false;
  int mnibbles = (lg < 16 ? 16 : (lg + 3)) / 4;
  *nibblesbits = mnibbles - 4;
  *numbits = mnibbles * 4;
  *bits = length;
  return true;
}

void StoreVarLenUint8(int n, int* storage_ix, uint8_t* storage) {
  if (n == 0) {
    WriteBits(1, 0, storage_ix, storage);
  } else {
    WriteBits(1, 1, storage_ix, storage);
    int nbits = Log2Floor(n);
    WriteBits(3, nbits, storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(nbits, n - (1 << nbits), storage_ix, storage);
  }
}

bool StoreCompressedMetaBlockHeader(bool final_block,
                                    size_t length,
                                    int* storage_ix,
                                    uint8_t* storage) {
  // Write ISLAST bit.
  WriteBits(1, final_block, storage_ix, storage);
  // Write ISEMPTY bit.
  if (final_block) {
    WriteBits(1, length == 0, storage_ix, storage);
    if (length == 0) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (length == 0) {
    // Only the last meta-block can be empty.
    return false;
  }

  int lenbits;
  int nlenbits;
  int nibblesbits;
  if (!EncodeMlen(length, &lenbits, &nlenbits, &nibblesbits)) {
    return false;
  }

  WriteBits(2, nibblesbits, storage_ix, storage);
  WriteBits(nlenbits, lenbits, storage_ix, storage);

  if (!final_block) {
    // Write ISUNCOMPRESSED bit.
    WriteBits(1, 0, storage_ix, storage);
  }
  return true;
}

bool StoreUncompressedMetaBlockHeader(size_t length,
                                      int* storage_ix,
                                      uint8_t* storage) {
  // Write ISLAST bit. Uncompressed block cannot be the last one, so set to 0.
  WriteBits(1, 0, storage_ix, storage);
  int lenbits;
  int nlenbits;
  int nibblesbits;
  if (!EncodeMlen(length, &lenbits, &nlenbits, &nibblesbits)) {
    return false;
  }
  WriteBits(2, nibblesbits, storage_ix, storage);
  WriteBits(nlenbits, lenbits, storage_ix, storage);
  // Write ISUNCOMPRESSED bit.
  WriteBits(1, 1, storage_ix, storage);
  return true;
}

void StoreHuffmanTreeOfHuffmanTreeToBitMask(
    const int num_codes,
    const uint8_t *code_length_bitdepth,
    int *storage_ix,
    uint8_t *storage) {
  static const uint8_t kStorageOrder[kCodeLengthCodes] = {
    1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 5, 17, 6, 16, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
  };
  // The bit lengths of the Huffman code over the code length alphabet
  // are compressed with the following static Huffman code:
  //   Symbol   Code
  //   ------   ----
  //   0          00
  //   1        1110
  //   2         110
  //   3          01
  //   4          10
  //   5        1111
  static const uint8_t kHuffmanBitLengthHuffmanCodeSymbols[6] = {
     0, 7, 3, 2, 1, 15
  };
  static const uint8_t kHuffmanBitLengthHuffmanCodeBitLengths[6] = {
    2, 4, 3, 2, 2, 4
  };

  // Throw away trailing zeros:
  int codes_to_store = kCodeLengthCodes;
  if (num_codes > 1) {
    for (; codes_to_store > 0; --codes_to_store) {
      if (code_length_bitdepth[kStorageOrder[codes_to_store - 1]] != 0) {
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  int skip_some = 0;  // skips none.
  if (code_length_bitdepth[kStorageOrder[0]] == 0 &&
      code_length_bitdepth[kStorageOrder[1]] == 0) {
    skip_some = 2;  // skips two.
    if (code_length_bitdepth[kStorageOrder[2]] == 0) {
      skip_some = 3;  // skips three.
    }
  }
  WriteBits(2, skip_some, storage_ix, storage);
  for (int i = skip_some; i < codes_to_store; ++i) {
    uint8_t l = code_length_bitdepth[kStorageOrder[i]];
    WriteBits(kHuffmanBitLengthHuffmanCodeBitLengths[l],
              kHuffmanBitLengthHuffmanCodeSymbols[l], storage_ix, storage);
  }
}

void StoreHuffmanTreeToBitMask(
    const std::vector<uint8_t> &huffman_tree,
    const std::vector<uint8_t> &huffman_tree_extra_bits,
    const uint8_t *code_length_bitdepth,
    const std::vector<uint16_t> &code_length_bitdepth_symbols,
    int * __restrict storage_ix,
    uint8_t * __restrict storage) {
  for (int i = 0; i < huffman_tree.size(); ++i) {
    int ix = huffman_tree[i];
    WriteBits(code_length_bitdepth[ix], code_length_bitdepth_symbols[ix],
              storage_ix, storage);
    // Extra bits
    switch (ix) {
      case 16:
        WriteBits(2, huffman_tree_extra_bits[i], storage_ix, storage);
        break;
      case 17:
        WriteBits(3, huffman_tree_extra_bits[i], storage_ix, storage);
        break;
    }
  }
}

void StoreSimpleHuffmanTree(const uint8_t* depths,
                            int symbols[4],
                            int num_symbols,
                            int max_bits,
                            int *storage_ix, uint8_t *storage) {
  // value of 1 indicates a simple Huffman code
  WriteBits(2, 1, storage_ix, storage);
  WriteBits(2, num_symbols - 1, storage_ix, storage);  // NSYM - 1

  // Sort
  for (int i = 0; i < num_symbols; i++) {
    for (int j = i + 1; j < num_symbols; j++) {
      if (depths[symbols[j]] < depths[symbols[i]]) {
        std::swap(symbols[j], symbols[i]);
      }
    }
  }

  if (num_symbols == 2) {
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[0], storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[1], storage_ix, storage);
  } else if (num_symbols == 3) {
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[0], storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[1], storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[2], storage_ix, storage);
  } else {
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[0], storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[1], storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[2], storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(max_bits, symbols[3], storage_ix, storage);
    // tree-select
    WriteBits(1, depths[symbols[0]] == 1 ? 1 : 0, storage_ix, storage);
  }
}

// num = alphabet size
// depths = symbol depths
void StoreHuffmanTree(const uint8_t* depths, size_t num,
                      int quality,
                      int *storage_ix, uint8_t *storage) {
  // Write the Huffman tree into the brotli-representation.
  std::vector<uint8_t> huffman_tree;
  std::vector<uint8_t> huffman_tree_extra_bits;
  // TODO: Consider allocating these from stack.
  huffman_tree.reserve(256);
  huffman_tree_extra_bits.reserve(256);
  WriteHuffmanTree(depths, num, &huffman_tree, &huffman_tree_extra_bits);

  // Calculate the statistics of the Huffman tree in brotli-representation.
  int huffman_tree_histogram[kCodeLengthCodes] = { 0 };
  for (int i = 0; i < huffman_tree.size(); ++i) {
    ++huffman_tree_histogram[huffman_tree[i]];
  }

  int num_codes = 0;
  int code = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < kCodeLengthCodes; ++i) {
    if (huffman_tree_histogram[i]) {
      if (num_codes == 0) {
        code = i;
        num_codes = 1;
      } else if (num_codes == 1) {
        num_codes = 2;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  // Calculate another Huffman tree to use for compressing both the
  // earlier Huffman tree with.
  // TODO: Consider allocating these from stack.
  uint8_t code_length_bitdepth[kCodeLengthCodes] = { 0 };
  std::vector<uint16_t> code_length_bitdepth_symbols(kCodeLengthCodes);
  CreateHuffmanTree(&huffman_tree_histogram[0], kCodeLengthCodes,
                    5, quality, &code_length_bitdepth[0]);
  ConvertBitDepthsToSymbols(code_length_bitdepth, kCodeLengthCodes,
                            code_length_bitdepth_symbols.data());

  // Now, we have all the data, let's start storing it
  StoreHuffmanTreeOfHuffmanTreeToBitMask(num_codes, code_length_bitdepth,
                                         storage_ix, storage);

  if (num_codes == 1) {
    code_length_bitdepth[code] = 0;
  }

  // Store the real huffman tree now.
  StoreHuffmanTreeToBitMask(huffman_tree,
                            huffman_tree_extra_bits,
                            &code_length_bitdepth[0],
                            code_length_bitdepth_symbols,
                            storage_ix, storage);
}

void BuildAndStoreHuffmanTree(const int *histogram,
                              const int length,
                              const int quality,
                              uint8_t* depth,
                              uint16_t* bits,
                              int* storage_ix,
                              uint8_t* storage) {
  int count = 0;
  int s4[4] = { 0 };
  for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    if (histogram[i]) {
      if (count < 4) {
        s4[count] = i;
      } else if (quality < 3 && count > 4) {
        break;
      }
      count++;
    }
  }

  int max_bits_counter = length - 1;
  int max_bits = 0;
  while (max_bits_counter) {
    max_bits_counter >>= 1;
    ++max_bits;
  }

  if (count <= 1) {
    WriteBits(4, 1, storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(max_bits, s4[0], storage_ix, storage);
    return;
  }

  if (length >= 50 && count >= 16 && quality >= 3) {
    std::vector<int> counts(length);
    memcpy(&counts[0], histogram, sizeof(counts[0]) * length);
    OptimizeHuffmanCountsForRle(length, &counts[0]);
    CreateHuffmanTree(&counts[0], length, 15, quality, depth);
  } else {
    CreateHuffmanTree(histogram, length, 15, quality, depth);
  }
  ConvertBitDepthsToSymbols(depth, length, bits);

  if (count <= 4) {
    StoreSimpleHuffmanTree(depth, s4, count, max_bits, storage_ix, storage);
  } else {
    StoreHuffmanTree(depth, length, quality, storage_ix, storage);
  }
}

int IndexOf(const std::vector<int>& v, int value) {
  for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
    if (v[i] == value) return i;
  }
  return -1;
}

void MoveToFront(std::vector<int>* v, int index) {
  int value = (*v)[index];
  for (int i = index; i > 0; --i) {
    (*v)[i] = (*v)[i - 1];
  }
  (*v)[0] = value;
}

std::vector<int> MoveToFrontTransform(const std::vector<int>& v) {
  if (v.empty()) return v;
  std::vector<int> mtf(*std::max_element(v.begin(), v.end()) + 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < mtf.size(); ++i) mtf[i] = i;
  std::vector<int> result(v.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
    int index = IndexOf(mtf, v[i]);
    result[i] = index;
    MoveToFront(&mtf, index);
  }
  return result;
}

// Finds runs of zeros in v_in and replaces them with a prefix code of the run
// length plus extra bits in *v_out and *extra_bits. Non-zero values in v_in are
// shifted by *max_length_prefix. Will not create prefix codes bigger than the
// initial value of *max_run_length_prefix. The prefix code of run length L is
// simply Log2Floor(L) and the number of extra bits is the same as the prefix
// code.
void RunLengthCodeZeros(const std::vector<int>& v_in,
                        int* max_run_length_prefix,
                        std::vector<int>* v_out,
                        std::vector<int>* extra_bits) {
  int max_reps = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < v_in.size();) {
    for (; i < v_in.size() && v_in[i] != 0; ++i) ;
    int reps = 0;
    for (; i < v_in.size() && v_in[i] == 0; ++i) {
      ++reps;
    }
    max_reps = std::max(reps, max_reps);
  }
  int max_prefix = max_reps > 0 ? Log2Floor(max_reps) : 0;
  *max_run_length_prefix = std::min(max_prefix, *max_run_length_prefix);
  for (int i = 0; i < v_in.size();) {
    if (v_in[i] != 0) {
      v_out->push_back(v_in[i] + *max_run_length_prefix);
      extra_bits->push_back(0);
      ++i;
    } else {
      int reps = 1;
      for (uint32_t k = i + 1; k < v_in.size() && v_in[k] == 0; ++k) {
        ++reps;
      }
      i += reps;
      while (reps) {
        if (reps < (2 << *max_run_length_prefix)) {
          int run_length_prefix = Log2Floor(reps);
          v_out->push_back(run_length_prefix);
          extra_bits->push_back(reps - (1 << run_length_prefix));
          break;
        } else {
          v_out->push_back(*max_run_length_prefix);
          extra_bits->push_back((1 << *max_run_length_prefix) - 1);
          reps -= (2 << *max_run_length_prefix) - 1;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

// Returns a maximum zero-run-length-prefix value such that run-length coding
// zeros in v with this maximum prefix value and then encoding the resulting
// histogram and entropy-coding v produces the least amount of bits.
int BestMaxZeroRunLengthPrefix(const std::vector<int>& v) {
  int min_cost = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
  int best_max_prefix = 0;
  for (int max_prefix = 0; max_prefix <= 16; ++max_prefix) {
    std::vector<int> rle_symbols;
    std::vector<int> extra_bits;
    int max_run_length_prefix = max_prefix;
    RunLengthCodeZeros(v, &max_run_length_prefix, &rle_symbols, &extra_bits);
    if (max_run_length_prefix < max_prefix) break;
    HistogramContextMap histogram;
    for (int i = 0; i < rle_symbols.size(); ++i) {
      histogram.Add(rle_symbols[i]);
    }
    int bit_cost = PopulationCost(histogram);
    if (max_prefix > 0) {
      bit_cost += 4;
    }
    for (int i = 1; i <= max_prefix; ++i) {
      bit_cost += histogram.data_[i] * i;  // extra bits
    }
    if (bit_cost < min_cost) {
      min_cost = bit_cost;
      best_max_prefix = max_prefix;
    }
  }
  return best_max_prefix;
}

void EncodeContextMap(const std::vector<int>& context_map,
                      int num_clusters,
                      int* storage_ix, uint8_t* storage) {
  StoreVarLenUint8(num_clusters - 1, storage_ix, storage);

  if (num_clusters == 1) {
    return;
  }

  std::vector<int> transformed_symbols = MoveToFrontTransform(context_map);
  std::vector<int> rle_symbols;
  std::vector<int> extra_bits;
  int max_run_length_prefix = BestMaxZeroRunLengthPrefix(transformed_symbols);
  RunLengthCodeZeros(transformed_symbols, &max_run_length_prefix,
                     &rle_symbols, &extra_bits);
  HistogramContextMap symbol_histogram;
  for (int i = 0; i < rle_symbols.size(); ++i) {
    symbol_histogram.Add(rle_symbols[i]);
  }
  bool use_rle = max_run_length_prefix > 0;
  WriteBits(1, use_rle, storage_ix, storage);
  if (use_rle) {
    WriteBits(4, max_run_length_prefix - 1, storage_ix, storage);
  }
  EntropyCodeContextMap symbol_code;
  memset(symbol_code.depth_, 0, sizeof(symbol_code.depth_));
  memset(symbol_code.bits_, 0, sizeof(symbol_code.bits_));
  BuildAndStoreHuffmanTree(symbol_histogram.data_,
                           num_clusters + max_run_length_prefix,
                           9,  // quality
                           symbol_code.depth_, symbol_code.bits_,
                           storage_ix, storage);
  for (int i = 0; i < rle_symbols.size(); ++i) {
    WriteBits(symbol_code.depth_[rle_symbols[i]],
              symbol_code.bits_[rle_symbols[i]],
              storage_ix, storage);
    if (rle_symbols[i] > 0 && rle_symbols[i] <= max_run_length_prefix) {
      WriteBits(rle_symbols[i], extra_bits[i], storage_ix, storage);
    }
  }
  WriteBits(1, 1, storage_ix, storage);  // use move-to-front
}

void StoreBlockSwitch(const BlockSplitCode& code,
                      const int block_ix,
                      int* storage_ix,
                      uint8_t* storage) {
  if (block_ix > 0) {
    int typecode = code.type_code[block_ix];
    WriteBits(code.type_depths[typecode], code.type_bits[typecode],
              storage_ix, storage);
  }
  int lencode = code.length_prefix[block_ix];
  WriteBits(code.length_depths[lencode], code.length_bits[lencode],
            storage_ix, storage);
  WriteBits(code.length_nextra[block_ix], code.length_extra[block_ix],
            storage_ix, storage);
}

void BuildAndStoreBlockSplitCode(const std::vector<int>& types,
                                 const std::vector<int>& lengths,
                                 const int num_types,
                                 const int quality,
                                 BlockSplitCode* code,
                                 int* storage_ix,
                                 uint8_t* storage) {
  const int num_blocks = types.size();
  std::vector<int> type_histo(num_types + 2);
  std::vector<int> length_histo(26);
  int last_type = 1;
  int second_last_type = 0;
  code->type_code.resize(num_blocks);
  code->length_prefix.resize(num_blocks);
  code->length_nextra.resize(num_blocks);
  code->length_extra.resize(num_blocks);
  code->type_depths.resize(num_types + 2);
  code->type_bits.resize(num_types + 2);
  code->length_depths.resize(26);
  code->length_bits.resize(26);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; ++i) {
    int type = types[i];
    int type_code = (type == last_type + 1 ? 1 :
                     type == second_last_type ? 0 :
                     type + 2);
    second_last_type = last_type;
    last_type = type;
    code->type_code[i] = type_code;
    if (i > 0) ++type_histo[type_code];
    GetBlockLengthPrefixCode(lengths[i],
                             &code->length_prefix[i],
                             &code->length_nextra[i],
                             &code->length_extra[i]);
    ++length_histo[code->length_prefix[i]];
  }
  StoreVarLenUint8(num_types - 1, storage_ix, storage);
  if (num_types > 1) {
    BuildAndStoreHuffmanTree(&type_histo[0], num_types + 2, quality,
                             &code->type_depths[0], &code->type_bits[0],
                             storage_ix, storage);
    BuildAndStoreHuffmanTree(&length_histo[0], 26, quality,
                             &code->length_depths[0], &code->length_bits[0],
                             storage_ix, storage);
    StoreBlockSwitch(*code, 0, storage_ix, storage);
  }
}

void StoreTrivialContextMap(int num_types,
                            int context_bits,
                            int* storage_ix,
                            uint8_t* storage) {
  StoreVarLenUint8(num_types - 1, storage_ix, storage);
  if (num_types > 1) {
    int repeat_code = context_bits - 1;
    int repeat_bits = (1 << repeat_code) - 1;
    int alphabet_size = num_types + repeat_code;
    std::vector<int> histogram(alphabet_size);
    std::vector<uint8_t> depths(alphabet_size);
    std::vector<uint16_t> bits(alphabet_size);
    // Write RLEMAX.
    WriteBits(1, 1, storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(4, repeat_code - 1, storage_ix, storage);
    histogram[repeat_code] = num_types;
    histogram[0] = 1;
    for (int i = context_bits; i < alphabet_size; ++i) {
      histogram[i] = 1;
    }
    BuildAndStoreHuffmanTree(&histogram[0], alphabet_size, 1,
                             &depths[0], &bits[0],
                             storage_ix, storage);
    for (int i = 0; i < num_types; ++i) {
      int code = (i == 0 ? 0 : i + context_bits - 1);
      WriteBits(depths[code], bits[code], storage_ix, storage);
      WriteBits(depths[repeat_code], bits[repeat_code], storage_ix, storage);
      WriteBits(repeat_code, repeat_bits, storage_ix, storage);
    }
    // Write IMTF (inverse-move-to-front) bit.
    WriteBits(1, 1, storage_ix, storage);
  }
}

// Manages the encoding of one block category (literal, command or distance).
class BlockEncoder {
 public:
  BlockEncoder(int alphabet_size,
               int num_block_types,
               const std::vector<int>& block_types,
               const std::vector<int>& block_lengths)
      : alphabet_size_(alphabet_size),
        num_block_types_(num_block_types),
        block_types_(block_types),
        block_lengths_(block_lengths),
        block_ix_(0),
        block_len_(block_lengths.empty() ? 0 : block_lengths[0]),
        entropy_ix_(0) {}

  // Creates entropy codes of block lengths and block types and stores them
  // to the bit stream.
  void BuildAndStoreBlockSwitchEntropyCodes(int quality,
                                            int* storage_ix, uint8_t* storage) {
    BuildAndStoreBlockSplitCode(
        block_types_, block_lengths_, num_block_types_,
        quality, &block_split_code_, storage_ix, storage);
  }

  // Creates entropy codes for all block types and stores them to the bit
  // stream.
  template<int kSize>
  void BuildAndStoreEntropyCodes(
      const std::vector<Histogram<kSize> >& histograms,
      int quality,
      int* storage_ix, uint8_t* storage) {
    depths_.resize(histograms.size() * alphabet_size_);
    bits_.resize(histograms.size() * alphabet_size_);
    for (int i = 0; i < histograms.size(); ++i) {
      int ix = i * alphabet_size_;
      BuildAndStoreHuffmanTree(&histograms[i].data_[0], alphabet_size_,
                               quality,
                               &depths_[ix], &bits_[ix],
                               storage_ix, storage);
    }
  }

  // Stores the next symbol with the entropy code of the current block type.
  // Updates the block type and block length at block boundaries.
  void StoreSymbol(int symbol, int* storage_ix, uint8_t* storage) {
    if (block_len_ == 0) {
      ++block_ix_;
      block_len_ = block_lengths_[block_ix_];
      entropy_ix_ = block_types_[block_ix_] * alphabet_size_;
      StoreBlockSwitch(block_split_code_, block_ix_, storage_ix, storage);
    }
    --block_len_;
    int ix = entropy_ix_ + symbol;
    WriteBits(depths_[ix], bits_[ix], storage_ix, storage);
  }

  // Stores the next symbol with the entropy code of the current block type and
  // context value.
  // Updates the block type and block length at block boundaries.
  template<int kContextBits>
  void StoreSymbolWithContext(int symbol, int context,
                              const std::vector<int>& context_map,
                              int* storage_ix, uint8_t* storage) {
    if (block_len_ == 0) {
      ++block_ix_;
      block_len_ = block_lengths_[block_ix_];
      entropy_ix_ = block_types_[block_ix_] << kContextBits;
      StoreBlockSwitch(block_split_code_, block_ix_, storage_ix, storage);
    }
    --block_len_;
    int histo_ix = context_map[entropy_ix_ + context];
    int ix = histo_ix * alphabet_size_ + symbol;
    WriteBits(depths_[ix], bits_[ix], storage_ix, storage);
  }

 private:
  const int alphabet_size_;
  const int num_block_types_;
  const std::vector<int>& block_types_;
  const std::vector<int>& block_lengths_;
  BlockSplitCode block_split_code_;
  int block_ix_;
  int block_len_;
  int entropy_ix_;
  std::vector<uint8_t> depths_;
  std::vector<uint16_t> bits_;
};

void JumpToByteBoundary(int* storage_ix, uint8_t* storage) {
  *storage_ix = (*storage_ix + 7) & ~7;
  storage[*storage_ix >> 3] = 0;
}

bool StoreMetaBlock(const uint8_t* input,
                    size_t start_pos,
                    size_t length,
                    size_t mask,
                    bool is_last,
                    int quality,
                    int num_direct_distance_codes,
                    int distance_postfix_bits,
                    int literal_context_mode,
                    const brotli::Command *commands,
                    size_t n_commands,
                    const MetaBlockSplit& mb,
                    int *storage_ix,
                    uint8_t *storage) {
  if (!StoreCompressedMetaBlockHeader(is_last, length, storage_ix, storage)) {
    return false;
  }

  if (length == 0) {
    // Only the last meta-block can be empty, so jump to next byte.
    JumpToByteBoundary(storage_ix, storage);
    return true;
  }

  int num_distance_codes =
      kNumDistanceShortCodes + num_direct_distance_codes +
      (48 << distance_postfix_bits);

  BlockEncoder literal_enc(256,
                           mb.literal_split.num_types,
                           mb.literal_split.types,
                           mb.literal_split.lengths);
  BlockEncoder command_enc(kNumCommandPrefixes,
                           mb.command_split.num_types,
                           mb.command_split.types,
                           mb.command_split.lengths);
  BlockEncoder distance_enc(num_distance_codes,
                            mb.distance_split.num_types,
                            mb.distance_split.types,
                            mb.distance_split.lengths);

  literal_enc.BuildAndStoreBlockSwitchEntropyCodes(
      quality, storage_ix, storage);
  command_enc.BuildAndStoreBlockSwitchEntropyCodes(
      quality, storage_ix, storage);
  distance_enc.BuildAndStoreBlockSwitchEntropyCodes(
      quality, storage_ix, storage);

  WriteBits(2, distance_postfix_bits, storage_ix, storage);
  WriteBits(4, num_direct_distance_codes >> distance_postfix_bits,
            storage_ix, storage);
  for (int i = 0; i < mb.literal_split.num_types; ++i) {
    WriteBits(2, literal_context_mode, storage_ix, storage);
  }

  if (mb.literal_context_map.empty()) {
    StoreTrivialContextMap(mb.literal_histograms.size(), kLiteralContextBits,
                           storage_ix, storage);
  } else {
    EncodeContextMap(mb.literal_context_map, mb.literal_histograms.size(),
                     storage_ix, storage);
  }

  if (mb.distance_context_map.empty()) {
    StoreTrivialContextMap(mb.distance_histograms.size(), kDistanceContextBits,
                           storage_ix, storage);
  } else {
    EncodeContextMap(mb.distance_context_map, mb.distance_histograms.size(),
                     storage_ix, storage);
  }

  literal_enc.BuildAndStoreEntropyCodes(mb.literal_histograms, quality,
                                        storage_ix, storage);
  command_enc.BuildAndStoreEntropyCodes(mb.command_histograms, quality,
                                        storage_ix, storage);
  distance_enc.BuildAndStoreEntropyCodes(mb.distance_histograms, quality,
                                         storage_ix, storage);

  size_t pos = start_pos;
  for (int i = 0; i < n_commands; ++i) {
    const Command cmd = commands[i];
    int cmd_code = cmd.cmd_prefix_;
    int lennumextra = cmd.cmd_extra_ >> 48;
    uint64_t lenextra = cmd.cmd_extra_ & 0xffffffffffffULL;
    command_enc.StoreSymbol(cmd_code, storage_ix, storage);
    WriteBits(lennumextra, lenextra, storage_ix, storage);
    if (mb.literal_context_map.empty()) {
      for (int j = 0; j < cmd.insert_len_; j++) {
        literal_enc.StoreSymbol(input[pos & mask], storage_ix, storage);
        ++pos;
      }
    } else {
      for (int j = 0; j < cmd.insert_len_; ++j) {
        uint8_t prev_byte = pos > 0 ? input[(pos - 1) & mask] : 0;
        uint8_t prev_byte2 = pos > 1 ? input[(pos - 2) & mask] : 0;
        int context = Context(prev_byte, prev_byte2,
                              literal_context_mode);
        int literal = input[pos & mask];
        literal_enc.StoreSymbolWithContext<kLiteralContextBits>(
            literal, context, mb.literal_context_map, storage_ix, storage);
        ++pos;
      }
    }
    if (cmd.copy_len_ > 0 && cmd.cmd_prefix_ >= 128) {
      int dist_code = cmd.dist_prefix_;
      int distnumextra = cmd.dist_extra_ >> 24;
      int distextra = cmd.dist_extra_ & 0xffffff;
      if (mb.distance_context_map.empty()) {
        distance_enc.StoreSymbol(dist_code, storage_ix, storage);
      } else {
        int context = cmd.DistanceContext();
        distance_enc.StoreSymbolWithContext<kDistanceContextBits>(
            dist_code, context, mb.distance_context_map, storage_ix, storage);
      }
      brotli::WriteBits(distnumextra, distextra, storage_ix, storage);
    }
    pos += cmd.copy_len_;
  }
  if (is_last) {
    JumpToByteBoundary(storage_ix, storage);
  }
  return true;
}

// This is for storing uncompressed blocks (simple raw storage of
// bytes-as-bytes).
bool StoreUncompressedMetaBlock(bool final_block,
                                const uint8_t * __restrict input,
                                size_t position, size_t mask,
                                size_t len,
                                int * __restrict storage_ix,
                                uint8_t * __restrict storage) {
  if (!brotli::StoreUncompressedMetaBlockHeader(len, storage_ix, storage)) {
    return false;
  }
  JumpToByteBoundary(storage_ix, storage);

  size_t masked_pos = position & mask;
  if (masked_pos + len > mask + 1) {
    size_t len1 = mask + 1 - masked_pos;
    memcpy(&storage[*storage_ix >> 3], &input[masked_pos], len1);
    *storage_ix += len1 << 3;
    len -= len1;
    masked_pos = 0;
  }
  memcpy(&storage[*storage_ix >> 3], &input[masked_pos], len);
  *storage_ix += len << 3;

  // We need to clear the next 4 bytes to continue to be
  // compatible with WriteBits.
  brotli::WriteBitsPrepareStorage(*storage_ix, storage);

  // Since the uncomressed block itself may not be the final block, add an empty
  // one after this.
  if (final_block) {
    brotli::WriteBits(1, 1, storage_ix, storage);  // islast
    brotli::WriteBits(1, 1, storage_ix, storage);  // isempty
    JumpToByteBoundary(storage_ix, storage);
  }
  return true;
}

void StoreSyncMetaBlock(int * __restrict storage_ix,
                        uint8_t * __restrict storage) {
  // Empty metadata meta-block bit pattern:
  //   1 bit:  is_last (0)
  //   2 bits: num nibbles (3)
  //   1 bit:  reserved (0)
  //   2 bits: metadata length bytes (0)
  WriteBits(6, 6, storage_ix, storage);
  JumpToByteBoundary(storage_ix, storage);
}

}  // namespace brotli