lz4/lz4_Frame_format.md

LZ4 Frame Format Description
============================

###Notices

Copyright (c) 2013-2015 Yann Collet

Permission is granted to copy and distribute this document 
for any  purpose and without charge, 
including translations into other  languages 
and incorporation into compilations, 
provided that the copyright notice and this notice are preserved, 
and that any substantive changes or deletions from the original 
are clearly marked.
Distribution of this document is unlimited.

###Version

1.5.1 (31/03/2015)


Introduction
------------

The purpose of this document is to define a lossless compressed data format, 
that is independent of CPU type, operating system, 
file system and character set, suitable for 
File compression, Pipe and streaming compression 
using the [LZ4 algorithm](http://www.lz4.info).

The data can be produced or consumed, 
even for an arbitrarily long sequentially presented input data stream,
using only an a priori bounded amount of intermediate storage,
and hence can be used in data communications.
The format uses the LZ4 compression method,
and optional [xxHash-32 checksum method](https://github.com/Cyan4973/xxHash),
for detection of data corruption.

The data format defined by this specification 
does not attempt to allow random access to compressed data.

This specification is intended for use by implementers of software
to compress data into LZ4 format and/or decompress data from LZ4 format.
The text of the specification assumes a basic background in programming
at the level of bits and other primitive data representations.

Unless otherwise indicated below,
a compliant compressor must produce data sets
that conform to the specifications presented here.
It doesn’t need to support all options though.

A compliant decompressor must be able to decompress
at least one working set of parameters
that conforms to the specifications presented here.
It may also ignore checksums.
Whenever it does not support a specific parameter within the compressed stream,
it must produce a non-ambiguous error code
and associated error message explaining which parameter is unsupported.


General Structure of LZ4 Frame format
-------------------------------------

| MagicNb | F. Descriptor | Block | (...) | EndMark | C. Checksum |
|:-------:|:-------------:| ----- | ----- | ------- | ----------- |
| 4 bytes |  3-11 bytes   |       |       | 4 bytes |   4 bytes   | 

__Magic Number__

4 Bytes, Little endian format.
Value : 0x184D2204

__Frame Descriptor__

3 to 11 Bytes, to be detailed in the next part.
Most important part of the spec.

__Data Blocks__

To be detailed later on.
That’s where compressed data is stored.

__EndMark__

The flow of blocks ends when the last data block has a size of “0”.
The size is expressed as a 32-bits value.

__Content Checksum__

Content Checksum verify that the full content has been decoded correctly.
The content checksum is the result 
of [xxh32() hash function](https://github.com/Cyan4973/xxHash)
digesting the original (decoded) data as input, and a seed of zero.
Content checksum is only present when its associated flag
is set in the frame descriptor. 
Content Checksum validates the result,
that all blocks were fully transmitted in the correct order and without error,
and also that the encoding/decoding process itself generated no distortion.
Its usage is recommended.

__Frame Concatenation__

In some circumstances, it may be preferable to append multiple frames,
for example in order to add new data to an existing compressed file
without re-framing it.

In such case, each frame has its own set of descriptor flags.
Each frame is considered independent.
The only relation between frames is their sequential order.

The ability to decode multiple concatenated frames 
within a single stream or file
is left outside of this specification. 
As an example, the reference lz4 command line utility behavior is
to decode all concatenated frames in their sequential order.

 
Frame Descriptor
----------------

| FLG     | BD      | (Content Size) | HC      |
| ------- | ------- |:--------------:| ------- |
| 1 byte  | 1 byte  |  0 - 8 bytes   | 1 byte  | 

The descriptor uses a minimum of 3 bytes,
and up to 11 bytes depending on optional parameters.

__FLG byte__

|  BitNb  |   7-6   |    5    |     4     |   3     |     2     |    1-0   |
| ------- | ------- | ------- | --------- | ------- | --------- | -------- |
|FieldName| Version | B.Indep | B.Checksum| C.Size  | C.Checksum|*Reserved*|


__BD byte__

|  BitNb  |     7    |     6-5-4    |  3-2-1-0 |
| ------- | -------- | ------------ | -------- |
|FieldName|*Reserved*| Block MaxSize|*Reserved*|

In the tables, bit 7 is highest bit, while bit 0 is lowest.

__Version Number__

2-bits field, must be set to “01”.
Any other value cannot be decoded by this version of the specification.
Other version numbers will use different flag layouts.

__Block Independence flag__

If this flag is set to “1”, blocks are independent. 
If this flag is set to “0”, each block depends on previous ones
(up to LZ4 window size, which is 64 KB).
In such case, it’s necessary to decode all blocks in sequence.

Block dependency improves compression ratio, especially for small blocks.
On the other hand, it makes direct jumps or multi-threaded decoding impossible.

__Block checksum flag__

If this flag is set, each data block will be followed by a 4-bytes checksum,
calculated by using the xxHash-32 algorithm on the raw (compressed) data block.
The intention is to detect data corruption (storage or transmission errors) 
immediately, before decoding.
Block checksum usage is optional.

__Content Size flag__

If this flag is set, the uncompressed size of data included within the frame 
will be present as an 8 bytes unsigned little endian value, after the flags.
Content Size usage is optional.

__Content checksum flag__

If this flag is set, a content checksum will be appended after the EndMark.

Recommended value : “1” (content checksum is present)

__Block Maximum Size__

This information is intended to help the decoder allocate memory.
Size here refers to the original (uncompressed) data size.
Block Maximum Size is one value among the following table :

|  0  |  1  |  2  |  3  |   4   |   5    |  6   |  7   | 
| --- | --- | --- | --- | ----- | ------ | ---- | ---- | 
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 64 KB | 256 KB | 1 MB | 4 MB | 

The decoder may refuse to allocate block sizes above a (system-specific) size.
Unused values may be used in a future revision of the spec.
A decoder conformant to the current version of the spec
is only able to decode blocksizes defined in this spec.

__Reserved bits__

Value of reserved bits **must** be 0 (zero).
Reserved bit might be used in a future version of the specification,
typically enabling new optional features.
If this happens, a decoder respecting the current version of the specification
shall not be able to decode such a frame.

__Content Size__

This is the original (uncompressed) size.
This information is optional, and only present if the associated flag is set.
Content size is provided using unsigned 8 Bytes, for a maximum of 16 HexaBytes.
Format is Little endian.
This value is informational.
It can be safely skipped by a conformant decoder.

__Header Checksum__

One-byte checksum of combined descriptor fields, including optional ones.
The value is the second byte of xxh32() : ` (xxh32()>>8) & 0xFF } `
using zero as a seed,
and the full Frame Descriptor as an input
(including optional fields when they are present).
A wrong checksum indicates an error in the descriptor.
Header checksum is informational and can be skipped.


Data Blocks
-----------

| Block Size |  data  | (Block Checksum) |
|:----------:| ------ |:----------------:|
|  4 bytes   |        |   0 - 4 bytes    | 


__Block Size__

This field uses 4-bytes, format is little-endian.

The highest bit is “1” if data in the block is uncompressed.

The highest bit is “0” if data in the block is compressed by LZ4.

All other bits give the size, in bytes, of the following data block
(the size does not include the block checksum if present).

Block Size shall never be larger than Block Maximum Size.
Such a thing could happen for incompressible source data. 
In such case, such a data block shall be passed in uncompressed format.

__Data__

Where the actual data to decode stands.
It might be compressed or not, depending on previous field indications.
Uncompressed size of Data can be any size, up to “block maximum size”.
Note that data block is not necessarily full : 
an arbitrary “flush” may happen anytime. Any block can be “partially filled”.

__Block checksum__

Only present if the associated flag is set.
This is a 4-bytes checksum value, in little endian format,
calculated by using the xxHash-32 algorithm on the raw (undecoded) data block,
and a seed of zero.
The intention is to detect data corruption (storage or transmission errors) 
before decoding.

Block checksum is cumulative with Content checksum.


Skippable Frames
----------------

| Magic Number | Frame Size | User Data |
|:------------:|:----------:| --------- |
|   4 bytes    |  4 bytes   |           | 

Skippable frames allow the integration of user-defined data
into a flow of concatenated frames.
Its design is pretty straightforward,
with the sole objective to allow the decoder to quickly skip 
over user-defined data and continue decoding.

For the purpose of facilitating identification,
it is discouraged to start a flow of concatenated frames with a skippable frame.
If there is a need to start such a flow with some user data
encapsulated into a skippable frame,
it’s recommended to start with a zero-byte LZ4 frame
followed by a skippable frame.
This will make it easier for file type identifiers.

 
__Magic Number__

4 Bytes, Little endian format.
Value : 0x184D2A5X, which means any value from 0x184D2A50 to 0x184D2A5F.
All 16 values are valid to identify a skippable frame.

__Frame Size__ 

This is the size, in bytes, of the following User Data
(without including the magic number nor the size field itself).
4 Bytes, Little endian format, unsigned 32-bits.
This means User Data can’t be bigger than (2^32-1) Bytes.

__User Data__

User Data can be anything. Data will just be skipped by the decoder.


Legacy frame
------------

The Legacy frame format was defined into the initial versions of “LZ4Demo”.
Newer compressors should not use this format anymore, as it is too restrictive.

Main characteristics of the legacy format :

- Fixed block size : 8 MB.
- All blocks must be completely filled, except the last one.
- All blocks are always compressed, even when compression is detrimental.
- The last block is detected either because 
  it is followed by the “EOF” (End of File) mark,
  or because it is followed by a known Frame Magic Number.
- No checksum
- Convention is Little endian

| MagicNb | B.CSize | CData | B.CSize | CData |  (...)  | EndMark |
| ------- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ------- |
| 4 bytes | 4 bytes | CSize | 4 bytes | CSize | x times |   EOF   |


__Magic Number__

4 Bytes, Little endian format.
Value : 0x184C2102

__Block Compressed Size__

This is the size, in bytes, of the following compressed data block.
4 Bytes, Little endian format.

__Data__

Where the actual compressed data stands.
Data is always compressed, even when compression is detrimental.

__EndMark__

End of compressed stream is implicit.
It needs to be followed by a standard EOF (End Of File) signal,
wether it is a file or a stream.

Alternatively, if the frame is followed by a valid Frame Magic Number,
it is considered completed.
It makes legacy frames compatible with frame concatenation.

Any other value will be interpreted as a block size,
and trigger an error if it does not fit within acceptable range.


Version changes
---------------

1.5.1 : changed format to MarkDown compatible

1.5 : removed Dictionary ID from specification

1.4.1 : changed wording from “stream” to “frame”

1.4 : added skippable streams, re-added stream checksum

1.3 : modified header checksum

1.2 : reduced choice of “block size”, to postpone decision on “dynamic size of BlockSize Field”.

1.1 : optional fields are now part of the descriptor

1.0 : changed “block size” specification, adding a compressed/uncompressed flag

0.9 : reduced scale of “block maximum size” table

0.8 : removed : high compression flag

0.7 : removed : stream checksum

0.6 : settled : stream size uses 8 bytes, endian convention is little endian

0.5: added copyright notice

0.4 : changed format to Google Doc compatible OpenDocument