VulkanMemoryAllocator/src/VulkanSample.cpp

//
// Copyright (c) 2017-2019 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
//

#ifdef _WIN32

#include "SparseBindingTest.h"
#include "Tests.h"
#include "VmaUsage.h"
#include "Common.h"

static const char* const SHADER_PATH1 = "./";
static const char* const SHADER_PATH2 = "../bin/";
static const wchar_t* const WINDOW_CLASS_NAME = L"VULKAN_MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_SAMPLE";
static const char* const VALIDATION_LAYER_NAME = "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation";
static const char* const APP_TITLE_A =     "Vulkan Memory Allocator Sample 2.2.0";
static const wchar_t* const APP_TITLE_W = L"Vulkan Memory Allocator Sample 2.2.0";

static const bool VSYNC = true;
static const uint32_t COMMAND_BUFFER_COUNT = 2;
static void* const CUSTOM_CPU_ALLOCATION_CALLBACK_USER_DATA = (void*)(intptr_t)43564544;
static const bool USE_CUSTOM_CPU_ALLOCATION_CALLBACKS = false;

VkPhysicalDevice g_hPhysicalDevice;
VkDevice g_hDevice;
VmaAllocator g_hAllocator;
bool g_MemoryAliasingWarningEnabled = true;

static bool g_EnableValidationLayer = true;
static bool VK_KHR_get_memory_requirements2_enabled = false;
static bool VK_KHR_dedicated_allocation_enabled = false;
bool g_SparseBindingEnabled = false;

static HINSTANCE g_hAppInstance;
static HWND g_hWnd;
static LONG g_SizeX = 1280, g_SizeY = 720;
static VkInstance g_hVulkanInstance;
static VkSurfaceKHR g_hSurface;
static VkQueue g_hPresentQueue;
static VkSurfaceFormatKHR g_SurfaceFormat;
static VkExtent2D g_Extent;
static VkSwapchainKHR g_hSwapchain;
static std::vector<VkImage> g_SwapchainImages;
static std::vector<VkImageView> g_SwapchainImageViews;
static std::vector<VkFramebuffer> g_Framebuffers;
static VkCommandPool g_hCommandPool;
static VkCommandBuffer g_MainCommandBuffers[COMMAND_BUFFER_COUNT];
static VkFence g_MainCommandBufferExecutedFances[COMMAND_BUFFER_COUNT];
VkFence g_ImmediateFence;
static uint32_t g_NextCommandBufferIndex;
static VkSemaphore g_hImageAvailableSemaphore;
static VkSemaphore g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore;
static uint32_t g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex = UINT_MAX;
static uint32_t g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex = UINT_MAX;
static uint32_t g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex = UINT_MAX;
static VkDescriptorSetLayout g_hDescriptorSetLayout;
static VkDescriptorPool g_hDescriptorPool;
static VkDescriptorSet g_hDescriptorSet; // Automatically destroyed with m_DescriptorPool.
static VkSampler g_hSampler;
static VkFormat g_DepthFormat;
static VkImage g_hDepthImage;
static VmaAllocation g_hDepthImageAlloc;
static VkImageView g_hDepthImageView;

static VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR g_SurfaceCapabilities;
static std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> g_SurfaceFormats;
static std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> g_PresentModes;

static PFN_vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT g_pvkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT;
static PFN_vkDebugReportMessageEXT g_pvkDebugReportMessageEXT;
static PFN_vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT g_pvkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT;
static VkDebugReportCallbackEXT g_hCallback;

static VkQueue g_hGraphicsQueue;
VkQueue g_hSparseBindingQueue;
VkCommandBuffer g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer;

static VkPipelineLayout g_hPipelineLayout;
static VkRenderPass g_hRenderPass;
static VkPipeline g_hPipeline;

static VkBuffer g_hVertexBuffer;
static VmaAllocation g_hVertexBufferAlloc;
static VkBuffer g_hIndexBuffer;
static VmaAllocation g_hIndexBufferAlloc;
static uint32_t g_VertexCount;
static uint32_t g_IndexCount;

static VkImage g_hTextureImage;
static VmaAllocation g_hTextureImageAlloc;
static VkImageView g_hTextureImageView;

static void* CustomCpuAllocation(
    void* pUserData, size_t size, size_t alignment,
    VkSystemAllocationScope allocationScope)
{
    assert(pUserData == CUSTOM_CPU_ALLOCATION_CALLBACK_USER_DATA);
    return _aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
}

static void* CustomCpuReallocation(
    void* pUserData, void* pOriginal, size_t size, size_t alignment,
    VkSystemAllocationScope allocationScope)
{
    assert(pUserData == CUSTOM_CPU_ALLOCATION_CALLBACK_USER_DATA);
    return _aligned_realloc(pOriginal, size, alignment);
}

static void CustomCpuFree(void* pUserData, void* pMemory)
{
    assert(pUserData == CUSTOM_CPU_ALLOCATION_CALLBACK_USER_DATA);
    _aligned_free(pMemory);
}

void BeginSingleTimeCommands()
{
    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufBeginInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO };
    cmdBufBeginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkBeginCommandBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, &cmdBufBeginInfo) );
}

void EndSingleTimeCommands()
{
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkEndCommandBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer) );

    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO };
    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer;

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkQueueSubmit(g_hGraphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE) );
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkQueueWaitIdle(g_hGraphicsQueue) );
}

void LoadShader(std::vector<char>& out, const char* fileName)
{
    std::ifstream file(std::string(SHADER_PATH1) + fileName, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
    if(file.is_open() == false)
        file.open(std::string(SHADER_PATH2) + fileName, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
    assert(file.is_open());
    size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
    if(fileSize > 0)
    {
        out.resize(fileSize);
        file.seekg(0);
        file.read(out.data(), fileSize);
        file.close();
    }
    else
        out.clear();
}

VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL MyDebugReportCallback(
    VkDebugReportFlagsEXT flags,
    VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT objectType,
    uint64_t object,
    size_t location,
    int32_t messageCode,
    const char* pLayerPrefix,
    const char* pMessage,
    void* pUserData)
{
    // "Non-linear image 0xebc91 is aliased with linear buffer 0xeb8e4 which may indicate a bug."
    if(!g_MemoryAliasingWarningEnabled && flags == VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT &&
        (strstr(pMessage, " is aliased with non-linear ") || strstr(pMessage, " is aliased with linear ")))
    {
        return VK_FALSE;
    }

    // Ignoring because when VK_KHR_dedicated_allocation extension is enabled,
    // vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements2KHR function is used instead, while Validation
    // Layer seems to be unaware of it.
    if (strstr(pMessage, "but vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements() has not been called on that buffer") != nullptr)
    {
        return VK_FALSE;
    }
    if (strstr(pMessage, "but vkGetImageMemoryRequirements() has not been called on that image") != nullptr)
    {
        return VK_FALSE;
    }

    /*
    "Mapping an image with layout VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL can result in undefined behavior if this memory is used by the device. Only GENERAL or PREINITIALIZED should be used."
    Ignoring because we map entire VkDeviceMemory blocks, where different types of
    images and buffers may end up together, especially on GPUs with unified memory
    like Intel.
    */
    if(strstr(pMessage, "Mapping an image with layout") != nullptr &&
        strstr(pMessage, "can result in undefined behavior if this memory is used by the device") != nullptr)
    {
        return VK_FALSE;
    }
    
    switch(flags)
    {
    case VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT:
        SetConsoleColor(CONSOLE_COLOR::WARNING);
        break;
    case VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT:
        SetConsoleColor(CONSOLE_COLOR::ERROR_);
        break;
    default:
        SetConsoleColor(CONSOLE_COLOR::INFO);
    }

    printf("%s \xBA %s\n", pLayerPrefix, pMessage);

    SetConsoleColor(CONSOLE_COLOR::NORMAL);

    if(flags == VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT ||
        flags == VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT)
    {
        OutputDebugStringA(pMessage);
        OutputDebugStringA("\n");
    }

    return VK_FALSE;
}

static VkSurfaceFormatKHR ChooseSurfaceFormat()
{
    assert(!g_SurfaceFormats.empty());

    if((g_SurfaceFormats.size() == 1) && (g_SurfaceFormats[0].format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED))
    {
        VkSurfaceFormatKHR result = { VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR };
        return result;
    }
    
    for(const auto& format : g_SurfaceFormats)
    {
        if((format.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM) &&
            (format.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR))
        {
            return format;
        }
    }

    return g_SurfaceFormats[0];
}

VkPresentModeKHR ChooseSwapPresentMode()
{
    VkPresentModeKHR preferredMode = VSYNC ? VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR : VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR;
    
    if(std::find(g_PresentModes.begin(), g_PresentModes.end(), preferredMode) !=
        g_PresentModes.end())
    {
        return preferredMode;
    }

    return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
}

static VkExtent2D ChooseSwapExtent()
{
    if(g_SurfaceCapabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT_MAX)
        return g_SurfaceCapabilities.currentExtent;

    VkExtent2D result = {
        std::max(g_SurfaceCapabilities.minImageExtent.width,
            std::min(g_SurfaceCapabilities.maxImageExtent.width, (uint32_t)g_SizeX)),
        std::max(g_SurfaceCapabilities.minImageExtent.height,
            std::min(g_SurfaceCapabilities.maxImageExtent.height, (uint32_t)g_SizeY)) };
    return result;
}

struct Vertex
{
    float pos[3];
    float color[3];
    float texCoord[2];
};

static void CreateMesh()
{
    assert(g_hAllocator);

    static Vertex vertices[] = {
        // -X
        { { -1.f, -1.f, -1.f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.f, 0.f} },
        { { -1.f, -1.f,  1.f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {1.f, 0.f} },
        { { -1.f,  1.f, -1.f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.f, 1.f} },
        { { -1.f,  1.f,  1.f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {1.f, 1.f} },
        // +X
        { { 1.f, -1.f,  1.f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.f, 0.f} },
        { { 1.f, -1.f, -1.f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.f, 0.f} },
        { { 1.f,  1.f,  1.f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.f, 1.f} },
        { { 1.f,  1.f, -1.f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.f, 1.f} },
        // -Z
        { { 1.f, -1.f, -1.f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.f, 0.f} },
        { {-1.f, -1.f, -1.f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.f, 0.f} },
        { { 1.f,  1.f, -1.f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.f, 1.f} },
        { {-1.f,  1.f, -1.f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.f, 1.f} },
        // +Z
        { {-1.f, -1.f,  1.f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.f, 0.f} },
        { { 1.f, -1.f,  1.f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.f, 0.f} },
        { {-1.f,  1.f,  1.f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.f, 1.f} },
        { { 1.f,  1.f,  1.f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.f, 1.f} },
        // -Y
        { {-1.f, -1.f, -1.f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.f, 0.f} },
        { { 1.f, -1.f, -1.f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {1.f, 0.f} },
        { {-1.f, -1.f,  1.f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.f, 1.f} },
        { { 1.f, -1.f,  1.f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {1.f, 1.f} },
        // +Y
        { { 1.f,  1.f, -1.f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.f, 0.f} },
        { {-1.f,  1.f, -1.f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.f, 0.f} },
        { { 1.f,  1.f,  1.f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.f, 1.f} },
        { {-1.f,  1.f,  1.f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.f, 1.f} },
    };
    static uint16_t indices[] = {
         0,  1,  2,  3, USHRT_MAX,
         4,  5,  6,  7, USHRT_MAX,
         8,  9, 10, 11, USHRT_MAX,
        12, 13, 14, 15, USHRT_MAX,
        16, 17, 18, 19, USHRT_MAX,
        20, 21, 22, 23, USHRT_MAX,
    };

    size_t vertexBufferSize = sizeof(Vertex) * _countof(vertices);
    size_t indexBufferSize = sizeof(uint16_t) * _countof(indices);
    g_IndexCount = (uint32_t)_countof(indices);

    // Create vertex buffer

    VkBufferCreateInfo vbInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    vbInfo.size = vertexBufferSize;
    vbInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
    vbInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo vbAllocCreateInfo = {};
    vbAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
    vbAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

    VkBuffer stagingVertexBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation stagingVertexBufferAlloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocationInfo stagingVertexBufferAllocInfo = {};
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &vbInfo, &vbAllocCreateInfo, &stagingVertexBuffer, &stagingVertexBufferAlloc, &stagingVertexBufferAllocInfo) );

    memcpy(stagingVertexBufferAllocInfo.pMappedData, vertices, vertexBufferSize);

    // No need to flush stagingVertexBuffer memory because CPU_ONLY memory is always HOST_COHERENT.

    vbInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
    vbAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
    vbAllocCreateInfo.flags = 0;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &vbInfo, &vbAllocCreateInfo, &g_hVertexBuffer, &g_hVertexBufferAlloc, nullptr) );

    // Create index buffer

    VkBufferCreateInfo ibInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    ibInfo.size = indexBufferSize;
    ibInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
    ibInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
    
    VmaAllocationCreateInfo ibAllocCreateInfo = {};
    ibAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
    ibAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
    
    VkBuffer stagingIndexBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation stagingIndexBufferAlloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocationInfo stagingIndexBufferAllocInfo = {};
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &ibInfo, &ibAllocCreateInfo, &stagingIndexBuffer, &stagingIndexBufferAlloc, &stagingIndexBufferAllocInfo) );

    memcpy(stagingIndexBufferAllocInfo.pMappedData, indices, indexBufferSize);

    // No need to flush stagingIndexBuffer memory because CPU_ONLY memory is always HOST_COHERENT.

    ibInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT;
    ibAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
    ibAllocCreateInfo.flags = 0;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &ibInfo, &ibAllocCreateInfo, &g_hIndexBuffer, &g_hIndexBufferAlloc, nullptr) );

    // Copy buffers

    BeginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkBufferCopy vbCopyRegion = {};
    vbCopyRegion.srcOffset = 0;
    vbCopyRegion.dstOffset = 0;
    vbCopyRegion.size = vbInfo.size;
    vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, stagingVertexBuffer, g_hVertexBuffer, 1, &vbCopyRegion);

    VkBufferCopy ibCopyRegion = {};
    ibCopyRegion.srcOffset = 0;
    ibCopyRegion.dstOffset = 0;
    ibCopyRegion.size = ibInfo.size;
    vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, stagingIndexBuffer, g_hIndexBuffer, 1, &ibCopyRegion);

    EndSingleTimeCommands();

    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, stagingIndexBuffer, stagingIndexBufferAlloc);
    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, stagingVertexBuffer, stagingVertexBufferAlloc);
}

static void CreateTexture(uint32_t sizeX, uint32_t sizeY)
{
    // Create staging buffer.

    const VkDeviceSize imageSize = sizeX * sizeY * 4;

    VkBufferCreateInfo stagingBufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    stagingBufInfo.size = imageSize;
    stagingBufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo stagingBufAllocCreateInfo = {};
    stagingBufAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
    stagingBufAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
    
    VkBuffer stagingBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation stagingBufAlloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocationInfo stagingBufAllocInfo = {};
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &stagingBufInfo, &stagingBufAllocCreateInfo, &stagingBuf, &stagingBufAlloc, &stagingBufAllocInfo) );

    char* const pImageData = (char*)stagingBufAllocInfo.pMappedData;
    uint8_t* pRowData = (uint8_t*)pImageData;
    for(uint32_t y = 0; y < sizeY; ++y)
    {
        uint32_t* pPixelData = (uint32_t*)pRowData;
        for(uint32_t x = 0; x < sizeY; ++x)
        {
            *pPixelData =
                ((x & 0x18) == 0x08 ? 0x000000FF : 0x00000000) |
                ((x & 0x18) == 0x10 ? 0x0000FFFF : 0x00000000) |
                ((y & 0x18) == 0x08 ? 0x0000FF00 : 0x00000000) |
                ((y & 0x18) == 0x10 ? 0x00FF0000 : 0x00000000);
            ++pPixelData;
        }
        pRowData += sizeX * 4;
    }

    // No need to flush stagingImage memory because CPU_ONLY memory is always HOST_COHERENT.

    // Create g_hTextureImage in GPU memory.

    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imageInfo.extent.width = sizeX;
    imageInfo.extent.height = sizeY;
    imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
    imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
    imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
    imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    imageInfo.flags = 0;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo imageAllocCreateInfo = {};
    imageAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
    
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &imageAllocCreateInfo, &g_hTextureImage, &g_hTextureImageAlloc, nullptr) );

    // Transition image layouts, copy image.

    BeginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkImageMemoryBarrier imgMemBarrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER };
    imgMemBarrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    imgMemBarrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    imgMemBarrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    imgMemBarrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
    imgMemBarrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
    imgMemBarrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    imgMemBarrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
    imgMemBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    imgMemBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
    imgMemBarrier.image = g_hTextureImage;
    imgMemBarrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
    imgMemBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
        g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer,
        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
        0,
        0, nullptr,
        0, nullptr,
        1, &imgMemBarrier);

    VkBufferImageCopy region = {};
    region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
    region.imageExtent.width = sizeX;
    region.imageExtent.height = sizeY;
    region.imageExtent.depth = 1;

    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, stagingBuf, g_hTextureImage, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);

    imgMemBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
    imgMemBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
    imgMemBarrier.image = g_hTextureImage;
    imgMemBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
    imgMemBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
        g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer,
        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
        0,
        0, nullptr,
        0, nullptr,
        1, &imgMemBarrier);

    EndSingleTimeCommands();

    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, stagingBuf, stagingBufAlloc);

    // Create ImageView

    VkImageViewCreateInfo textureImageViewInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO };
    textureImageViewInfo.image = g_hTextureImage;
    textureImageViewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
    textureImageViewInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    textureImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    textureImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
    textureImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
    textureImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    textureImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateImageView(g_hDevice, &textureImageViewInfo, nullptr, &g_hTextureImageView) );
}

struct UniformBufferObject
{
    mat4 ModelViewProj;
};

static void RegisterDebugCallbacks()
{
    g_pvkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT =
        reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT>
            (vkGetInstanceProcAddr(g_hVulkanInstance, "vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT"));
    g_pvkDebugReportMessageEXT =
        reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkDebugReportMessageEXT>
            (vkGetInstanceProcAddr(g_hVulkanInstance, "vkDebugReportMessageEXT"));
    g_pvkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT =
        reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT>
            (vkGetInstanceProcAddr(g_hVulkanInstance, "vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT"));
    assert(g_pvkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT);
    assert(g_pvkDebugReportMessageEXT);
    assert(g_pvkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT);

    VkDebugReportCallbackCreateInfoEXT callbackCreateInfo;
    callbackCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_REPORT_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
    callbackCreateInfo.pNext = nullptr;
    callbackCreateInfo.flags = //VK_DEBUG_REPORT_INFORMATION_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_REPORT_PERFORMANCE_WARNING_BIT_EXT /*|
        VK_DEBUG_REPORT_DEBUG_BIT_EXT*/;
    callbackCreateInfo.pfnCallback = &MyDebugReportCallback;
    callbackCreateInfo.pUserData   = nullptr;

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( g_pvkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT(g_hVulkanInstance, &callbackCreateInfo, nullptr, &g_hCallback) );
}

static bool IsLayerSupported(const VkLayerProperties* pProps, size_t propCount, const char* pLayerName)
{
    const VkLayerProperties* propsEnd = pProps + propCount;
    return std::find_if(
        pProps,
        propsEnd,
        [pLayerName](const VkLayerProperties& prop) -> bool {
            return strcmp(pLayerName, prop.layerName) == 0;
        }) != propsEnd;
}

static VkFormat FindSupportedFormat(
    const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates,
    VkImageTiling tiling,
    VkFormatFeatureFlags features)
{
    for (VkFormat format : candidates)
    {
        VkFormatProperties props;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(g_hPhysicalDevice, format, &props);
        
        if ((tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR) &&
            ((props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features))
        {
            return format;
        }
        else if ((tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL) &&
            ((props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features))
        {
            return format;
        }
    }
    return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}

static VkFormat FindDepthFormat()
{
    std::vector<VkFormat> formats;
    formats.push_back(VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT);
    formats.push_back(VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT);
    formats.push_back(VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT);

    return FindSupportedFormat(
        formats,
        VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
        VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT);
}

static void CreateSwapchain()
{
    // Query surface formats.

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(g_hPhysicalDevice, g_hSurface, &g_SurfaceCapabilities) );
    
    uint32_t formatCount = 0;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(g_hPhysicalDevice, g_hSurface, &formatCount, nullptr) );
    g_SurfaceFormats.resize(formatCount);
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(g_hPhysicalDevice, g_hSurface, &formatCount, g_SurfaceFormats.data()) );

    uint32_t presentModeCount = 0;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(g_hPhysicalDevice, g_hSurface, &presentModeCount, nullptr) );
    g_PresentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(g_hPhysicalDevice, g_hSurface, &presentModeCount, g_PresentModes.data()) );

    // Create swap chain

    g_SurfaceFormat = ChooseSurfaceFormat();
    VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = ChooseSwapPresentMode();
    g_Extent = ChooseSwapExtent();

    uint32_t imageCount = g_SurfaceCapabilities.minImageCount + 1;
    if((g_SurfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount > 0) &&
        (imageCount > g_SurfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount))
    {
        imageCount = g_SurfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount;
    }

    VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR swapChainInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
    swapChainInfo.surface = g_hSurface;
    swapChainInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
    swapChainInfo.imageFormat = g_SurfaceFormat.format;
    swapChainInfo.imageColorSpace = g_SurfaceFormat.colorSpace;
    swapChainInfo.imageExtent = g_Extent;
    swapChainInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
    swapChainInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
    swapChainInfo.preTransform = g_SurfaceCapabilities.currentTransform;
    swapChainInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
    swapChainInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
    swapChainInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
    swapChainInfo.oldSwapchain = g_hSwapchain;

    uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex, g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex };
    if(g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex != g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex)
    {
        swapChainInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
        swapChainInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
        swapChainInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
    }
    else
    {
        swapChainInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
    }

    VkSwapchainKHR hNewSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateSwapchainKHR(g_hDevice, &swapChainInfo, nullptr, &hNewSwapchain) );
    if(g_hSwapchain != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
        vkDestroySwapchainKHR(g_hDevice, g_hSwapchain, nullptr);
    g_hSwapchain = hNewSwapchain;

    // Retrieve swapchain images.

    uint32_t swapchainImageCount = 0;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(g_hDevice, g_hSwapchain, &swapchainImageCount, nullptr) );
    g_SwapchainImages.resize(swapchainImageCount);
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(g_hDevice, g_hSwapchain, &swapchainImageCount, g_SwapchainImages.data()) );

    // Create swapchain image views.

    for(size_t i = g_SwapchainImageViews.size(); i--; )
        vkDestroyImageView(g_hDevice, g_SwapchainImageViews[i], nullptr);
    g_SwapchainImageViews.clear();

    VkImageViewCreateInfo swapchainImageViewInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO };
    g_SwapchainImageViews.resize(swapchainImageCount);
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i)
    {
        swapchainImageViewInfo.image = g_SwapchainImages[i];
        swapchainImageViewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.format = g_SurfaceFormat.format;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        swapchainImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateImageView(g_hDevice, &swapchainImageViewInfo, nullptr, &g_SwapchainImageViews[i]) );
    }

    // Create depth buffer

    g_DepthFormat = FindDepthFormat();
    assert(g_DepthFormat != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED);

    VkImageCreateInfo depthImageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    depthImageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    depthImageInfo.extent.width = g_Extent.width;
    depthImageInfo.extent.height = g_Extent.height;
    depthImageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    depthImageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    depthImageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    depthImageInfo.format = g_DepthFormat;
    depthImageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
    depthImageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    depthImageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
    depthImageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
    depthImageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    depthImageInfo.flags = 0;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo depthImageAllocCreateInfo = {};
    depthImageAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &depthImageInfo, &depthImageAllocCreateInfo, &g_hDepthImage, &g_hDepthImageAlloc, nullptr) );

    VkImageViewCreateInfo depthImageViewInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO };
    depthImageViewInfo.image = g_hDepthImage;
    depthImageViewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
    depthImageViewInfo.format = g_DepthFormat;
    depthImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
    depthImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
    depthImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
    depthImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    depthImageViewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateImageView(g_hDevice, &depthImageViewInfo, nullptr, &g_hDepthImageView) );

    // Create pipeline layout
    {
        if(g_hPipelineLayout != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
        {
            vkDestroyPipelineLayout(g_hDevice, g_hPipelineLayout, nullptr);
            g_hPipelineLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        }

        VkPushConstantRange pushConstantRanges[1];
        ZeroMemory(&pushConstantRanges, sizeof pushConstantRanges);
        pushConstantRanges[0].offset = 0;
        pushConstantRanges[0].size = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
        pushConstantRanges[0].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

        VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayouts[] = { g_hDescriptorSetLayout };
        VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO };
        pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = descriptorSetLayouts;
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 1;
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = pushConstantRanges;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreatePipelineLayout(g_hDevice, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &g_hPipelineLayout) );
    }

    // Create render pass
    {
        if(g_hRenderPass != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
        {
            vkDestroyRenderPass(g_hDevice, g_hRenderPass, nullptr);
            g_hRenderPass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        }

        VkAttachmentDescription attachments[2];
        ZeroMemory(attachments, sizeof(attachments));

        attachments[0].format = g_SurfaceFormat.format;
        attachments[0].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
        attachments[0].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
        attachments[0].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
        attachments[0].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
        attachments[0].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
        attachments[0].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
        attachments[0].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

        attachments[1].format = g_DepthFormat;
        attachments[1].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
        attachments[1].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
        attachments[1].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
        attachments[1].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
        attachments[1].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
        attachments[1].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
        attachments[1].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

        VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
        colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
        colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        
        VkAttachmentReference depthStencilAttachmentRef = {};
        depthStencilAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
        depthStencilAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        
        VkSubpassDescription subpassDesc = {};
        subpassDesc.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
        subpassDesc.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
        subpassDesc.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
        subpassDesc.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthStencilAttachmentRef;

        VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO };
        renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = (uint32_t)_countof(attachments);
        renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
        renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
        renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpassDesc;
        renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 0;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateRenderPass(g_hDevice, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &g_hRenderPass) );
    }

    // Create pipeline
    {
        std::vector<char> vertShaderCode;
        LoadShader(vertShaderCode, "Shader.vert.spv");
        VkShaderModuleCreateInfo shaderModuleInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO };
        shaderModuleInfo.codeSize = vertShaderCode.size();
        shaderModuleInfo.pCode = (const uint32_t*)vertShaderCode.data();
        VkShaderModule hVertShaderModule = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateShaderModule(g_hDevice, &shaderModuleInfo, nullptr, &hVertShaderModule) );

        std::vector<char> hFragShaderCode;
        LoadShader(hFragShaderCode, "Shader.frag.spv");
        shaderModuleInfo.codeSize = hFragShaderCode.size();
        shaderModuleInfo.pCode = (const uint32_t*)hFragShaderCode.data();
        VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateShaderModule(g_hDevice, &shaderModuleInfo, nullptr, &fragShaderModule) );

        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertPipelineShaderStageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO };
        vertPipelineShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
        vertPipelineShaderStageInfo.module = hVertShaderModule;
        vertPipelineShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragPipelineShaderStageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO };
        fragPipelineShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
        fragPipelineShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
        fragPipelineShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo pipelineShaderStageInfos[] = {
            vertPipelineShaderStageInfo,
            fragPipelineShaderStageInfo
        };

        VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
        bindingDescription.binding = 0;
        bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
        bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

        VkVertexInputAttributeDescription attributeDescriptions[3];
        ZeroMemory(attributeDescriptions, sizeof(attributeDescriptions));

        attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);
        
        attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
        attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

        attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
        attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo pipelineVertexInputStateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
        pipelineVertexInputStateInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
        pipelineVertexInputStateInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
        pipelineVertexInputStateInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = _countof(attributeDescriptions);
        pipelineVertexInputStateInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions;

        VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo pipelineInputAssemblyStateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
        pipelineInputAssemblyStateInfo.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_STRIP;
        pipelineInputAssemblyStateInfo.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_TRUE;

        VkViewport viewport = {};
        viewport.x = 0.f;
        viewport.y = 0.f;
        viewport.width = (float)g_Extent.width;
        viewport.height = (float)g_Extent.height;
        viewport.minDepth = 0.f;
        viewport.maxDepth = 1.f;

        VkRect2D scissor = {};
        scissor.offset.x = 0;
        scissor.offset.y = 0;
        scissor.extent = g_Extent;

        VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo pipelineViewportStateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
        pipelineViewportStateInfo.viewportCount = 1;
        pipelineViewportStateInfo.pViewports = &viewport;
        pipelineViewportStateInfo.scissorCount = 1;
        pipelineViewportStateInfo.pScissors = &scissor;

        VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo pipelineRasterizationStateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.lineWidth = 1.f;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.f;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.depthBiasClamp = 0.f;
        pipelineRasterizationStateInfo.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.f;

        VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo pipelineMultisampleStateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
        pipelineMultisampleStateInfo.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
        pipelineMultisampleStateInfo.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
        pipelineMultisampleStateInfo.minSampleShading = 1.f;
        pipelineMultisampleStateInfo.pSampleMask = nullptr;
        pipelineMultisampleStateInfo.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE;
        pipelineMultisampleStateInfo.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE;

        VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState = {};
        pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.colorWriteMask =
            VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
            VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
            VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
            VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
        pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
        pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
        pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
        pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
        pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
        pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
        pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional

        VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo pipelineColorBlendStateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
        pipelineColorBlendStateInfo.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
        pipelineColorBlendStateInfo.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
        pipelineColorBlendStateInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
        pipelineColorBlendStateInfo.pAttachments = &pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState;

        VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilStateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
        depthStencilStateInfo.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
        depthStencilStateInfo.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
        depthStencilStateInfo.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
        depthStencilStateInfo.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
        depthStencilStateInfo.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;

        VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO };
        pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
        pipelineInfo.pStages = pipelineShaderStageInfos;
        pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &pipelineVertexInputStateInfo;
        pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &pipelineInputAssemblyStateInfo;
        pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &pipelineViewportStateInfo;
        pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &pipelineRasterizationStateInfo;
        pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &pipelineMultisampleStateInfo;
        pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilStateInfo;
        pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &pipelineColorBlendStateInfo;
        pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = nullptr;
        pipelineInfo.layout = g_hPipelineLayout;
        pipelineInfo.renderPass = g_hRenderPass;
        pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
        pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(
            g_hDevice,
            VK_NULL_HANDLE,
            1,
            &pipelineInfo, nullptr,
            &g_hPipeline) );

        vkDestroyShaderModule(g_hDevice, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
        vkDestroyShaderModule(g_hDevice, hVertShaderModule, nullptr);
    }

    // Create frambuffers

    for(size_t i = g_Framebuffers.size(); i--; )
        vkDestroyFramebuffer(g_hDevice, g_Framebuffers[i], nullptr);
    g_Framebuffers.clear();

    g_Framebuffers.resize(g_SwapchainImageViews.size());
    for(size_t i = 0; i < g_SwapchainImages.size(); ++i)
    {
        VkImageView attachments[] = { g_SwapchainImageViews[i], g_hDepthImageView };

        VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        framebufferInfo.renderPass = g_hRenderPass;
        framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = (uint32_t)_countof(attachments);
        framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
        framebufferInfo.width = g_Extent.width;
        framebufferInfo.height = g_Extent.height;
        framebufferInfo.layers = 1;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateFramebuffer(g_hDevice, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &g_Framebuffers[i]) );
    }

    // Create semaphores

    if(g_hImageAvailableSemaphore != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroySemaphore(g_hDevice, g_hImageAvailableSemaphore, nullptr);
        g_hImageAvailableSemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    if(g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroySemaphore(g_hDevice, g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore, nullptr);
        g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO };
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateSemaphore(g_hDevice, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &g_hImageAvailableSemaphore) );
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateSemaphore(g_hDevice, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore) );
}

static void DestroySwapchain(bool destroyActualSwapchain)
{
    if(g_hImageAvailableSemaphore != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroySemaphore(g_hDevice, g_hImageAvailableSemaphore, nullptr);
        g_hImageAvailableSemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    if(g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroySemaphore(g_hDevice, g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore, nullptr);
        g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    for(size_t i = g_Framebuffers.size(); i--; )
        vkDestroyFramebuffer(g_hDevice, g_Framebuffers[i], nullptr);
    g_Framebuffers.clear();

    if(g_hDepthImageView != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyImageView(g_hDevice, g_hDepthImageView, nullptr);
        g_hDepthImageView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    if(g_hDepthImage != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, g_hDepthImage, g_hDepthImageAlloc);
        g_hDepthImage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hPipeline != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyPipeline(g_hDevice, g_hPipeline, nullptr);
        g_hPipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hRenderPass != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyRenderPass(g_hDevice, g_hRenderPass, nullptr);
        g_hRenderPass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hPipelineLayout != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyPipelineLayout(g_hDevice, g_hPipelineLayout, nullptr);
        g_hPipelineLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    
    for(size_t i = g_SwapchainImageViews.size(); i--; )
        vkDestroyImageView(g_hDevice, g_SwapchainImageViews[i], nullptr);
    g_SwapchainImageViews.clear();

    if(destroyActualSwapchain && (g_hSwapchain != VK_NULL_HANDLE))
    {
        vkDestroySwapchainKHR(g_hDevice, g_hSwapchain, nullptr);
        g_hSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
}

static void InitializeApplication()
{
    uint32_t instanceLayerPropCount = 0;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instanceLayerPropCount, nullptr) );
    std::vector<VkLayerProperties> instanceLayerProps(instanceLayerPropCount);
    if(instanceLayerPropCount > 0)
    {
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instanceLayerPropCount, instanceLayerProps.data()) );
    }

    if(g_EnableValidationLayer == true)
    {
        if(IsLayerSupported(instanceLayerProps.data(), instanceLayerProps.size(), VALIDATION_LAYER_NAME) == false)
        {
            printf("Layer \"%s\" not supported.", VALIDATION_LAYER_NAME);
            g_EnableValidationLayer = false;
        }
    }

    std::vector<const char*> instanceExtensions;
    instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
    instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);

    std::vector<const char*> instanceLayers;
    if(g_EnableValidationLayer == true)
    {
        instanceLayers.push_back(VALIDATION_LAYER_NAME);
        instanceExtensions.push_back("VK_EXT_debug_report");
    }

    VkApplicationInfo appInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO };
    appInfo.pApplicationName = APP_TITLE_A;
    appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.pEngineName = "Adam Sawicki Engine";
    appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

    VkInstanceCreateInfo instInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO };
    instInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;
    instInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(instanceExtensions.size());
    instInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = instanceExtensions.data();
    instInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(instanceLayers.size());
    instInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = instanceLayers.data();

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateInstance(&instInfo, NULL, &g_hVulkanInstance) );

    // Create VkSurfaceKHR.
    VkWin32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR surfaceInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WIN32_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
    surfaceInfo.hinstance = g_hAppInstance;
    surfaceInfo.hwnd = g_hWnd;
    VkResult result = vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR(g_hVulkanInstance, &surfaceInfo, NULL, &g_hSurface);
    assert(result == VK_SUCCESS);

    if(g_EnableValidationLayer == true)
        RegisterDebugCallbacks();

    // Find physical device

    uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(g_hVulkanInstance, &deviceCount, nullptr) );
    assert(deviceCount > 0);

    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> physicalDevices(deviceCount);
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(g_hVulkanInstance, &deviceCount, physicalDevices.data()) );

    g_hPhysicalDevice = physicalDevices[0];

    // Query for features

    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties physicalDeviceProperties = {};
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(g_hPhysicalDevice, &physicalDeviceProperties);

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures physicalDeviceFeatures = {};
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(g_hPhysicalDevice, &physicalDeviceFeatures);

    g_SparseBindingEnabled = physicalDeviceFeatures.sparseBinding != 0;

    // Find queue family index

    uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(g_hPhysicalDevice, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);
    assert(queueFamilyCount > 0);
    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(g_hPhysicalDevice, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());
    for(uint32_t i = 0;
        (i < queueFamilyCount) &&
            (g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT_MAX ||
                g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT_MAX ||
                (g_SparseBindingEnabled && g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex == UINT_MAX));
        ++i)
    {
        if(queueFamilies[i].queueCount > 0)
        {
            const uint32_t flagsForGraphicsQueue = VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT | VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT;
            if((g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex != 0) &&
                ((queueFamilies[i].queueFlags & flagsForGraphicsQueue) == flagsForGraphicsQueue))
            {
                g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
            }

            VkBool32 surfaceSupported = 0;
            VkResult res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(g_hPhysicalDevice, i, g_hSurface, &surfaceSupported);
            if((res >= 0) && (surfaceSupported == VK_TRUE))
            {
                g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
            }

            if(g_SparseBindingEnabled &&
                g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX &&
                (queueFamilies[i].queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_SPARSE_BINDING_BIT) != 0)
            {
                g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex = i;
            }
        }
    }
    assert(g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex != UINT_MAX);

    g_SparseBindingEnabled = g_SparseBindingEnabled && g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex != UINT32_MAX;

    // Create logical device

    const float queuePriority = 1.f;

    VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo[3] = {};
    uint32_t queueCount = 1;
    queueCreateInfo[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
    queueCreateInfo[0].queueFamilyIndex = g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex;
    queueCreateInfo[0].queueCount = 1;
    queueCreateInfo[0].pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
    
    if(g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex != g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex)
    {

        queueCreateInfo[queueCount].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
        queueCreateInfo[queueCount].queueFamilyIndex = g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex;
        queueCreateInfo[queueCount].queueCount = 1;
        queueCreateInfo[queueCount].pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
        ++queueCount;
    }
    
    if(g_SparseBindingEnabled &&
        g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex != g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex &&
        g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex != g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex)
    {

        queueCreateInfo[queueCount].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
        queueCreateInfo[queueCount].queueFamilyIndex = g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex;
        queueCreateInfo[queueCount].queueCount = 1;
        queueCreateInfo[queueCount].pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
        ++queueCount;
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};
    //deviceFeatures.fillModeNonSolid = VK_TRUE;
    deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
    deviceFeatures.sparseBinding = g_SparseBindingEnabled ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;

    // Determine list of device extensions to enable.
    std::vector<const char*> enabledDeviceExtensions;
    enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME);
    {
        uint32_t propertyCount = 0;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(g_hPhysicalDevice, nullptr, &propertyCount, nullptr) );

        if(propertyCount)
        {
            std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> properties{propertyCount};
            ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(g_hPhysicalDevice, nullptr, &propertyCount, properties.data()) );

            for(uint32_t i = 0; i < propertyCount; ++i)
            {
                if(strcmp(properties[i].extensionName, VK_KHR_GET_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2_EXTENSION_NAME) == 0)
                {
                    enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_GET_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2_EXTENSION_NAME);
                    VK_KHR_get_memory_requirements2_enabled = true;
                }
                else if(strcmp(properties[i].extensionName, VK_KHR_DEDICATED_ALLOCATION_EXTENSION_NAME) == 0)
                {
                    enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_DEDICATED_ALLOCATION_EXTENSION_NAME);
                    VK_KHR_dedicated_allocation_enabled = true;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    VkDeviceCreateInfo deviceCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO };
    deviceCreateInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
    deviceCreateInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr;
    deviceCreateInfo.enabledExtensionCount = (uint32_t)enabledDeviceExtensions.size();
    deviceCreateInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = !enabledDeviceExtensions.empty() ? enabledDeviceExtensions.data() : nullptr;
    deviceCreateInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = queueCount;
    deviceCreateInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfo;
    deviceCreateInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateDevice(g_hPhysicalDevice, &deviceCreateInfo, nullptr, &g_hDevice) );

    // Create memory allocator

    VmaAllocatorCreateInfo allocatorInfo = {};
    allocatorInfo.physicalDevice = g_hPhysicalDevice;
    allocatorInfo.device = g_hDevice;

    if(VK_KHR_dedicated_allocation_enabled)
    {
        allocatorInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATOR_CREATE_KHR_DEDICATED_ALLOCATION_BIT;
    }

    VkAllocationCallbacks cpuAllocationCallbacks = {};
    if(USE_CUSTOM_CPU_ALLOCATION_CALLBACKS)
    {
        cpuAllocationCallbacks.pUserData = CUSTOM_CPU_ALLOCATION_CALLBACK_USER_DATA;
        cpuAllocationCallbacks.pfnAllocation = &CustomCpuAllocation;
        cpuAllocationCallbacks.pfnReallocation = &CustomCpuReallocation;
        cpuAllocationCallbacks.pfnFree = &CustomCpuFree;
        allocatorInfo.pAllocationCallbacks = &cpuAllocationCallbacks;
    }

    // Uncomment to enable recording to CSV file.
    /*
    {
        VmaRecordSettings recordSettings = {};
        recordSettings.pFilePath = "VulkanSample.csv";
        allocatorInfo.pRecordSettings = &recordSettings;
    }
    */

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateAllocator(&allocatorInfo, &g_hAllocator) );

    // Retrieve queues (don't need to be destroyed).

    vkGetDeviceQueue(g_hDevice, g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex, 0, &g_hGraphicsQueue);
    vkGetDeviceQueue(g_hDevice, g_PresentQueueFamilyIndex, 0, &g_hPresentQueue);
    assert(g_hGraphicsQueue);
    assert(g_hPresentQueue);

    if(g_SparseBindingEnabled)
    {
        vkGetDeviceQueue(g_hDevice, g_SparseBindingQueueFamilyIndex, 0, &g_hSparseBindingQueue);
        assert(g_hSparseBindingQueue);
    }

    // Create command pool

    VkCommandPoolCreateInfo commandPoolInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO };
    commandPoolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = g_GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex;
    commandPoolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateCommandPool(g_hDevice, &commandPoolInfo, nullptr, &g_hCommandPool) );

    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo commandBufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO };
    commandBufferInfo.commandPool = g_hCommandPool;
    commandBufferInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    commandBufferInfo.commandBufferCount = COMMAND_BUFFER_COUNT;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkAllocateCommandBuffers(g_hDevice, &commandBufferInfo, g_MainCommandBuffers) );

    VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO };
    fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;
    for(size_t i = 0; i < COMMAND_BUFFER_COUNT; ++i)
    {
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateFence(g_hDevice, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &g_MainCommandBufferExecutedFances[i]) );
    }

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateFence(g_hDevice, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &g_ImmediateFence) );

    commandBufferInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkAllocateCommandBuffers(g_hDevice, &commandBufferInfo, &g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer) );

    // Create texture sampler

    VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO };
    samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
    samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
    samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
    samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16;
    samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
    samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
    samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
    samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
    samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
    samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.f;
    samplerInfo.minLod = 0.f;
    samplerInfo.maxLod = FLT_MAX;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateSampler(g_hDevice, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &g_hSampler) );

    CreateTexture(128, 128);
    CreateMesh();

    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding = {};
    samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
    samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
    samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
    samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

    VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorSetLayoutInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO };
    descriptorSetLayoutInfo.bindingCount = 1;
    descriptorSetLayoutInfo.pBindings = &samplerLayoutBinding;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(g_hDevice, &descriptorSetLayoutInfo, nullptr, &g_hDescriptorSetLayout) );

    // Create descriptor pool

    VkDescriptorPoolSize descriptorPoolSizes[2];
    ZeroMemory(descriptorPoolSizes, sizeof(descriptorPoolSizes));
    descriptorPoolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    descriptorPoolSizes[0].descriptorCount = 1;
    descriptorPoolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
    descriptorPoolSizes[1].descriptorCount = 1;

    VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO };
    descriptorPoolInfo.poolSizeCount = (uint32_t)_countof(descriptorPoolSizes);
    descriptorPoolInfo.pPoolSizes = descriptorPoolSizes;
    descriptorPoolInfo.maxSets = 1;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkCreateDescriptorPool(g_hDevice, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &g_hDescriptorPool) );

    // Create descriptor set layout

    VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayouts[] = { g_hDescriptorSetLayout };
    VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo descriptorSetInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO };
    descriptorSetInfo.descriptorPool = g_hDescriptorPool;
    descriptorSetInfo.descriptorSetCount = 1;
    descriptorSetInfo.pSetLayouts = descriptorSetLayouts;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkAllocateDescriptorSets(g_hDevice, &descriptorSetInfo, &g_hDescriptorSet) );

    VkDescriptorImageInfo descriptorImageInfo = {};
    descriptorImageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
    descriptorImageInfo.imageView = g_hTextureImageView;
    descriptorImageInfo.sampler = g_hSampler;

    VkWriteDescriptorSet writeDescriptorSet = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET };
    writeDescriptorSet.dstSet = g_hDescriptorSet;
    writeDescriptorSet.dstBinding = 1;
    writeDescriptorSet.dstArrayElement = 0;
    writeDescriptorSet.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
    writeDescriptorSet.descriptorCount = 1;
    writeDescriptorSet.pImageInfo = &descriptorImageInfo;

    vkUpdateDescriptorSets(g_hDevice, 1, &writeDescriptorSet, 0, nullptr);

    CreateSwapchain();
}

static void FinalizeApplication()
{
    vkDeviceWaitIdle(g_hDevice);

    DestroySwapchain(true);

    if(g_hDescriptorPool != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyDescriptorPool(g_hDevice, g_hDescriptorPool, nullptr);
        g_hDescriptorPool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hDescriptorSetLayout != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(g_hDevice, g_hDescriptorSetLayout, nullptr);
        g_hDescriptorSetLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hTextureImageView != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyImageView(g_hDevice, g_hTextureImageView, nullptr);
        g_hTextureImageView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    if(g_hTextureImage != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, g_hTextureImage, g_hTextureImageAlloc);
        g_hTextureImage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hIndexBuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, g_hIndexBuffer, g_hIndexBufferAlloc);
        g_hIndexBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    if(g_hVertexBuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, g_hVertexBuffer, g_hVertexBufferAlloc);
        g_hVertexBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    
    if(g_hSampler != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroySampler(g_hDevice, g_hSampler, nullptr);
        g_hSampler = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_ImmediateFence)
    {
        vkDestroyFence(g_hDevice, g_ImmediateFence, nullptr);
        g_ImmediateFence = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    for(size_t i = COMMAND_BUFFER_COUNT; i--; )
    {
        if(g_MainCommandBufferExecutedFances[i] != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
        {
            vkDestroyFence(g_hDevice, g_MainCommandBufferExecutedFances[i], nullptr);
            g_MainCommandBufferExecutedFances[i] = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        }
    }
    if(g_MainCommandBuffers[0] != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkFreeCommandBuffers(g_hDevice, g_hCommandPool, COMMAND_BUFFER_COUNT, g_MainCommandBuffers);
        ZeroMemory(g_MainCommandBuffers, sizeof(g_MainCommandBuffers));
    }
    if(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkFreeCommandBuffers(g_hDevice, g_hCommandPool, 1, &g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer);
        g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hCommandPool != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyCommandPool(g_hDevice, g_hCommandPool, nullptr);
        g_hCommandPool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hAllocator != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vmaDestroyAllocator(g_hAllocator);
        g_hAllocator = nullptr;
    }

    if(g_hDevice != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyDevice(g_hDevice, nullptr);
        g_hDevice = nullptr;
    }

    if(g_pvkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT && g_hCallback != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        g_pvkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT(g_hVulkanInstance, g_hCallback, nullptr);
        g_hCallback = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hSurface != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroySurfaceKHR(g_hVulkanInstance, g_hSurface, NULL);
        g_hSurface = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }

    if(g_hVulkanInstance != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
        vkDestroyInstance(g_hVulkanInstance, NULL);
        g_hVulkanInstance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
}

static void PrintAllocatorStats()
{
#if VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED
    char* statsString = nullptr;
    vmaBuildStatsString(g_hAllocator, &statsString, true);
    printf("%s\n", statsString);
    vmaFreeStatsString(g_hAllocator, statsString);
#endif
}

static void RecreateSwapChain()
{
    vkDeviceWaitIdle(g_hDevice);
    DestroySwapchain(false);
    CreateSwapchain();
}

static void DrawFrame()
{
    // Begin main command buffer
    size_t cmdBufIndex = (g_NextCommandBufferIndex++) % COMMAND_BUFFER_COUNT;
    VkCommandBuffer hCommandBuffer = g_MainCommandBuffers[cmdBufIndex];
    VkFence hCommandBufferExecutedFence = g_MainCommandBufferExecutedFances[cmdBufIndex];

    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkWaitForFences(g_hDevice, 1, &hCommandBufferExecutedFence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX) );
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkResetFences(g_hDevice, 1, &hCommandBufferExecutedFence) );

    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo commandBufferBeginInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO };
    commandBufferBeginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkBeginCommandBuffer(hCommandBuffer, &commandBufferBeginInfo) );
    
    // Acquire swapchain image
    uint32_t imageIndex = 0;
    VkResult res = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(g_hDevice, g_hSwapchain, UINT64_MAX, g_hImageAvailableSemaphore, VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);
    if(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR)
    {
        RecreateSwapChain();
        return;
    }
    else if(res < 0)
    {
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN(res);
    }

    // Record geometry pass

    VkClearValue clearValues[2];
    ZeroMemory(clearValues, sizeof(clearValues));
    clearValues[0].color.float32[0] = 0.25f;
    clearValues[0].color.float32[1] = 0.25f;
    clearValues[0].color.float32[2] = 0.5f;
    clearValues[0].color.float32[3] = 1.0f;
    clearValues[1].depthStencil.depth = 1.0f;

    VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO };
    renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = g_hRenderPass;
    renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = g_Framebuffers[imageIndex];
    renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
    renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
    renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent = g_Extent;
    renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = (uint32_t)_countof(clearValues);
    renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;
    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(hCommandBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
    
    vkCmdBindPipeline(
        hCommandBuffer,
        VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
        g_hPipeline);

    mat4 view = mat4::LookAt(
        vec3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f),
        vec3(0.f, -2.f, 4.f),
        vec3(0.f, 1.f, 0.f));
    mat4 proj = mat4::Perspective(
        1.0471975511966f, // 60 degrees
        (float)g_Extent.width / (float)g_Extent.height,
        0.1f,
        1000.f);
    mat4 viewProj = view * proj;

    vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(
        hCommandBuffer,
        VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
        g_hPipelineLayout,
        0,
        1,
        &g_hDescriptorSet,
        0,
        nullptr);

    float rotationAngle = (float)GetTickCount() * 0.001f * (float)PI * 0.2f;
    mat4 model = mat4::RotationY(rotationAngle);

    UniformBufferObject ubo = {};
    ubo.ModelViewProj = model * viewProj;
    vkCmdPushConstants(hCommandBuffer, g_hPipelineLayout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, sizeof(UniformBufferObject), &ubo);

    VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { g_hVertexBuffer };
    VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
    vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(hCommandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(hCommandBuffer, g_hIndexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16);

    vkCmdDrawIndexed(hCommandBuffer, g_IndexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

    vkCmdEndRenderPass(hCommandBuffer);
    
    vkEndCommandBuffer(hCommandBuffer);

    // Submit command buffer
    
    VkSemaphore submitWaitSemaphores[] = { g_hImageAvailableSemaphore };
    VkPipelineStageFlags submitWaitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
    VkSemaphore submitSignalSemaphores[] = { g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore };
    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO };
    submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = submitWaitSemaphores;
    submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = submitWaitStages;
    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &hCommandBuffer;
    submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = _countof(submitSignalSemaphores);
    submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = submitSignalSemaphores;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vkQueueSubmit(g_hGraphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, hCommandBufferExecutedFence) );

    VkSemaphore presentWaitSemaphores[] = { g_hRenderFinishedSemaphore };

    VkSwapchainKHR swapchains[] = { g_hSwapchain };
    VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR };
    presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = _countof(presentWaitSemaphores);
    presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = presentWaitSemaphores;
    presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapchains;
    presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
    presentInfo.pResults = nullptr;
    res = vkQueuePresentKHR(g_hPresentQueue, &presentInfo);
    if(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR)
    {
        RecreateSwapChain();
    }
    else
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN(res);
}

static void HandlePossibleSizeChange()
{
    RECT clientRect;
    GetClientRect(g_hWnd, &clientRect);
    LONG newSizeX = clientRect.right - clientRect.left;
    LONG newSizeY = clientRect.bottom - clientRect.top;
    if((newSizeX > 0) &&
        (newSizeY > 0) &&
        ((newSizeX != g_SizeX) || (newSizeY != g_SizeY)))
    {
        g_SizeX = newSizeX;
        g_SizeY = newSizeY;

        RecreateSwapChain();
    }
}

static LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    switch(msg)
    {
    case WM_CREATE:
        // This is intentionally assigned here because we are now inside CreateWindow, before it returns.
        g_hWnd = hWnd;
        InitializeApplication();
        PrintAllocatorStats();
        return 0;

    case WM_DESTROY:
        FinalizeApplication();
        PostQuitMessage(0);
        return 0;

    // This prevents app from freezing when left Alt is pressed
    // (which normally enters modal menu loop).
    case WM_SYSKEYDOWN:
    case WM_SYSKEYUP:
        return 0;

    case WM_SIZE:
        if((wParam == SIZE_MAXIMIZED) || (wParam == SIZE_RESTORED))
            HandlePossibleSizeChange();
        return 0;

    case WM_EXITSIZEMOVE:
        HandlePossibleSizeChange();
        return 0;

    case WM_KEYDOWN:
        switch(wParam)
        {
        case VK_ESCAPE:
            PostMessage(hWnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0);
            break;
        case 'T':
            try
            {
                Test();
            }
            catch(const std::exception& ex)
            {
                printf("ERROR: %s\n", ex.what());
            }
            break;
        case 'S':
            try
            {
                if(g_SparseBindingEnabled)
                {
                    TestSparseBinding();
                }
                else
                {
                    printf("Sparse binding not supported.\n");
                }
            }
            catch(const std::exception& ex)
            {
                printf("ERROR: %s\n", ex.what());
            }
            break;
        }
        return 0;

    default:
        break;
    }

    return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

int main()
{
    g_hAppInstance = (HINSTANCE)GetModuleHandle(NULL);

    WNDCLASSEX wndClassDesc = { sizeof(WNDCLASSEX) };
    wndClassDesc.style = CS_VREDRAW | CS_HREDRAW | CS_DBLCLKS;
    wndClassDesc.hbrBackground = NULL;
    wndClassDesc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_CROSS);
    wndClassDesc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wndClassDesc.hInstance = g_hAppInstance;
    wndClassDesc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wndClassDesc.lpszClassName = WINDOW_CLASS_NAME;
    
    const ATOM hWndClass = RegisterClassEx(&wndClassDesc);
    assert(hWndClass);

    const DWORD style = WS_VISIBLE | WS_OVERLAPPED | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU | WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_MAXIMIZEBOX | WS_THICKFRAME;
    const DWORD exStyle = 0;

    RECT rect = { 0, 0, g_SizeX, g_SizeY };
    AdjustWindowRectEx(&rect, style, FALSE, exStyle);

    CreateWindowEx(
        exStyle, WINDOW_CLASS_NAME, APP_TITLE_W, style,
        CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
        NULL, NULL, g_hAppInstance, NULL);

    MSG msg;
    for(;;)
    {
        if(PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
        {
            if(msg.message == WM_QUIT)
                break;
            TranslateMessage(&msg);
            DispatchMessage(&msg);
        }
        if(g_hDevice != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
            DrawFrame();
    }

    return 0;
}

#else // #ifdef _WIN32

#include "VmaUsage.h"

int main()
{
}

#endif // #ifdef _WIN32